Traditional sand sculpture

First, the history of sculpture development in China

At the end of primitive society, primitive people living in the Yellow River and the Yangtze River valley have begun to make clay sculptures and pottery sculptures.

The ancestors in the middle and upper reaches of the Yellow River left many ceramic masterpieces for future generations. The owl-shaped pot is made of the top of the pot into an owl's head, which may contain some totem worship significance. The buttons or mouths of some utensils are in the shape of adult heads or birds and animals, which is childish and interesting.

In Qujialing culture in Hubei and Hemudu culture in Zhejiang, some hand-held animal sculptures only a few centimeters in size have been unearthed. From the shape point of view, it is specially fired pottery products, such as pottery birds and pigs. It seems that at that time, while making ordinary pottery, they were all improvised with the remaining mud. They laid the foundation for later making larger and more exquisite sculptures.

The designers of Qin terracotta warriors and horses, in order to reproduce the majestic momentum of "attacking millions" 2000 years ago, not only pursued the tall figure of a single pottery figurine, but also carefully designed a large-scale military array system composed of more than 8,000 tall pottery figurines.

This huge terracotta warriors and horses group contains many obviously different individuals, which makes the whole group more active, real and full of life. Throughout these thousands of soldiers and figures, their artistic achievements in sculpture have reached a perfect height.

Whether it is the image of thousands of troops and horses with both form and spirit, or the lifelike war horse, it is not a mechanical imitation, but an effort to show their "inner vitality, motivation, emotional soul, character and spirit."

Second, the history of western sculpture development

Sculpture in ancient western countries mainly served totem, magic and religion for a long time. In America, Tehuacan Valley in Pueblo, Mexico is the birthplace of great Central American culture, and then the most advanced pre-classical culture, Olmec culture, appeared in the Gulf of Mexico.

It is known as the predecessor of Mexican civilization. Around 300 BC, Mayan culture began to appear and develop. It inherited the cultural traditions of Central America and developed large-scale sculptures, such as temples.

/kloc-In the first half of the 4th century, the indigenous Aztecs of Mexico ruled the valley of Mexico, established the monarchy and formed the Aztec culture.

/kloc-In the 6th century, the Spanish conquered the Aztec dynasty, and then plundered and ruled Peru, the birthplace of Inca culture. Sculpture is one of the most important art forms in African culture. Most of the reliefs and round carvings in Black Africa are made of wood, but there are also stones, metals and ceramics.

Ancient Egyptian culture is a bright star in the long river of African culture. Sculpture in ancient Egypt is an artistic model of the perfect combination of sculpture and architecture. It is as grand, broad and very high as a historical monument. For example, some reliefs combine the compressed volume with the lines in the painting form to achieve a novel artistic effect in order to maintain the planarity of the building.

Some cultures in Oceania and Africa are similar. For example, fine arts and sculptures in Oceania also serve religious and social needs. The most famous sculpture in Oceania is the giant stone statue on Easter Island.

European classical art is a new art form after extreme poverty, which has brought far-reaching influence to the development of western art later.

Greek sculptors strive to make their works show vitality. They studied the anatomical structure of the human body hard and quickly, gradually replacing the early "geometry" style, forming the most important body rule, that is, focusing on one leg while keeping the other leg relaxed. Therefore, using this dynamic optical illusion, the external tension and internal movement of the body are shown on the unconscious stone.

It marks the real arrival of the classical period of sculpture. At the same time, in the classical period, relief also made great artistic achievements. In addition, ancient Rome was deeply influenced by Greece in art, but it still maintained its own characteristics. Especially in portrait sculpture, they pay more attention to objective objects and pursue individuality, rather than Greek idealization.

The Italian Renaissance is a famous historical movement, which began at 140 1. It is a rebirth of culture and art ... During this period, many outstanding artists were produced, among which Donatello and Michelangelo were outstanding representatives of sculpture. Michelangelo, known as one of the "Three Masters of Renaissance", has made artistic achievements not only in sculpture, but also in all fields of fine arts.

17 and 18 centuries, influenced by Rome, baroque and rococo sculptures were produced. Baroque sculpture is rarely a single work or exists alone. Its design is based on the surrounding buildings to create an atmosphere closely related to sculpture, such as light, shadow, air and environment.

In the18th century, some British and French sculptors created new styles of works, usually portraits, to express their loyalty to objective objects. This style is called rococo style. Such as "Voltaire" by Jean Antoine Oolong.

/kloc-in the 0/9th century, a large number of monuments and commemorative sculptures showing outstanding skills were placed in many city squares and public buildings in Europe. Kulp, a famous French sculptor, created dances with strong romantic spirit.

Speaking of19th century sculpture, Rodin can't be ignored. Rodin's artistic genius and unique personality make his works out of the convention. As a talented sculptor, the secret of Rodin is that he is good at expressing his inner feelings and connotations with the movements and gestures of statues, and he has injected unforgettable realism and humanism.

One of the two major trends of sculpture in the 20th century is Kangding Steinblancus.

Broncusi's contribution to modern sculpture is various. His most important contribution is to create a symbol with universal significance. The sculpture form of this symbol is simple, emphasizing the basic attributes of the body. Due to the rapid changes and fast pace of modern life, as well as chaotic things, people psychologically require to accept a simple and concise art form.

The other is cubist sculpture. The founder is Picasso, but the representative figure is Ukrainian-born Alexander Akimoto. The characteristics of his works are that a three-dimensional plane and a hollowed-out open volume are compared to form a unique rhythm and movement, and a concave structure is used to replace the original three-dimensional or even convex structure, so as to make the space flow and explore the transformation of positive and negative space.

The representatives of cubism are Raymond, Toussaint Villone, Henry Laurent and Jacques Lipshits.

Extended data

Sculpture has a long history and many classifications.

From the perspective of development, sculpture can be divided into traditional sculpture and modern sculpture. Traditional sculpture is a visible, tangible and static three-dimensional art form molded with traditional materials; Modern sculpture uses new materials, and uses sound, light and electricity to make anti-traditional four-dimensional and five-dimensional sculptures, acousto-optic sculptures, soft sculptures and dynamic sculptures.

According to the traditional materials, according to the environment and function, it can be divided into urban sculpture, garden sculpture, indoor sculpture, outdoor sculpture, desk sculpture, shelf sculpture and so on.

There are many kinds of sculpture materials, such as clay, stone, wood, metal, gypsum, resin, ivory and so on. Then several categories were developed:

According to the raw materials of sculpture, it can be divided into wood carving, stone carving, clay sculpture, ice sculpture, sand sculpture, pottery and so on.

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