An overview of foreign TDM applications for transportation demand management

In the development process of TDM, there are different goals and objectives. In the beginning, the goal of TDM is the goal of the whole transportation system management, that is, to increase the efficiency and transportation capacity of the existing transportation facilities, and to control the growth of the local traffic congestion. 1980's in the environmental protection, TDM has a new goal, that is, to improve the air quality, to reduce the number of single occupant drivers, and to encourage the use of public **** transportation. 1990 "Clean Air Act Amendments" (CAAA) put TDM as the main goal of the transportation system management. The 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments (CAAA) included TDM as a measure to control widespread air pollution, and the 1991 ISTEA Act included TDM as a tool for regional congestion management.

From the implementation of TDM in the United States over the past 20 years, it can be seen that:1. TDM plays an important role in the growing process of traffic management. TDM programs have been successfully used in many regulations implemented in the United States to limit new trips generated by new companies or commercial developments. Traffic reduction ordinances (TROs) also require that TDM measures be considered for all new major projects.2. TDM programs have shown great power in reducing traffic congestion in urban areas. Company-based TDM programs have helped reduce localized congestion, intersection delays, and parking lot exit delays. The combination of TDM measures with local transportation planning and management will help to reduce traffic congestion. TDM as a "traffic calming" measure is very effective in reducing unnecessary traffic, controlling speeding in residential areas, and increasing safety for pedestrians. High Occupancy Vehicle (HOV) lanes are an effective traffic demand management measure under general conditions, and have been extended to more than 20 major cities in the U.S. The Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act (ISTEA) of 1991 introduced HOV lanes as a means of congestion management. The 1991 Multi-Surface Transportation Efficiency Act (ISTEA) made HOV lanes a mandatory measure in congestion management planning, and some major cities are planning to expand their original HOV lane networks.3. "Market mechanisms" are also important for strengthening transportation demand management. Examples include "congestion pricing" to control demand for road space through tolls, and "value pricing" to provide individual drivers with access to high level of service and time-saving express lanes, the latter of which has received increasing attention and support. 4. Advanced transportation information and communication technologies can enhance and facilitate traffic demand management. Advanced transportation information and communication technologies can enhance and facilitate the implementation of transportation demand management systems. In the early 1990s, the Japanese Ministry of Construction recognized the importance of the TDM concept in solving traffic congestion problems. The main objectives of developing TDM were: to reduce the total number of trips by reducing trip-generating activities; to reduce vehicular traffic by changing the mode of transportation and using motor vehicles efficiently; and to disperse traffic in time and space. With the joint support of the Ministries of Construction, Public Security and Transportation, TDM has been introduced in various cities to solve urban traffic problems under the guidance of the Road Traffic Congestion Reduction Act Plan, and in 1996, 12 cities piloted the "Sample Project for Reducing Traffic Congestion". In 1996, 12 cities piloted the "Model Project for Reducing Traffic Congestion". Due to the development of ITS technology, especially ETC technology in road pricing has matured and economic measures can be introduced, several cities have introduced some strict measures to limit traffic.