What is the relationship between the guarantee institution and the bank? What is the relationship between guarantee institutions and enterprises?

Relationship between guarantee institutions and banks:

At present, all provinces and most cities and counties in China have established credit guarantee centers for small and medium-sized enterprises. Mutual guarantee institutions and commercial guarantee institutions have also developed greatly. In essence, the establishment of guarantee companies promotes social credit and protects the interests of banks, which should be kind and cooperative. However, judging from the cooperation in recent years, most guarantee institutions have been at a disadvantage in cooperation. Therefore, improving the cooperative relationship between guarantee companies and banks to achieve win-win situation for both sides is a prominent problem faced by guarantee companies, banks and small and medium-sized enterprises.

Reasons for obstacles in cooperation between guarantee institutions and banks

There are various obstacles in the cooperation between banks and guarantee institutions, the main reasons are as follows:

The social credit system is not perfect. At present, China's credit management system is not perfect, and it is common for small and medium-sized enterprises to provide false financial information and evade bank debts. In addition to Shenzhen and Shanghai, the basic work of credit investigation is being carried out, and the credit investigation work in most parts of the country is still blank. Because there is no strict punishment mechanism for dishonesty, banks lack confidence in small and medium-sized enterprises and generally cherish loans. The involvement of guarantee institutions has alleviated the credit risk of banks to some extent, but banks are not sure about their own integrity, which directly affects the establishment of mutual cooperation.

The relevant laws and regulations are not perfect. Although China promulgated the Guarantee Law in 1995, it did not make specific provisions on the establishment, examination and approval, business operation, cooperation mode with banks, market access and exit mechanism, which could not meet the needs of guarantee business. On June 5438+1 October1day, 2003, the Law on the Promotion of Small and Medium-sized Enterprises was formally implemented, which only proposed the establishment of credit guarantee institutions for small and medium-sized enterprises in general, but did not elaborate the development model and industry self-discipline of guarantee institutions in depth and detail. In recent years, relevant industry regulations have been issued in various places, such as the Interim Measures for the Supervision and Administration of Credit Guarantee for Small and Medium-sized Enterprises in Beijing and Several Provisions for the Administration of Credit Guarantee for Small and Medium-sized Enterprises in Shanghai, etc., but there is no unified opinion on specific terms, and no authoritative department has been appointed to supervise this. Because there is no legal basis, banks lack initiative and security in the process of cooperation with guarantee institutions, and there is no effective cooperation mode as a guide.

Lack of corresponding regulatory agencies. Starting from 1993, China's earliest professional guarantee institution-insurance company was established. So far, thousands of guarantee institutions have been established in China. However, compared with banks, there are CBRC, insurance companies have CIRC, securities companies have CSRC, and there is no such institution as credit guarantee supervision and management Committee. In view of this, the cooperation between banks and guarantee institutions has always been chaotic and unequal.

Problems existing in the guarantee institutions themselves. China's SME credit guarantee institutions have scattered sources of funds and small scale, and guarantee companies with registered capital of100000 yuan abound. Most of the government investment is one-off, lacking compensation mechanism, and the internal management is not standardized, the quality of personnel is low, and the benefits and risks are upside down. Once compensation occurs, the guarantee institution will face the danger of bankruptcy. Therefore, despite the rapid development of guarantee institutions, it is difficult to generate economies of scale and gain the trust of banks.

The bank's own institutional restrictions. China's state-owned commercial banks are biased towards large enterprises in loan business, but they are reluctant to set foot in SME loans because of high cost, high risk and low income. The purpose of guarantee institutions is to support these small and medium-sized enterprises that lack funds, credit and collateral, improve their credit rating, alleviate the credit risk of banks and promote the rational allocation of financial capital. Theoretically, banks should adopt a welcoming and cooperative attitude towards emerging guarantee institutions. However, due to the influence of traditional planned economy, state-owned commercial banks have unclear property rights and rigid systems, which make it difficult to operate in the market and lack the awareness and motivation of market competition. Therefore, compared with the trend of foreign banks actively seeking cooperation with guarantee institutions, most state-owned commercial banks in China lack the initiative to cooperate with guarantee institutions, and even if they cooperate, they need to bear 100% joint and several liability. This unequal cooperative relationship can easily lead to the moral hazard of banks, worsen the living environment of guarantee institutions, and make the country's desire to improve the financing environment of small and medium-sized enterprises fail. Especially for private guarantee institutions, the requirements of banks are often more demanding and the capital threshold is set higher.

Countermeasures to improve the cooperative relationship between banks and guarantee institutions

Improve the laws and regulations of the guarantee industry. The state should issue the Measures for the Administration of Credit Guarantee Institutions for Small and Medium-sized Enterprises, which clearly stipulates the industry access, business operation, risk prevention and financial system of guarantee institutions. Clearly stipulate the cooperation mode, risk sharing mode (7: 3 risk sharing mechanism can be established) and the rights and obligations that both parties should follow.

Establish a credit guarantee supervision Committee. According to the Measures for the Administration of Credit Guarantee Institutions for Small and Medium-sized Enterprises, the Committee regularly visits and investigates the industry access, business operation, risk prevention and financial system of guarantee institutions, gives corresponding punishment to guarantee institutions that violate the rules until their licenses are revoked, and gives preferential policies for tax relief to guarantee institutions that operate in a standardized way. According to the records submitted by the regulatory commission, the bank chose the guarantee institution as its partner. Recently, it was learned from the symposium on financing guarantee for small and medium-sized enterprises in Hunan Province that Hunan plans to set up a supervision committee for credit guarantee industry for small and medium-sized enterprises in Hunan Province, which is composed of the provincial economic commission, the provincial finance department, the provincial taxation department, the provincial industry and commerce department and the People's Bank of China to coordinate relevant policies and conduct unified supervision over the credit guarantee industry for small and medium-sized enterprises. It can be seen that the state's comprehensive supervision of the guarantee industry has been in full swing.

Establish and improve the risk compensation mechanism. The state should establish national and provincial re-guarantee institutions to carry out compulsory re-guarantee for the guarantee centers and commercial and mutual guarantee institutions established in cities and counties. Re-guarantee institutions are similar in nature to insurance companies. Its operation mode is that the guarantee institution must pay a certain percentage of the deposit to the re-guarantee institution in time after each loan guarantee business occurs. In the case of compensation, the guarantee institution can apply to the re-guarantee institution for compensation, thus alleviating its own business risks. At present, the main reason why banks do not take risks with guarantee institutions is that guarantee institutions lack risk compensation institutions. Therefore, the state must establish a re-guarantee institution as soon as possible, clarify the scope and specific operation mode of re-guarantee, and minimize the operating risks of the guarantee institution.

In addition, guarantee institutions should improve their own compensation mechanism. The guarantee institution shall draw the bad debt reserve from the guarantee income in proportion, and this reserve can only be used when compensation occurs. In addition to guarantee business, commercial guarantee institutions should actively carry out investment and consulting business to increase profit growth points, make up for the defects of high risk and low income in guarantee business, and find their own development path. Only when the strength of the guarantee institution is strong, the bank will give more trust and cooperate with it more actively.

Establish and improve the social credit system. Influenced by the traditional planned economy system, China has not established a unified national "Credit Management Regulations" and other relevant laws and regulations. Since the reform and opening up, with the operation of the market economy system and the improvement of social competition consciousness, people's demand for honesty has become stronger and stronger. The bad assets of banks for decades have made all parties aware of the urgency of establishing a social credit system. Especially for institutions engaged in credit business, such as banks and guarantee companies, the legally binding Regulations on Credit Management and Regulations on Punishment for Breach of Trust play an important role in institutional guarantee for their own risk prevention and risk resolution.

Strengthen the internal management and business innovation of guarantee institutions. Employees of guarantee institutions should actively learn from foreign advanced management experience, constantly improve their professional quality, strive to innovate business varieties, provide quality services to customers, and strive to gain recognition and cooperation from banks. Banks can also reduce operating costs, promote the development of loan business and achieve a win-win situation with guarantee companies through cooperation with guarantee institutions.

Accelerate the innovation of banking system and enhance the sense of competition. With China's entry into the World Trade Organization, banks will face great challenges. It is a big problem for state-owned commercial banks how to actively seek restructuring and become a dynamic market competition subject while foreign banks are rushing to China. The improvement of the relationship between guarantee institutions and banks also depends on institutional innovations such as restructuring banks through listing, dispersing ownership subjects and changing the situation of state monopoly banks. Therefore, banks should strengthen the awareness of market competition, accelerate the innovation of business varieties, draw credit policies closer to small and medium-sized enterprises that provide more GDP and employment opportunities for the country, actively seek cooperation with guarantee institutions, and realize the policy goal of supporting small and medium-sized enterprises by the state.

In short, the comprehensive, in-depth and equal cooperation between banks and guarantee institutions requires the outstanding efforts of all parties. I believe that in the near future, the guarantee market in China will be fully prosperous, and the relationship between banks and guarantee institutions will also develop in a healthy and orderly direction.

The relationship between guarantee institutions and enterprises:

With the rapid development of market economy, the lack of credit has become a major public hazard that hinders China's economic development, and credit transaction is precisely the dominant trading mode in modern market economy.

As one of the two important means to make up for the lack of credit at the institutional level (the other means is credit investigation and credit rating), as the famous economist Wu Jinglian said: "The credit guarantee industry is an extremely important industry with great development potential in the modern market economy, but it is destined to be an industry with great risks under the harsh credit environment at this stage, and it needs complex and exquisite business development ability and professional skills to prevent and resolve risks and be invincible." Constructing a double safety chain between the guarantee institution and the insured enterprise is an important embodiment of the guarantee institution's operational ability and professional skills.

Constructing the security chain of guarantee institutions

Constructing the security chain of guarantee institutions refers to the organic integration of the resources of guarantee institutions in investigation, decision-making, management, finance and human resources, and consists of three interrelated parts:

The first is the "safety core", which plays a key role in increasing the safety factor. It mainly includes the correct positioning and business philosophy of guarantee institutions, perfect corporate governance structure, relatively strong capital strength and high-quality employees.

The second is the "safety valve", that is, the internal control mechanism that regulates operating procedures and behaviors. It mainly includes the rigor of the guarantee acceptance process, the grasp of the critical point of data in the investigation process, the judgment standard of risk degree in the decision-making process, the combination of flexibility and principle in the setting of counter-guarantee measures, the judgment of risk early warning in the tracking process after guarantee, the reasonable design of incentive and restraint mechanism and the acceptance and withdrawal degree in the operation process.

The third is "safety belt", that is, the subjective and objective conditions for buffering and resolving risks, which can also be called the support system for the normal operation of guarantee institutions. Subjective conditions mainly include business development ability, professional skills to prevent and resolve risks, support of management experience, reputation of honesty and trustworthiness, etc. The objective conditions mainly include government supervision mechanism, social credit rating system, financial compensation mechanism, support and cooperation of departments with mortgage registration rights, self-discipline organization of guarantee industry, re-guarantee and joint guarantee.

The business operation process of guarantee institutions is always accompanied by the operation process of the above-mentioned "safety chain" in essence. Therefore, guarantee institutions must find their own survival and development space according to their own conditions (policy, business, financial strength, etc.) and establish a correct business philosophy. ). Specifically, the guarantee institution should start with the basic skills of risk identification, and scientifically and reasonably measure the risk and the possibility of turning into a crisis by grasping various critical points in the "safety valve" link, so as to make practical decisions. Once it is decided to underwrite, it is necessary to play the role of "safety belt", use professional skills and management experience, set up counter-guarantee measures, determine special personnel to follow up and check, find hidden dangers in time and take countermeasures. If compensation occurs, it should be handled in a reasonable, favorable and economical way according to law, and it should be solved in a decentralized way by realizing collateral, re-guarantee mechanism and economic compensation.

Help insurance companies build a safety chain

The products sold by guarantee institutions are credit, and the sales target is insurance-seeking enterprises. Therefore, in order to prevent and resolve the guarantee risk, the concept of customer management in modern marketing theory can be introduced.

The customer management of guarantee institutions is actually a kind of credit management for sales customers. Through this kind of credit management, the information asymmetry between the guarantee institution and the guaranteed enterprise can be weakened, the credit status of the guaranteed enterprise can be grasped as accurately and comprehensively as possible, and the safety factor of the guaranteed enterprise can be understood, thus increasing the safety factor of the guarantee institution itself. Therefore, it is not enough to establish the guarantee institution's own safety chain to counter risks. Mature and insightful guarantee institutions, from the day they decide to underwrite, should make use of their own advantages and actively help the insured enterprises to build their own safety chain, so that they can form an interactive mechanism with the guarantee institutions' own safety chain to prevent and resolve risks.

The "safety core" in the safety chain of the insured enterprise includes enterprise strategic planning, corporate governance structure, quality of main operators, asset status, enterprise integrity concept and risk awareness. "Safety valve" includes the ability of enterprise market forecasting and analysis, and the ability to grasp a series of critical points composed of rational data and empirical data from the aspects of financial situation, production site management and sales situation. "Safety belt" is a support system to ensure the sustainable operation and healthy development of insured enterprises, including brand support, financial support, talent support, government support, NGO support and assistance.

With the increase of guarantee demand and government support, credit guarantee will have more room for development, and horizontal competition will follow. In the final analysis, the market competition in the guarantee industry does not occur between guarantee institutions, but between the safety chains built by guarantee institutions, and it is also reflected in whether to help the insured enterprises build safety chains. Only by building a double safety chain of guarantee institutions and insurance companies and issuing "external work" on the basis of practicing "internal work" and flexible operation can we truly gain market competitive advantage.