Appreciation

? Tomb-Sweeping Day is a traditional festival in China, and it is also the most important festival to worship ancestors and sweep graves. Grave-sweeping is commonly known as going to the grave and offering sacrifices to the dead. Most Han people and some ethnic minorities visit graves in Tomb-Sweeping Day.

In the history of China literature, there are many works reflecting Tomb-Sweeping Day. Let's enjoy them in this rainy season.

Qingming in literati's works

There are many poems about Qingming, the most famous of which is of course-

? day of mourning

(Tang) Du Mu

A drizzling rain falls like tears on the Mourning Day; The mourner's heart is going to break on his way.

Ask local people where to buy wine? The shepherd boy just laughed and didn't answer Xingshan Village.

I guess no one knows this poem, right? However, the creative background of this poem is not as leisurely as it seems, but has deep worries about home and country.

? Qingming is Du Mu's early work. During the Anshi Rebellion in the Tang Dynasty, the northern economy was severely damaged, and a desolate scene of "thousands of miles of weeds" and "empty rooms" appeared. In Du Mu's poem Qingming, "pedestrians on the road want to die" is not because of the rainy weather, but reflects the barren phenomenon of lack of people in the northern countryside. Du Mu, a poet in the late Tang Dynasty, is a man of letters who is upright and upright, enthusiastic and bold, dares to speak big things and points out the advantages and disadvantages of Chen. He had no talent in his early years, and was later appreciated by Prime Minister Li Deyu, so he was ordered to assassinate Huang, Chi, Mu and Hu in turn. He didn't hold office long and died young. At the same time, there is a poem in Du Mu's Bing Zhou Dao Zhong: "When we work hard, who will hear about it?" I'm completely abandoned, so I'm going to send the goose back. The garrison building is covered by Chun Xue, and the clouds are blowing at dusk. How to send my son, lying drunk. The poem expresses Du Mu's escape and self-confusion. In depression, we can see the helplessness of a strong-willed person.

In the late Tang Dynasty, the ruling class was corrupt, eunuchs were authoritarian, class contradictions intensified, and peasant rebels rose everywhere. In this lonely and chaotic environment, Du Mu's Qingming reflects the epitome of rural life in northern China in the late Tang Dynasty. However, we are still intoxicated by the poetry of shepherd boy, apricot blossom and wine, and the Qingming of Du Mu also makes us look forward to the beauty of life.

? In addition, there is a custom of "cold food" in Tomb-Sweeping Day. In primitive society, our ancestors drilled wood for fire, and fire was hard-won. Due to the seasonal changes, the tree species used for making fires are constantly changing. Therefore, changing fire into new fire is a great event in the lives of the ancients. Spring and March are the seasons for changing fires, so people should forbid making fires before new ones come. The Han Dynasty called the Cold Food Festival a no-smoking festival, because people were not allowed to light a fire on this day, and candles were lit in the palace at night, and the fire spread to the homes of dignitaries. In this regard, the Tang Dynasty poet Han's poem Cold Food has a vivid description:

cold drink and snack

(Tang) Han Yi

In late spring, Chang 'an city is full of songs and dances, and countless flowers fall. The east wind of the Cold Food Festival blows on the willow trees in the royal garden.

As night fell, the palace was busy lighting candles, and smoke drifted to the house of the prince and the marquis.

In addition, there are many poems written by Qingming. Let's enjoy them together:

? Qingming night

Tang Bai Juyi

At night in Tomb-Sweeping Day, the breeze is blowing gently and the moonlight is hazy. The railing made of jasper and the wall made of red bricks are the residence of the governor.

Walking alone in a roundabout song, I can't hear the sound of flowers.

? Look at the city after Tomb-Sweeping Day

Don Liu Changqing

After the scenery is clear, Yunshan is in sight.

Flowers bloom like the old days, and new smoke comes from thousands of wells.

There is no clearing in the grass, and the river flows to the sky.

Where is Chang 'an? Point to the sunset.

? ? Qingming Japanese song Jiang Huaiyou

Tangluoyin

Jun and Tiansu are old friends, so I'm going to make friends.

For two years, I have been isolated from the grave and have a sad face all day.

Seagulls seem to be able to keep up with physics, while apricot flowers are suspicious and accompanied by people's worries.

Widows and young children should eat cold food and look at Jiangling with tears.

?

Qingming is the most important thing

Tang Meng Hao ran

Beijing is the annual Tomb-Sweeping Day, and people naturally begin to feel sad and nostalgic.

The carriage creaked on the road, and the outskirts of Liucheng were lush.

Flowers bloom, grass grows and birds fly in pairs.

Sitting in the empty lobby, reminiscing about the past, drinking tea instead of drinking.

? In memory of my brother in Tomb-Sweeping Day.

Don Wei Wu Ying

Cold food prescription is sick, and it is awkward to open the chest.

Finally, I miss the county seat, and fireworks filled Qingchuan.

Apricot porridge is still delicious, and elm soup has been slightly fried.

I just hate being a good girl, kissing my face and spending this glorious year.

? Chang 'an Tomb-Sweeping Day

Tangweizhuang

Fleas are rainy days that hurt spring dreams, but the grass is more sandy.

At the beginning, the official gave me a clear fire, and I was given a free share of the money.

The purple stranger is screaming and screaming, and the green poplar is drawing a swing.

Tourists think of the peace incident and feel glad that the scenery is as good as before.

day of mourning

(Song) Wang Yuqiao

I have lived in Tomb-Sweeping Day without flowers and wine. Like a monk in a temple, everything is depressing and lonely for me.

Yesterday, I discussed new kindling from my neighbor's house, and early in Tomb-Sweeping Day, I lit in front of the window and sat down to study.

Cold food on the grave

(Song) Yang Wanli

Go straight to your husband! Can this bridge be out of danger?

The maple leaves in the distant mountains are pale outside, and the broken houses are beside the lonely wheat.

The spring breeze is coming again, and all the new buildings are gone.

Pear blossoms are cold food, and it is only when you enter the festival that you are worried.

? Work in the suburbs

(Song) Cheng Hao

Grass and green fields, spring around the mountains;

Zhu Xing Luan Hong wears Liuxiang, but sits in the imperial city because of flowing water;

Don't bid farewell to wine, lest the wind turn red;

Besides, it's Tomb-Sweeping Day today, and it's met with fine weather. It's very suitable for sightseeing, but you can't leave.

day of mourning

Huang Songting Jian

Every holiday season, I miss my parents, and the peaches and plums smile, and the Noda wilderness is only sad.

Thunder stung dragons and snakes, and the original vegetation in the suburbs was soft after the rain.

People beg to sacrifice my arrogant concubine, but people are willing to burn to death.

A clever fool has known who it is for thousands of years, and his eyes are full of chrysanthemum.

? day of mourning

Song Wang Yu

I have lived in Tomb-Sweeping Day without flowers and wine. Like a monk in a temple, everything is depressing and lonely for me.

Yesterday, I discussed new kindling from my neighbor's house, and early in Tomb-Sweeping Day, I lit in front of the window and sat down to study.

Send Chen Xiucai back to the grave in Saskatchewan.

(Ming) Gao Qi

All the clothes are covered with blood, tears and dust. Although the war is over now, I will feel sad when I return home.

In the storm, pear flower falls died, and the Cold Food Festival passed. In Tomb-Sweeping Day, several families will visit graves and be worshipped by future generations.

It can be seen that the ancients were very touched by Qingming.

So, how do people feel about Qingming today? We can see a thing or two from the writer's works.

Zhang Henshui once said in Two Questions in Tomb-Sweeping Day that there are countless poems about Tomb-Sweeping Day's grave-sweeping, but one is said to be the call of a rural man kneeling in front of the grave, which can be called a folk swan song: "Today is Tomb-Sweeping Day, and your son is coming to visit the grave. Cry and scream. Your son's voice is used to it. Why don't you agree? " These short "sounds of nature" are really touching and tear-jerking.

? ? In Tomb-Sweeping Day, Feng Zikai tells the story of a grave in Tongxiang, his hometown when he was young. "Qingming three days, we go to the grave every day. On New Year's Day, cold food, I went to Yangzhuang to sweep the grave in the afternoon ... On Qingming Day, I went to everyone's grave. This is the ancestral grave to the same clan. There are five or six graves, and it takes two boats all day. There are five relatives who take turns to make decisions. Go to the grave during the day and eat grave wine at night ... On the third day, go to the private grave. " At the same time, Feng Zikai also recalled the feeling of going for a walk with his family: "We lived in that small, narrow house with a history of a hundred years all the year round. Once we came to the countryside and fields, we felt very fresh and comfortable, as if we had traveled all over the world. Therefore, we regard Qingming sweeping the grave as a supreme enjoyment. " He humorously called this kind of outing "spring outing in the grave"

Mo Yan's description of Tomb-Sweeping Day in Sandalwood Punishment is also full of interest. He wrote: Tomb-Sweeping Day, Mei Niang is holding an oiled paper umbrella, which shows Xu Xian swimming in the lake and meeting a white snake. She dresses herself up just to "compete with the women in Gaomi city" and let the men "watch".

Mr. Ye Shengtao has a short essay entitled Festival, which was selected as a middle school textbook. The article describes the different attitudes of my father, me and my children towards Yue Bai for three generations: "In festivals, we worship our ancestors first according to the old habit ... When my father and uncle were in Japan, their bows were different. The appearance is solemn. Kneel for three times, kowtow lightly for dozens of times, as if praying silently there, then stand up and leave the worship seat respectfully. The so-called "offering sacrifices" and "respecting in front of things" have become a habit since childhood. The implementation of new education and the changes of the times have broken the ancient belief in elves and regarded the Confucian concept of returning to the original as the standard. Therefore, "as in" is not as good as "as in", and "temporary things" can't be pretentious, but can only become meaningless routine stories: this is inevitable. Several children sometimes follow me to worship; Sometimes I say I'm not happy to worship, so I let them go. " Cultural inheritance is not simply sticking to tradition, and the so-called "bowing down" in children's hearts has no feudal superstition, so the author shows the influence of the implementation of new education on the progress of the times. In this paper, the reverence for heaven and earth and piety for ancestors infiltrated in traditional festival activities are the cultural mentality that festivals should have.

There is a saying in the countryside that "ten miles have different winds and nine miles have different customs", which is really reasonable. In the eyes of Lu Xun's younger brother Zhou Zuoren, Tomb-Sweeping Day seems much more relaxed and warm. He said: if emotional factors are excluded, sweeping graves is actually an "interesting" thing. At ordinary times, everyone is busy with their own careers and has no time to wander in the wild. Only when they are sweeping graves can they get together and go out. This is probably a "moment of good travel". He wrote in "Flowers and Trees on the Mountain": In the old society, women were extremely happy when they went to the grave, followed by children. As soon as Qingming arrives, women and children go to the grave happily, dressed beautifully, which virtually constitutes a beautiful scenery. In some poems, he described the custom of sweeping graves in Shaoxing, such as "The Ship on the Grave": "Tomb-Sweeping Day went to sweep graves before and after, and almost the whole family set out. In the past, women seldom went out. Now, as sacrifices and spring outing, they are of course very enthusiastic. There is also a wild vegetable that is often eaten when sweeping graves, commonly known as grass purple, commonly known as Chinese milk vetch. " "The grass and purple seedlings are fresh for the evening, and the bow is full of azaleas." Zhou Zuoren happily described how to eat grave-sweeping, saying that his house is a grave with ten bowls of vegetables and eight meats, so-called "ten bowls of heads". "Lantern crab harrier along the way, lonely in the study. Looking forward to the Qingming March Festival and seeing the beautiful scenery on the grave boat. ("Children's Miscellaneous Poems") "I long for the arrival of Tomb-Sweeping Day. This is no reason to miss the dead. Getting an excellent opportunity to release psychological pressure and get close to nature is the real idea of children.

In the article Tomb Sweeping, Zhou Zuoren discusses China people's sense of identity with traditional culture: "When we look at the local customs, whether they are the same or different from our hometown, we all feel meaningful, the differences can be compared, but the same ones have a cordial feeling." The purpose of tomb sacrifice is to express gratitude to ancestors and memory of relatives by means of ceremony. At the same time, the author also expressed his sense of crisis in traditional culture. He is worried that "this custom cannot be maintained for a long time" because "more and more people have recently returned to their hometown for professional reasons, and it is not easy to go back to the grave. Going to the grave or persuading hungry people to eat meat. " With the faint helplessness of wanderers, it is also a concern about whether traditional folk customs can be passed down. This is worthy of serious reflection by thousands of Qian Qian vagrants.

For Tomb-Sweeping Day, the people's artist Lao She found another way. Half a century ago, he had a poem Qingming:

"Tomb-Sweeping Day is here/peaches and greens are everywhere/Don't burn paper/Let's give flowers to the dead ..."

Not busy "burning paper" but busy "offering flowers" reveals Lao She's life pursuit of worrying about the country and the people. With the development of society, our ideas should keep pace with the times. We should vigorously advocate safe, environmentally friendly, simple and novel memorial methods, such as offering flowers, playing songs and dramas, and actively advocate the new fashion of changing customs and paying homage to civilization, so as to make Tomb-Sweeping Day more "Qingming" and let Tomb-Sweeping Day return to its original intention of "Qingming".

Tomb-Sweeping Day has always been a festival where death and rebirth are intertwined, and joy and injury coexist. With a long memory of an old friend, reading Tomb-Sweeping Day's colorful and memorable works, let us have a clearer and deeper understanding of this special day that has been circulating for more than 2,000 years.

(Comprehensive Xi Evening News, Straits Metropolis Daily, Hechi Daily, etc.)