What was people's view of marriage in feudal times?

The ancient marriage system in China was basically established and fixed in Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties, especially in Zhou Dynasty, but it developed further in Qin and Han Dynasties.

First, the age of marriage.

The ancients advocated late marriage, believing that they could not get married until their sexual function was perfect and mature. Although the last chapter mentioned Huangdi Neijing, Su Wen, ancient innocence, said that women began to menstruate on the 27 th day, that is, 14 years old; Men 16 years old began to have nocturnal emission. If it is "yin and yang" (that is, sexual intercourse), it is possible to have children. But at this time, sexual function has not fully developed and matured, and it has not yet entered the marriageable age. Women have to wait until three o'clock.

Seventy-one, twenty-one years old, can "average kidney qi, so real teeth are born and grow"; Men have to wait until the age of 3824 before they can "have kidney qi in general and strong bones and muscles, so their teeth are really long." The so-called "general kidney qi" means that sexual organs and sexual functions have developed in a balanced and normal way and are relatively mature; The so-called "real teeth are born with long poles" means that the last tooth of a person has "grown out", which also means that the human body has fully developed and matured.

This thought has a great influence on later generations, which was put forward in many ancient books and emphasized in many academic works and medical books in the Han, Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties.

However, in the Han dynasty, the theory of "men marry at 30 and women marry at 20" suffered some impacts in practice, and some of them did not work. For example, "Lun Heng Qi Wu pian" said: "Although" Li "says that men marry at 30 and women marry at 20, if the legal system is established, it may not be established. Why is it effective, don't chase it today. "

This situation has a lot to do with the development of feudal society. In feudal society, taking one household as the production unit, men married early and increased the labor force at home earlier, which seemed to be beneficial to the development of one household's production; In addition, the feudal patriarchal clan system attaches great importance to children, and early marriage may lead to early childbearing and "early blessing". Therefore, although some people of insight oppose this phenomenon of early marriage, it has little effect. For example, a scholar named Wang Ji in the Han Dynasty said, "Fu.

Women, the outline of human relations, the bud of longevity. Secular marriage is too early, and I don't know how to be a father and have children. It is because of unclear education that people die.

There are many phenomena in social life, and many folk customs are derived from the needs of economic development. They are all very realistic problems, and they are very realistic. Scientific theory explores the law of the development of things and has strong foresight. Vision and reality are often contradictory. Advocating late marriage and late childbearing, and having fewer children and better children will encounter such problems. In this regard, on the one hand, education is necessary, but the most fundamental thing is to solve it completely economically. This, of course, will not happen overnight.

It happened overnight.

The rise of early marriage in Han dynasty was common to both the royal family and the common people. Looking up Hanshu and Houhanshu, we can see that men get married for the first time at the age of fifteen to eighteen. For example, the Book of the Later Han Dynasty: "In April of Jianning four years, I fell out of favor and established the famous Song family as the queen." Lingdi ascended the throne in the first year of Jianning, and was twelve years old, so he was fifteen when he got married. "A Record of Emperor Huan in the Later Han Dynasty": "In the autumn and July of the first year of Jianhe, Queen Liang was established." Emperor Huan acceded to the throne at the age of fifteen, so he got married.

The year should be sixteen. Xu Jishi, the mother of fifteen pounds of Lishi, made a plaque and said, "When you accept it from the sun, you will be extended and stand behind." At the age of eighteen, I married my wife Xu. "

Looking up Hanshu and Houhanshu, we can see that women get married from thirteen to nineteen. For example, "The History of Empress Zhao in the Later Han Dynasty" said: "My brother is very worried and angry. Mrs. Bai Tai has never married the Dou family, so she was elected to Taiku at the age of thirteen. " History of Han consorts: "Xuan Di asked his grandmother Wang Wei. Wang Wei's family was born in Xuwuping Township, Zhuo Jun County. When he was fourteen, he married a fellow countryman, Wang Geng. " "The Story of Uncle Cao's Wife in the Later Han Dynasty": "Being a daughter

There are seven commandments that say: I am stupid and insensitive. I was loved by my late master, and I was taught by my mother's teacher. I am four years old, and I have a broom in Caoshi. "The ancient poem Peacock flies southeast": "When you marry a woman at the age of seventeen, your heart is always bitter and sad. "The Book of the Later Han Dynasty Guang Lie Yin Chuan": "Since June of the first year of the new year, I was admitted to Wancheng as a gift at the age of 19. "

What needs to be put forward is that the age counted by the ancients, according to the old custom in China, is a nominal age, that is, one year after birth and two years after birth, so the complete age is one year less than the above.

For men, the big ratio is that men are slightly longer than women. For example, The Biography of Han Huo Guang: "Guang's eldest daughter is the wife of an, the son of Jie Li (Shangguan Jie), and has a daughter, who was married to Emperor () in 2008. Jie Li's younger sister, Auntie E, built a harem for women, which was a farewell. In a few months, she became a queen. "Another" Hanshu consorts filial piety Zhao Shangguan Biography ":"Emperor Zhao was founded at the age of eight, and a woman became her mother-in-law. A month later, she became a queen at the age of six. "These two paragraphs show that the difference between men and women is two years, which is' matching'. The same is true among the people, such as "The Official History of the Later Han Dynasty, Ren Yanchuan": "The people of Luoyue have no marriage custom, and Yan Naiqian moved to the county, with men aged 20 to 50 and women aged 15 to 40, all commensurate with their age, and married more than 2,000 people at the same time. "

Second, the way to get married.

During the Qin, Han, Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, men and women still had some autonomy in marriage because they were not far from ancient times, but their parents' orders were strengthened day by day, and the custom of "leaving on certain festivals" in Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties basically disappeared among the Han nationality.

There are several things recorded in Han Shu Hou Han Shu: The Biography of Han Shu Zhang Er: "A rich woman in a foreign country is beautiful, and her husband is a slave, but her father dies. Father and guests said, "I want to find an upright man from Zhang Er." Listen, please marry her. The woman's family paid a high price for ears. "

"The History of the Later Han Dynasty Liang Hongchuan": "The Meng family in the same county had a daughter who was fat, ugly and black. She tried to raise a stone mortar and chose not to marry. At the age of thirty, his parents asked him why, and the woman said,' Everyone who wants to be virtuous is like Liang Boluan.' Hong Wen hired him. "

In the above two examples, although the daughter of a foreign rich man was suggested by others and decided by herself, it always shows that she has certain autonomy in marriage. The marriage between Meng Guang and Hongliang is not only a matter of vision, but also completely independent. This degree of autonomy was rare after the Song and Ming Dynasties. Even if it exists, it will be attacked by the society and denounced as "debauchery", "irregularity" and "violation of etiquette". But in the Han Dynasty, people were different or different.

Of course, the above phenomenon is only one aspect of the matter. Since the Qin and Han Dynasties, marriage has been decided by parents and gradually evolved into the main aspect of things. "The Story of Dai Liang in the Later Han Dynasty": "Good five women are virtuous, and every time they ask for marriage, they will marry." The father has the right to dominate his daughter's marriage and is more accommodating to the outside world. However, there are also unspeakable relatives, such as "The Biography of Huai Yang Xian in the Han Dynasty": "Zhao sent someone to look after his daughter, and his salary was 200 Jin, which was not allowed."

"Wang Weizhi's Biography": "My father's modesty is attributed to He Jin, a general with a long history. I want to marry my husband and meet my second son, so that I can make a choice and be humble. " Sometimes elders have contradictory views on children's marriage, but in the final analysis, children's marriage still depends on elders. For example, Hanshu: "At that time, Xu Guanghan had a daughter Pingjun, aged 14 or 15, who was the son-in-law of Ou Hou and his wife. Ou Hou's son died when he took over. His mother can tell fortune, say expensive, his mother is happy. When Zhang He heard that Xu Shufu had a daughter, he invited him to drink, and he was full of wine and food. He said,' My great-grandson is close at hand, but I can be a wife when I am a servant in Shanhaiguan! "Guanghan promised. Tomorrow, I will smell it and get angry. Guanghan made it as an intermediary, so it was with great-great-grandson. "Like the emperor gaozu liu bang married Lv Hou, there is a similar situation. Lv Hou's father, Lv Gong, saw Liu Bang and respected him very much. He said that he had many lovers, none of whom could compare with Liu Bang and wanted to marry his daughter. However, his wife Lu Wei was angry. She blamed Lv Gong, saying, "You always said that our daughter was going to marry a noble person, and Pei County came to propose marriage, but you didn't agree. How can you marry Liu Bang? " Lv Gong said, "Women don't understand such things." As a result, I married my daughter to Liu bang

Sometimes, the marriage between men and women is decided by other relatives, who are of course more authoritative than their parents. For example, Chen Ping of the Han Dynasty couldn't afford a wife when she was young. There is a rich man named Zhang Fu in Tribal Tiger. By chance, he met Chen Ping. He thought Chen Ping was very beautiful and had a lot of tolerance, so he wanted to marry his granddaughter. This granddaughter has a hard time. Marry one husband and die one husband, * * * five times. However, Zhang's son doesn't agree to marry his daughter.

Chen Ping said that Chen Ping was poor and didn't do anything serious. Many people in the county can't see anything else. Why did they marry their daughter to him? However, Zhang negative for this person will not be worthless, and finally betrothed his granddaughter to.

Parents are very angry if the marriage between men and women does not go through their parents, or does not obey their parents. Such as Sima Xiangru and Zhuo Wenjun in the Han Dynasty. Lin Qiong's richest man, Zhuo Wangsun, once gave a banquet to entertain guests, and Sima Xiangru was invited to attend. During the dinner, he played a piano. Wen Jun, the widowed daughter of Zhuo Wang Sungang, sneaked a look at Sima Xiangru through the window, fell in love with him, and ran to Sima Xiangru at night. They eloped to their hometown in Sima Xiangru. merchant

There are only four walls in poverty. Zhuo Wangsun was furious about this matter and said, "This daughter is worthless. I can't bear to kill her, but I can't give her a penny!" People advised him, but he wouldn't listen.

Do men and women choose their own spouses or their parents' decisions? What are the criteria for choosing?

Men choose women. First of all, they value appearance. Of course, appearance is more than beauty. There was a famous official in the Han Dynasty, Ba Huang, who said, "Don't swim in summer, wear it with a good lover and meet a woman." . The fortuneteller said,' This woman should be very rich, otherwise, the photo album will be useless!' It was the witch's daughter in her village who pushed her questions. A bully took his wife and lived with him all his life. "The second is to take a fancy to a woman's talent. There is such a passage in Volume 10 of Huayang National Records: "Yangji, a native of Wuyang, was born in poverty and her father was imprisoned. Starting from business and returning to the county, the county respected him very much. As a virgin, Ji invited Daokou to tell his father, and his words were generous and he broke down in tears. I sincerely told the county that I am a wife and father, and I was hired by Wen Zi because of my talent. "Third, take a fancy to the woman's younger brother. For example, the biography of Han Dongxian wrote:" Wang Hong's wife and father, Xiao Xian, was a former son of the general, and served as a county magistrate for a long time. He was exempted from illness as a corps commander and his brothers tied for each other. My father appreciates it and wants to marry it. "There are also some people who are greedy for women's wealth, such as Chen Ping's wife, as mentioned earlier. Why did Chen Ping accept Zhang Fu, a granddaughter who has been widowed for five times and no one dares to marry? Later generations said it was greedy for family wealth.

When a woman chooses a husband, the first thing is to look at a man's appearance. Looking at Liu bang, Zhang looked at it negatively. Article 541 of the Book of the Taiping Imperial Review Wu, a famous minister of the State of Wu once said when he was young, "Tao Qian is from Danyang County. When Gan Gong went out, he met him on the way, suddenly called him, lived in a car, and was very happy to talk to him because he promised his wife to be a daughter. Mrs Gump said angrily, "I heard that Tao Jia's game is excessive. "How can she promise a woman?" Gan Gong said, "If there is a strange watch, it will succeed later." Subsequently, Xuzhou animal husbandry followed closely. The second is to attach importance to men's talents and talents, which the ancients attached great importance to. There are many records in historical books, such as "A Biography of Han Zhang Er": "My father said,' You must seek wisdom from Zhang Er' and" A Biography of Gongsun Zan in the Later Han Dynasty ":"You are a beautiful woman with a loud voice and wise words and deeds. He is too cautious about his talents and regards his wife as his wife. " "The Biography of Women in the Later Han Dynasty": "Bo Haibao declared his wife, the daughter of Huan family, the word. If you announce your taste, you will learn from your father, and your father will be shocked by his suffering, so he takes his wife as his concubine. " Of course, Shao Jun's father took a fancy to the poor and studious Bao Xuan. "Taiping Yulan" 54 1 Quoting "Biography of Zheng Xuan" said: "Therefore, Shangshu Zuocheng was a county magistrate at the age of thirteen. You said,' I have the quality of praising the Taoist school. Although jade is beautiful, it must be carved into a vessel. Can scholars achieve their goals? Yes:' I hope so. So he was drawn from his generation, and his wife took his brother and daughter as wives. "Huayang National Records" Volume 10 says: "Li Xie is a virgin. When my father died, so did my second brother, so I was a gift from my sister. I fled to Xuzhou with my father's apprentice Wang Cheng and worked as a servant in a restaurant. I know a lot of people in the restaurant and take it as my wife. "

In ancient times, many people cherished and cared for talents, and they were discerning, knowledgeable and helpful to the poor and dangerous. This kind of appreciation and help often appears in the form of marriage. Even from today's point of view, this situation is not bad.

At that time, there were some special marriages, such as getting married for political purposes and for a certain political relationship. Yu Ji, the seventh item in Historical Records, said: "Sean went to Xiang Bo, Xiang Bo went to see Pei Gong, and Pei Gong celebrated his birthday with wine, which was related to marriage." "The Biography of Liu Zhiwei in the Later Han Dynasty": "When it was true, Wang Yang rose up and joined Wang Lang, with more than 100,000 people. The plant sent by the sai-jo said that Yang is a watertight person. Sai-jo decided to be Yang's nephew after he went abroad, so it was over. "

During the Qin and Han dynasties, the matter of finger-belly marriage began to appear, and this trend prevailed in later generations. For example, "The Biography of Jia Fu in the Later Han Dynasty": "The battle between Fu Zhao and the five factions was decided by reason, and the damage was even worse. Guangwu was afraid and said, "That's why I don't want Jia Fu to be another general, because he underestimated his enemies. Really lost my star! I heard that her wife was pregnant and gave birth to a female evil, so my son married her; If a man is born evil, my daughter will marry him so that she won't worry about her wife! "

In a word, the Qin and Han Dynasties were the early feudal society in China, and the way and purpose of marriage were more and more branded with the feudal society: family laws and parents' orders played an increasingly important role, and family concepts began to appear. Judging from the many examples mentioned above, family status accounts for a considerable proportion, and this trend of emphasizing family status and rank is the characteristic of feudal society, which reached its peak in Wei and Jin Dynasties. Of course, there are also many women who think that men are not humble.

Generally speaking, there is nothing wrong with marrying a poor woman, but after in-depth analysis, there are many opinions and expectations that "this man should be expensive" and "this man must be a savage in the end" and have the desire to enter a higher level one day. As for getting money through marriage, it is not obvious. Chen Ping's desire for a dead daughter with five husbands is only the analysis of later generations. The pursuit of money in ancient marriage is far less than today, which may be

The commodity economy is still underdeveloped.

Third, marriage documents.

Weddings in this period followed the past "Six Rites" and became more and more popular among nobles and civilians. For example, "Literature and Art Collection" 40 said: "Acceptance, start, and the time when words can be used. Asking the name is asking the female star to reply. Najib said to Buji, go and tell him. Take the levy, use a bundle of silk and sign it. Please invite me, please welcome me on an auspicious day and call me a gift.

However, compared with the ancient "Six Rites", the "Six Rites" in this period are much more complicated and luxurious, which is one of the characteristics of feudal society to show its identity and wealth, and the ancient customs are gradually lost. For example, since the Han Dynasty, 100 officials have adopted 30 kinds of gifts such as Xuanyong, sheep and goose. "Tongdian 58" describes this in detail:

In the later Han Dynasty, Zheng Zhong's six-ceremony speech to officials was similar to the weekly system, but the wife of that talent replied that at the end of the speech, she said, Give me some wine and meat, and then sacrifice my life. Their so-called predecessors, not my son, are all Yunjun. Six gifts are sealed, first with paper, then with soap bags on the surface, and then in the middle. Soap clothes, tables, Show the big bag, check the title and say it's a gentleman's door. There are 30 kinds of engagement gifts, each with a eulogy and a compliment. Seal it with wax, seal it in a box with soap,

If there is no envelope, you will search for the title, you will say that you visited a gentleman's door, you will write praise, and you will be checked. Gifts: An Liu Xuanyong, sheep, goose, sake, white wine, japonica rice, millet, cattail, reed, Selaginella, Jiahe, myrtle, glue, lacquer, five-color silk, acacia bell, Jiuzi ink, money, Luther vanilla, phoenix, relic beast, mandarin duck, lucky beast and fish.

These gifts should be written with auspicious words to show their certain meaning. These words also show people's ethical concepts and yearning and pursuit of a better life at that time. "Tongdian" article 58 records are:

Those who always express their impressions of things are as mysterious as the sky and land of law. Sheep are lucky, and the group has no party. Geese follow the sun. Sake is bliss. Reasons for the happiness of liquor. Japonica rice feeds on food. Millet and rice are abundant. Common and flexible. Reed is soft for a long time. Selaginella inflorescence epiphytic. Jiahe LULU. Long life sewing thread. Life-extending glue can be combined with different kinds. The paint has good light inside and outside. The five-color silk chapter is adopted, and the flexion and extension are not bad. Acacia bell sounds very harmonious. Nine sons mo Yongsheng. Money and brightness are more than that. Getting vanilla will bring good luck. Fung Wong-Nui

Men and women are married. The relic beast is cheap and modest. Yuanyang only flies to horses, songs and harmony. Blessed animals are respectful and kind. The fish is in the distance. Lu Zheye. Birds know how to feed back and filial to their parents. Nine sons, nine daughters and four virtues. Yang Sui became a bright and safe place. Dan is the glory of five colors, green is the initial color, and the east begins.

As for the bride price, that is, collecting money, it is becoming more and more extravagant, even reaching a staggering level. "Han Guan Yi" said: "The emperor hired the queen, and the gold was everything." "The Biography of Han Mang" said: "When I entered my wife's world, I made my daughter a queen and hired 30 thousand Jin of gold." The book of the later Han Dynasty "The Queen of the Fierce Beam" said: "So I learned that Emperor Xiaohui accepted the job and hired 20,000 Jin." Song Li Shu's Shangshu Zhu Zhengyi said:

After the Han Dynasty, there were 200 Jin of gold and 0/2 horses/kloc. Madam, fifty catties of gold and four horses. "The Biography of King Huaiyang in Han Dynasty" said: "Zhao sent his servant to take care of his daughter, and his salary was 200 Jin, but Bo did not allow it."

This situation is not only defined as a ritual system among the royal nobles, but also a common custom among the people. For example, it is recorded in Chen Hanping's Biography: "When Zhang's father died, his daughter was poor, so he was hired with fake money." From this perspective, this "facade" can't be abandoned anyway. Ren Yan, described in the biography of Ren Yan in the later Han Dynasty, didn't know the wedding etiquette in the name of Luo Yue, so he matched them with the power of the imperial court according to the age difference of more than 2,000 men and women. It is also a custom that "he is poor and rude, and the provinces below Chang's offer his money to help him."

At that time, not only was there a lot of money, but other aspects of the wedding were also very fancy. For example, in the biography of Wusun in the Western Regions of the Han Dynasty, it was said: "In the Han and Yuan Dynasties, Wang Jiannv of Jiangdu was sent as a princess as his wife. I'll give you a ride, a royal costume and a big gift, and prepare a hundred officials and eunuchs to serve hundreds of people. " The third chapter of "On the Latent Husband" says: "If you marry with wealth, you will get ten carriages each, ride with slaves and capture with hubs. The rich will compete with each other and the poor will be ashamed. "

This extravagant marriage was opposed by some people of insight at that time. For example, Dai Liang mentioned earlier, "married a woman who used bamboo barnyard grass as a strict weapon", and only clothes, cloth quilts, bamboo barnyard grass and clogs accompanied him. There is also Bao Xuan, who is appreciated for being diligent and eager to learn. His wife is a daughter. His style is also very good in this respect. When his wife Shao Jun got married, he had many gifts and bribes. Bao Jue was very unhappy and said to his wife, "You grew up under the door of the rich and are used to decoration and enjoyment, but I live in poverty and really don't deserve these gifts." The wife said, "My father proposed to me because of your good personality and style. Since I am your wife, I always follow your advice. " Bao Xuan said happily, "If so, we will be like-minded." The woman returned the beautiful clothes and attendants to her family, put on her clothes and went home with Baodi. Of course, in that society, people like Dai Liang and Bao Xuan.

Not much.

At that time, the wind of disturbing new houses had risen, and guests often drank and laughed, and their words and deeds were unscrupulous. For example, Zhong Changtong's Chang Yan was quoted in A Book as saying: "Today's wedding party is full of fun with the banter of the governor, so it is appropriate to indulge in public affairs, and it is obvious that it is private among family members, which is vulgar but not vulgar. According to records, a man named Du married in Runan in the Han Dynasty. Everyone came to congratulate him and drank a lot of wine.

One of his friends, Zhang Miao, joked when he was making trouble in his new house. He tied Du Shi up and beat him 20 times, and hung his hands and feet on the beam. Du is really dead.

Four, several noteworthy forms of marriage

Among the feudal aristocratic landlords in Qin and Han dynasties and later, polygamy was quite popular, just like the feudal society of the previous generation and even the later generations. In addition to the wife, there are many names such as concubines, young women, concubines, concubines, concubines, consorts, Fu handmaids and Yu Ping, and there are often more than one person. For example, Biography of Han Shu Hou Yuan: "You are forbidden to be dissolute and take more wives.

"History of Han Kong Guang Chuan": "Hou Chunyu, the eldest son of Dingling, sat in rebellion, and the first wife was the first six people to go or get married when things were not discovered." "The History of the Later Han Dynasty Wang Liangjie Chang Chuan": "I have thirty-seven young wives." At that time, it was common for people without children to buy ae. For example, Yilin and Taiping Yulan quoted "Custom Pass" in 388 and 326, saying: "A rich house has no children for 90 years." ninety

/kloc-how deformed and ugly it is to buy a little wife at the age of 0/8!

Of course, these situations are based on the fact that men rule and oppress women and treat women as playthings. Among them, there are many scandals, such as "Han Shu Wang Upload": "Geng Ding wrote a business with his father Fu and his daughter-in-law." Biography of Han Shu Xiahou Baby: "Princess Pingyang, the Lord committed adultery with his father and committed suicide."

Biography of Han Shu: "Zhang Pengzu was poisoned by concubines." "Han Shuyu's Pure Biography": "The younger sister of Queen Xu is Mrs. Long Sishou, who is widowed. I often have an affair with you because he is a concubine. " As for "The Biography of Xiao Zhao Wang Liangchuan in the Later Han Dynasty", "Zhao Xiang played a working role in the father's funeral for his concubine and sat in Zhongqiu County." This is because at my father's funeral,

Marrying a little wife violated the taboo in feudal etiquette, so she was demoted. Otherwise, polygamy is completely legal in feudal society.

Another noteworthy phenomenon in the form of marriage is bigamy. Remarriage is the remarriage of the wedding room, which is called "marriage plus marriage". There are three kinds of bigamy: in-laws are always in-laws, married women are always married women, and in-laws interact with their families (refer to the statement in the Book of Rites that a woman's surname is marriage and her husband's surname is marriage). This kind of situation, according to historical records, is mostly practiced among the royal family and nobles, and of course there are also people, but there is no specific record in history. Because of their blood relationship, they formed a rather complicated network, such as "Biography of Three Kings in Chinese": "Wang Jia died and his son succeeded to the throne. Wild king's daughter-in-law garden is my uncle's precious daughter-in-law. Xiong Bao Zhao Zi is the queen. "

As for the following situation, it is more complicated. "The Biography of Geng Yan in the Later Han Dynasty": "In the realm of the father, in the realm of death, the youngest son attacked the father. Killing one's son is loyalty to his successor. Loyal pawn, Zi Fengsi. Feng died, and his son is a good heir. One is Wu Ban, sister of Shang Andi, and princess royal of Puyang. ..... Kui moose Hou Ba pawn, son Jin Wenrong. Female gold pawn, son happy heir. Happy to die, the son shows the heir. Xiuzu, son and heir, Shang Huan's sister is a princess of Changshe. ..... MuPing Hou Shu pawn, son attack heir. Shang Xianzong's daughter is worried about the princess. Attack the pawn, the son is Bao Si, and the younger brother is qinghe princess. "

The essence of this kind of marriage is to support and use each other politically and economically, and further consolidate the relationship between the two sides with the heaviness of marriage form. It can also be seen that in feudal society, especially within the ruling class, marriage is rarely a combination of love and is often based on family interests.

Because of "pro-plus-pro", a very complicated network of relationships has been formed. Marriage sometimes takes place between peers, but sometimes between different generations. This is not because of negligence, the feudal patriarchal clan system is very strict, not sloppy at all, but the family interests exceed the emphasis on seniority.

In addition, there is another noteworthy phenomenon: the Zhou system has the same surname and does not marry, while the Han people do not seem to avoid the same surname when they get married.

Such as "v. Wang Chuan": "v. Qiu, Zi Tan Si. Tan Qiu, Zi Xiansi. Wang Mang's wife is a salty woman. " From this point of view, Wang Mang and his wife share the same surname. Another example is "Tongdian": "Lu Houmei married Lu Ping", and the same is true.

From the perspective of modern science, it is not impossible to get married with the same surname, because the same surname may not be related by blood. However, the intermarriage of different generations in Han Dynasty, especially the intermarriage of different generations with close blood relationship, such as maternal uncle marrying niece, nephew marrying aunt and cousin marrying aunt, is worth analyzing. It can be considered from the perspective that political interests are above everything else, and it may also be a dead-end marriage in ancient times.

5. Divorce and remarriage.

From Han Dynasty to Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, there were many cases of divorce and remarriage. This situation is more complicated, from which we can see the emergence of feudal ethics and chastity requirements, the oppression of women by men and the whole patriarchal clan system, and the freedom of divorce and remarriage, which is obviously different from later dynasties such as Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing.

The first case of divorce is that a man abandons his wife for many reasons: First, he has no children. "There are three unfilial sons, and no heirs are great", which is of course a major event. "There is no child to abandon, and it is peerless", which is one of the seven abandonment (or seven walks). "Biography of Ying Shun in the Eastern Han Dynasty": "Shun Shao and Xu Jingshan, in the same county, respect the poor family, have no children, and marry more to respect their wives." In fact, not having children is not necessarily the woman's problem, and it is really wronged.

The second reason is the tongue, that is, what the woman said was "wrong", which caused some family conflicts. For example, Chen Ping of the Han Dynasty was a prodigal son when she was young. His sister-in-law took it hard and said some unpleasant things, such as "having an uncle is better than nothing" When Chen Ping's brother learned about it, he abandoned his wife one by one. People say that this practice is also in line with one of the seven abandonment (or seven going): "Give up a breath and leave a relative." In fact, this is also very unfair. this

As Liu Bei later said: "Brothers are like brothers, and wives are like clothes; Clothes can still be mended, and broken hands and feet can be continued! " In a male-centered patriarchal society, this is naturally the case.

The third is theft. One of the seven abandonment (or seven going) is "stealing and abandoning, the opposite of it". In fact, this so-called "theft" is often not a big deal. For example, Biography of Wang Ji of Han Shu: "Ji studied when he was young and lived in Chang 'an. His master has a big jujube tree. In Jiting, Jifu took jujube as a blessing, and after Ji knew it, he left his wife. "This jujube tree is planted next door, and its branches have grown to Wangji's house. Ji Wang's wife picked some for Ji Wang to eat. As a result, Ji Wang divorced her for this. This really treats marriage like dirt and women like dirt.

The fourth is female jealousy. One of the seven abandons (or seven walks) is: "Jealous abandonment, chaotic family." Of course, there are "good reasons" for such a divorce. According to "The Biography of Yan Feng in the Later Han Dynasty", Yan Feng married a woman from the northern part of the Stone Man, and a woman from the Stone Man was fierce and jealous, forbidding Yan Feng to take concubinage and abusing Feng Bao and Feng Jiang, children born to Yan Feng's ex-wife. Later, Yan Feng kicked her out of the house. On this matter, Yan Feng wrote a letter to Ren Wuda, the younger brother of the Stone Man, explaining the reason. This letter is quite famous in history, and people often use it to educate their daughters on how to be husbands and how to abide by women's morality.

Yun Xin:

The nature of heaven and earth, people have emotions; The way of husband and wife, righteousness has a clutch. The gift of sages, wives and concubines. Although humble, I still want to go beyond the system. They are old, hate graves, encounter jealousy, and their wealth collapses. The mother of five sons is still at home. In the past five years, the drama has flourished, with white as black, wrong as right, artificial ending, false beginning and false ending, innocence, screaming at the top of my lungs, gangsters descending to the world, born in a woman, and flying in the heart without breaking the country; Jealousy, not afraid of death. The morning of the pheasant is the cable of home, and the great disaster of ancient times began in this swallow. If you drink enough, you will rebel, flirt in the room and spread abroad. Open your eyes and hold out your palm, and you can make a difference. Pain to the sky, poison to the five internal organs, worry is not bad, worry is not bad, go to bed, infertility, weaving, no female workers, poor family, humble husband, so my son is miserable and has no compassion. The only thing Wu Da can see is that he has no hair on his head, no powder on his face, no cover, hands and feet holding the soil, is not poor, doesn't flirt, jumps over the beam and makes a hullabaloo about, screaming, selling sugar, and can't bear his ambition. My wife died a long time ago. I miss Cao's family and there are no other messengers. I pity Jiang and Bao. I am a handmaiden. I'm too worried about everything to borrow. I can't hear you. I abused this handmaiden and never died. For half a year, purulent blood flowed. After the servant girl was ill, the ginger was cooked, the leopard was stained with mud again, the heart was sad, the grain was gone, the winter clothes were not mended, and the sitting was chaotic, and a wisp was incoherent. There is no female morality, no mother instrument, and I hate seeing chaos. Relying on Zheng Ling, I live in the sky, fighting for quality, and the words Bai Dong, Jian and Ji are at the door. Why? How strong is it to be surrounded by hundreds of crossbows? For Zong's explanation, the words are like reincarnation, the mouth is like cuckoo, the county is full of sky, the heart is not evil, and the body does not shake. It is appropriate to indulge in mistakes and think for yourself. Without the above books, dogs would not be surprised and confident. If you don't go to this woman, your family will be restless; If you don't go to this woman, your family will be unknown; You are blessed if you don't go to this woman; If you don't go to this woman, you can't do anything. I didn't decide when I hated Watson. As for the day when I was poor, I raised carbuncle and gangrene, which caused my own disaster. Yan gave up her clothes because of things at home. He left Shan Ye sideways, broke up with friends, closed the door of Du's official position, and worked hard to get enough food and clothing. How dare he have a road to fame!

This letter is very vivid, eloquent and well founded. The woman's family naturally had nothing to say, and the public opinion at that time was also on Yan Feng's side. Of course, from today's perspective, this is only a one-sided story, and the letter also reveals the idea of "male chauvinism" from time to time. Perhaps the "stone woman" does have many shortcomings, but one of the reasons is that it infringes on her husband's sovereignty and forbids him to take concubines, which harms her husband's "rights" and "interests".

Fifth, the woman's virtue is poor. For example, Yang Hua-guo's Ode to Women's History said that there was a man named Rudun, whose brothers lived together and his parents had some inheritance. My sister-in-law wanted to monopolize it, and Tathagata's wife was very virtuous, so she advised Tathagata to forget it for them, so Tathagata gave her farm house and handmaiden to her brother and sister-in-law, and the couple moved out. On one occasion, Rudun dug up a gold product while plowing the land. His wife persuaded him to give it to his younger brother, and the husband and wife went together. My sister-in-law saw them coming and thought they were coming.

If you borrow money, don't give them a bad look; Later, I learned that they had come to send gold wares, and I was dancing with joy again. At this time, my brother realized that he married his wife and returned his family wealth to his younger brother. Judging from this incident, it seems that this sister-in-law is greedy and seems to be a "villain", but this brother is also very bad. He accepted all his parents' inheritance from his younger brother and daughter-in-law, and was not ashamed. Although I realized it later, why did I divorce my wife immediately? I can feel it myself. Why can't my wife feel it? Why not help and educate her? This is "brothers like brothers, wives like clothes" at work again.

Sixth, the woman is not allowed to be with her parents, that is, she has not served her in-laws, or her in-laws are biased against her daughter-in-law. There are many such examples. Such as "The History of the Later Han Dynasty Bao Yongchuan": "Mothers are filial afterwards. My wife scolded the dog in front of her mother and left forever. " The Book of the Later Han Dynasty, Biography of the Wife of the Jiang Family in Guanghan, said: "Poetry is filial to the mother, and the wife is thus sincere. My mother likes to drink river water and walk six or seven miles home, while my wife tastes the upstream, paints it, and then has an affair and pays it back from time to time. When a mother is thirsty, poetry is responsible.

"These two things are very unreasonable. Bao Yong's wife just scolded the dog in front of her mother-in-law and was abandoned. Jiang Shi's wife is more wronged. She is very filial to her mother-in-law who likes drinking river water. She often walks six or seven miles to get river water. One day, there was a strong wind, and she couldn't return in time, so her mother-in-law was thirsty. She was abandoned for this matter. How against human feelings and humanity!

The seventh is to kill his wife for a temporary political relationship. This happened to Ban Chao, the general of the Han Dynasty. The Biography of Were Han Ban Chao said that there was a minister, Li Yi, who first went to Khotan, feared the enemy like a tiger and was jealous of Ban Chao's contribution, so he wrote to the emperor to denigrate Ban Chao, saying that Ban Chao loved his concubine, his son and his happiness.