According to Material 1, point out what changes occurred in the Qing government's diplomatic philosophy

1) Changes: from the "heavenly kingdom" to the concept of equal diplomacy. (2 points)

Reason: advanced Chinese people study the West, open eyes to the world; the foreign affairs movement to learn Western science and technology; two opium wars after the failure of reflection; Western learning. (4 points, any two points can be)

(2) Change: from "subjects" to "nationals". (2 points)

Reason: The Hundred Days' Reform spread Enlightenment ideas and promoted ideological liberation; the Xinhai Revolution overthrew the monarchical autocracy, established **** and systems, and spread the concept of democracy **** and ideas; the New Culture Movement and the May Fourth Movement publicized democracy and science, further promoting ideological liberation. (6 points)

(3) Transformation from traditional to modern society (modernization). (2 points)