The modern city pattern of Kunming was formed in which dynasty?

1381, Ming Dynasty, designed by Wang Zanghai

From Tho Lan City, Guchang City to Tuo Dong City

The formation of the mysterious "City of Turtles and Snakes" took more than 2,000 years One day, more than six hundred years ago, a few prominent figures of the time ascended a high mountain at the edge of Dianchi Pond, overlooking the dam in front of them. Among these people were Mu Ying, a famous general of the Ming Dynasty, and Wang Zanghai, a famous feng shui master and surveyor. They were ambitious enough to build a whole new city within this dam - and that lush dam was today's Kunming. In fact, the history of the city of Kunming extends far beyond the centuries between the early Ming Dynasty and today. As early as the Stone Age, Dianchi around there have been settled tribes, but at that time the scale, and can not be called "city". From Tho Lan, Gu Chang, to Tuo Dong Cheng, like any city in the world with a long history, Kunming developed to today, not overnight.

Tho Lan City, Guchang City - small tribal period

3-4 centuries BC around Dianchi, has been distributed with "Laobu", "Mo" and so on. There were already dozens of tribes around Dianchi in the 3rd-4th centuries BC, among which "Dian" was the largest. In this period, the first time in the history of Kunming's urban development node appeared, which is the Chu general Zhuang massage into Yunnan. The Records of the Historical Records - Southwest Barbarians biography" recorded: "so that the general Zhuang massage will be the soldiers on the river, slightly west of Qianzhong ...... massage to Dianchi, place 300 miles, next to the flat land, fertile thousands of miles, to the military might be set to belong to the Chu." It is certain that Zhuang massage did not spend much effort, will be Dianchi surrounding small tribes one by one to conquer.

After the victory of the Zhuang massage return to the king of Chu, about the Qin, but because "Road plugging can not be", Zhuang massage can only "to its crowd of king Dian, change clothes, from its custom, to long. Since to stay when the king of the mountain, Zhuangwei also looking to build a city around Dianchi to live, and finally he chose the location of the three sides of the mountains, south of Dianchi Kunming Dam.

Fancy the reason for this place, first of all, lies in the military considerations - this dam is located in the east and west of Yunnan's main traffic artery, the terrain is dangerous, suitable for building a city defense, you can hold the gateway to the country of Yunnan. This choice can be said to be very wise, later generations where the change of dynasties, the attacker is easy to defend and difficult to attack the place hurt the brain. In addition, because of the fertile land, agricultural production compared to the more developed, Zhuangrua also here at ease as the king of Dian.

This is the first city built next to the Dianchi called "Tho Lan City", and "Tho Lan" is "and the Lan" is written differently. After the Han Book" records: "Zhuang Hao (massage) from the Yuan water to cut the night Lang, the army to and Lan, standing the boat on the shore and battle." Zhuang massage is very important to enter the first battle in Yunnan, so in the construction of the city is also called "Tho Lan", the later will be called "Zhuang massage old city". Most historians believe that the city is in today's Kunming Heilinpu area.

Until the end of Qin and the rise of Han, the Zhuangwei era are sealed land. The king of Dian Changqiang in the Han Emperor Wu Di, is the descendant of Zhuangrui. But in the centuries, Tho Lan City did not have much development, to today's eyes, it is only a slightly larger tribe.

When Zhang Qian traveled to the Western Regions, he wanted to take the route to Yunnan, which was blocked by the king of Dian, so Dian had a grudge against the Han Dynasty. When Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty was furious and sent troops to Dianchi, the king of Dian was subdued and submitted to the Han Dynasty. From then on, Han set up Yizhou County in the Dianchi area, the county seat in today's Jinning, but under the jurisdiction of the 24 counties are known as "Guchang" Kunming.

The city of Guchang was built at the foot of Jinma Mountain, roughly in the area of today's Liangting, and was garrisoned by Han troops to deter the neighboring tribes and to monitor the king of Yunnan's every move. It is worth mentioning that although Guchang City was strictly speaking only a military camp, the garrison reclaimed land and built irrigation canals along the Dianchi River, reclaiming more than 2,000 hectares of farmland, and the surrounding area of the Dianchi River has become a scene of "fertile land".

However, after all, the military is just a soldier, in the open land to repair such things as not so professional, and then there is no sense of urban planning, the city of Kunming in later years of frequent flooding, not less so that the people of Kunming suffered. And in the following centuries, Dianchi region, despite the distribution of many tribes, but Kunming did not form a real city model.

Tuo Dong City, Shanshan City - military fortress period

This situation until the 8th century AD, the Erhai region, the rise of the Nanzhao - since it is the rise, it must be to expand the territory. In the fifth year of Tang Tianbao (唐天宝), the Nanzhao king Pi Luoge led his army on an eastward campaign, but he died after his steps had only reached the area of today's Xiangyun (祥云). His son Ge Luo Feng took the throne and continued eastward, destroyed the Cuan regime that lasted for hundreds of years, entered the Dianchi area, and then unified Yunnan.

In fact, the Nanzhao regime is the Tang dynasty in line with the idea of "barbarians to control barbarians", but the Nanzhao in the full wings, will inevitably produce conflict with the Tang. Tianbao ten years and thirteen years of the "War of Tianbao", Nanzhao twice defeated the Tang army, and finally succeeded in cutting off a side. Growing up by the Erhai Sea, Geluofeng had a love of lakes, and his view was the same as Zhuangwei's, who also believed that the Dianchi area was suitable for the construction of a major town, which could be attacked and defended militarily. After a few years of brewing, he began to let his eldest son is responsible for the construction of "Tuodong City".

"Tuodong" means "to open up the eastern border", and it is easy to see the ambition of Geluofeng from the name. Nanzhao in politics also attaches great importance to this new city, specializing in setting up one of the Nanzhao six section ministers Tuodong section minister, so this city is also known as Tuodong section city. In today's Kunyang and Anning, Tuodong Turtle City and Meng's City were also built at the same time. Unlike before, Tuodong City under the jurisdiction of today's Jinning, which means that the political, cultural and economic center of the Dianchi region from the east bank of the Dianchi Jincheng area, began to the north bank of the Dianchi Panlong River delta transfer, the location of the city of Kunming is also gradually clear.

In fact, the scale of the city of Tuodong is not large, it is just a circumference of 3 kilometers of narrow earth city, divided into the east, south and north, the wooden bridge over the river can be accessed on the west bank of the Dianchi. But compared to the previous relatively single city form, Tuodong City has a royal palace, government offices, pavilions, temples, is considered to have the appearance of the city. According to the evidence, the city's general location in today's southern city of Kunming, across the Panjiang River on both sides of the north to the People's Middle Road, south to Jinbi Road, from the east of the Wuliduo, Tuodong Road, the west to the Desheng Bridge. Influenced by the Central Plains, the buildings of this period are mostly in the style of the Tang Dynasty.

From this, it seems that today's Kunming City, the center of the area, is when the city of Tuodong. The Nanzhao regime filled the Dianchi area with immigrants from western Yunnan, and the later Tuodong Festival Minister invited craftsmen from the Central Plains to build two temples, Juezhao and Huiguang, and the East and West Temple Pagodas on the banks of Dianchi Lake west of Tuodong City - the latter of which can still be seen today, and the former of which has already been lost in the long river of history.

Of course, the development of Todong Castle is inseparable from the importance of the rulers at that time. It was regarded as a "companion capital", second only to the capital of Nanzhao, and was also called "Tokyo" and "Shangjing". Starting from the son of Ge Luo Feng, successive kings are living in this "capital", only after the death of the burial in western Yunnan.

However, history is always moving forward, even if the rulers how much importance, the river and the mountain can not be forever. In 937 AD, the "white barbarians" Duan Siping contact Diandong Wu barbarians thirty-seven, the destruction of the Nanzhao Yang's regime to build the Dali State, administratively divided into eight provinces, set up in Dianchi Lake Shanshan explication of the House for one of them. At this time, the Dianchi waters around the city of Tuodong, has slowly developed into a subsidiary part of the city.

In 1119, the thirty-seven ministries rose again and conquered the Shanshan Expansion, and Tuodong City was severely damaged in the battle, almost razed to the ground and became a "ruined city". It was only after the war was over that the Dali regime rebuilt the city on top of Tuodong City and called it "Shanshan Expansion City".

Compared to the previous Tuodong City, Shanshanxian City has crossed the Panjiang River to the west, and the city was probably located on the west bank of the Panjiang River, in the area of today's Wenmiao, People's Middle Road, and Dongshi Street. The entire city east of the Panjiang River, south of the Yudai River, west to the Jiming Bridge, north to the Wuhua Mountain, "the city between Dianchi, three sides of the water, both dangerous and firm". It is worth noting that, despite the economic development of this period of Shanshan City, but the rulers built the city's primary consideration, is still the military needs - of course, this also let the later suffered a lot.

In the fall of 1253 AD, the Mongolian Marshal Uliang Hetai led the army to attack the Dali Kingdom, Dali City, Dali King Duan Xingzhi fled to Shanshan City to continue to resist. After looking at the topography of Shanshan City, Uliang Hetai made a detailed plan to attack the city, but the city of earth was able to resist the powerful Yuan army attack for seven consecutive days.

The reason for this is not because of the Dali army how tenacious, but the location of the Shanshan Expansion of the city was built too perfect - three facing the water, one side of the mountain, the Yuan army and lack of experience in water warfare, natural long attack can not be. Woodland Hetai in the Shanshan elaboration of the city fought the largest battle since the entry into Yunnan, and finally the city out of ammunition and food before winning. This is a great example of the importance of choosing a location for a city.

Marco Polo's "magnificent city"

After the Yuan destroyed the Dali, set up in Yunnan ten thousand households, one thousand households, one hundred households each other, Shanshan elaboration for the ten thousand households in charge of Kunming two thousand households, which is the first time that the "Kunming" is used as a local place name! and continues to this day. Most scholars believe that "Kunming" was first the name of an ancient ethnic group in Southwest China, and was generally written as "Kun" or "Kunya" in ancient documents. The Huayang Guozhi explains: "The great race of the barbarians is called Kun, and the small race is called Thao." This also explains the large population of the Kunming tribe.

In 1267 A.D., Kublai appointed Huge Chi as the King of Yunnan, also known as the King of Liang. 7 years later, Saidian Chi was appointed as the governor of Yunnan Province, and came to govern Yunnan. He first reformed the administrative division to integrate it with the mainland establishment. The ten-thousand-households, one-thousand-households, and one-hundred-households were accordingly changed into roads, prefectures, states, and counties; the two-thousand-households of Kunming were changed into the Kunming County, and the ten-thousand-households of Shanshan were changed into the Zhongqing Road; meanwhile, the administrative center was also moved from Dali to Kunming. Since then, Kunming officially became the center of the province's political, economic and cultural center, Yunnan has become one of the eleven provinces in the country.

The first historical task of Sai Dinchi was to repair the water conservancy of Kunming - in fact, this has been the biggest headache of the successive rulers of Kunming. From the Han Dynasty, local officials have begun the governance of the Panjiang River, the Song Dynasty, the excavation of the Golden Juice River and the Silver Juice River, counting the earliest major water conservancy project in the history of Kunming. During the Dali period, the king of Dali, Duan Su Xing, also enlisted the people to dredge the Panjiang River and the Jinju River, and also set up a specialized agency to manage the Dianchi water conservancy.

The unsatisfactory thing is that, although every dynasty and every generation attaches great importance to the livelihood of this issue, but most of them in the construction of the city only consider the military, did not realize that with the development of the city, water conservancy will become a big trouble. In fact, Kunming's water environment is not good, located in a narrow strip of land with mountains on the back and a lake on the south, the only irrigation river, the Panjiang River, has a large drop, flooding in the summer, but insufficient water supply in the winter. Until the Yuan Dynasty, Kunming was often flooded, people called the city "Duck Pond City," meaning that when the city flooded inside the people like ducks in the water.

The past rulers are generally digging canals to divert the water of the Panjiang River, but the Sai Deng Chi saw the essence of the problem: Dianchi bear too much water, but the discharge of the place is only one of the mouth of the sea, the riverbed is more siltation, the rainy season, the real backwaters flooded the city is not the Panjiang River, but Dianchi, which is prone to serious flooding. To this end, Sai Dianchi first in the northeast of Kunming to clean up the water, dredging Panlong River, the mountains in the "Shao Dian ninety-nine springs" into the Panlong River, thus eliminating the upper reaches of Dianchi flooding.

Next, he built the Songhua Dam lock under the Jinma Mountain for intercepting and diverting the floods, and at the same time, cut six artificial rivers in the lower reaches of Dianchi. Songhua Dam still plays a key role today, and is called "a bowl of water above the people of Spring City".

When these water conservancy projects were basically completed, Sai Dinchi proceeded to build Zhongqing City on the basis of Sanxian City. It was an earthen city that was long from north to south but narrow from east to west. At the southern end is the Dudiao Bridge, at the northern end is the Wuhuashan Mountain, to the east is the Panjiang River, and to the west is the Jiming Bridge. There are Dade Bridge and White Pagoda in the city, Yudai River as a moat on the south-west sides, and Mercy Chung Temple and Yuantong Temple were built inside and outside the north city wall, and the center of the whole city is Sanshi Street, which is the area from the middle end of the present-day Jiejie Road to Jinbi Road.

This is Sai Dianchi's major contribution to Yunnan, the scale of Kunming's city, from this period onwards there is further development. When Marco Polo came here, he did not hide his envy, describing Zhongqing as a "magnificent city". With merchants and artisans, various sects, wine and salt industries, the city was as prosperous as the Central Plains. The yuan dynasty of yunnan literati wang sheng also in the "Dianchi Fu" wrote: "the golden horse winding and exquisite, jade case ee and towering cui, wuhua bell creation of the show, three when the city of lu yan of the Chong, double tower quite Prime potential, a bridge across the rainbow of the sun, the front of a thousand ship ants gathered in the yunjin, 10,000 ship bees cantonment in the city of yin ...... "

From the text, we can see that at that time in Kunming, the Golden Horse Mountain, Yucheng Mountain, Wuhua Mountain has been the surrounding attractions, the three city streets, the East and West Temple Twin Towers are regarded as the city's landmarks, and Yunjin River (Panjiang River) and the busy scene on the wharf, meaning that the Panjiang River had already become an important transportation network in Dianchi.

"City of Turtles and Serpents" - Wang Zanghai's masterpiece In 1381 AD, Zhu Yuanzhang sent generals Mu Ying and Fu Youde to lead an army of 300,000 to conquer Yunnan, and the following year, they defeated the Yuan army and attacked Zhongqing City, and the family of King Liang jumped to their deaths at Dianchi. The Ming Dynasty changed Zhongqing Road for Yunnan Province, set Songming, Kunyang, Anning, Jinning four states, Kunming, Chenggong, Yiliang and other nine counties, which is very similar to today's administrative planning.

Mu Ying for the merit of the world guard Yunnan, the Ming dynasty founding general decided to completely abandon the previous old city, another stove to rebuild a new city. Of course, Mu Ying is no longer the year Zhuangrua repair small attic bold, but invited the Ming Empire can be compared with Liu Bo Wen big geomancy Wang Zanghai, let him to preside over the new Kunming city construction. History has proved that Wang Zanghai's planning for Kunming's urban pattern is sufficiently qualified to be awarded the highest honorary prize of Kunming.

Readers of Tomb Raider are familiar with Mr. Wang Zanghai, who is described as a godlike figure in the book. It is undeniable that Mr. Wang Zanghai is indeed a strange man, his attainments in feng shui can be said to be the peak of excellence, the Ming Dynasty Palace and several major cities in China are his participation in the design, and the later generations called him the originator of the "pulse searching for dragons". After participating in the design of Macao, this strange man died in Guangxi, rumor has it that he was buried in the form of sea burial in Hainan waters, descendants have searched for his grave site, but all came up empty-handed.

Kunming's urban design and planning, Wang Zanghai can be said to be exhausted. He came to Kunming, against the pressure of the top, not in a hurry to spend eight years "review the mountain dragon, check the veins, don't yin and yang, set the meridian", personally ran all over the southwestern provinces, by virtue of the head of the long insect mountain said, set the "tortoise and snake intersection, resulting in the emperor's qi! The design pattern of "the tortoise and the snake intersect to produce the emperor's energy".

Since ancient times in Kunming, there is a nursery rhyme "long worm mountain, long worm mountain, eat Yunnan, defecate Sichuan", one is to describe the long long worm mountain, Sun bearded Weng's Daguanlou long couplet will be called "north go meandering", and the second is that the long worm mountain will devour the wealth of the city of Kunming. Wang Zanghai found Kunming's "dragon" Long Bug Mountain, is the feng shui "good dragon vein", and this "dragon vein" in Kunming after the "dragon qi" more prosperous. Dragon gas" more prosperous, to the Tiefengan will stop, spit out the Wuhua gas (Wuhua Mountain), knot in the Wenmiao ground. Wang Zhanhai that this is the Burgundy Dragon to the Qian, and turned away from the veins of the earth is extremely rare in the "Purple Dragon".

So, Wang Zhanhai will Kunming City designed and constructed in the shape of a tortoise, so that the city at the foot of the Snake Mountain and its veins, forming a tortoise-snake intersection of the state, Kunming City will be able to become a great blessing. Geographically, the south gate of Kunming City for the head of the tortoise, the north gate for the tail of the tortoise, the big east gate, the small east gate, the big south gate, the small south gate for the tortoise's four feet, the main vein of the whole city is the Wuhua Mountain.

On the basis of the main vein, Justice Road as the axis through the north and south, the Office of the Governor, the Chief Secretary, the Fan Taiwan, Tendai and other Yamen are sitting north to south, lined up; Land Temple, City God Temple, Yuantong Temple, Temple of the King of the Martial Arts, and other temples are according to this feng shui towards the layout of the pulse in each of the prosperous place, the layout of the city of Kunming is thus formed.

And with the discovery of the ancient book "Inscription of Mr. Wang Zhanhai", more mysteries have been uncovered. His feng shui poem "Three Mountains and One Water Axis" depicts the blessing of the city of Kunming, which is a masterpiece. The so-called "three mountains" are Wuhua Mountain, Luofeng Mountain and Zubanshan Mountain, and the "one water" is Dianchi Pond, which is "the ocean as a bright hall". The long insect mountain and Kunming City, connected to the pulse, the formation of the tortoise and snake intersection of the situation, so that Kunming has a heavenly, long and far away from the momentum of the mountain.

When the city was about to be built, Wang Zanghai cast a bronze statue of the "tortoise and snake" buried in the ground, but also buried three stone tablets, one of which reads, "Five hundred years before and after the Yunnan victory in Jiangnan," and the other reads One of the tablets reads "Yunnan was better than Jiangnan five hundred years ago", another reads "Yunnan took the first opportunity everywhere", and no one knows what is engraved on the third stone tablet to this day. Although the "City of Tortoises and Snakes" Kunming's construction is quite mysterious, but it is undeniable that Kunming since then also really have the city's spirit.