What are the painting techniques, forms and types of comics?

Although comics are independent paintings, they can be expressed by different painting techniques. Ink painting, gouache, watercolor, woodcut, sketch, cartoon, photography, even oil painting and acrylic are all acceptable, but the most common and traditional is line drawing. Early line drawings were all written with a brush, such as the comic book Three Kingdoms, Creation, Tianmen Array, Water Margin, Tianbao Map, Endless and so on. Chen Guangxu, Jin Shaomei, Li Shucheng, Niu Runzhai, Shen Jingyun, Chen Guangyi, Zhao Hongbo and Qian Xiaodai are almost all line drawing experts. Later, great changes took place in rural areas, such as Flying Tigers, Lenin in October, Lenin in 19 18, and Bethune in China. Brush painting is a traditional technique of Chinese painting, with smooth and clear lines, clear black and white, and easy to be accepted. In addition, pen and pencil line drawing are also used in comics, but there are not many fine products. Chen Jian is a master of hard pen line drawing. His pen line drawing William Toole and pencil line drawing La Traviata are both excellent works.

Meticulous painting is a main form of comic books, such as Romance of the West Chamber, Fighting Tigers in Song Dynasty, Noisy Heaven, Peach Blossom Fan and Fairy Tree by Lu. Thanks to the meticulous production of the masters, these works have become classics and passed down from generation to generation. There are also freehand brushwork cartoons, which are divided into ink freehand brushwork and color freehand brushwork. The former's representative works include the American versions of Qiu Jin and Sanchakou, while the latter's representative works include The Story of Lenin's Hard Study, Folk Tales of the West Lake, White Light by He Youzhi and Regret for the Past by Yao. But in order to reduce the cost, some color picture books were changed to black and white when printed.

There are many pens, pencils and sketches. The former's representative works include Hua Sanchuan's Story of Traffic Station and Young Guards, while the latter's representative works include Gu Bingxin's Scout Crossing the River, Zheng Jiasheng's Comrade Zhou Enlai in Meiyuan New Village, and Tang Xiaoming and Chen Yanning's Song of the Proletarians.

Comic books first appeared abroad and developed on the basis of a single cartoon. It is the key to produce humorous comedy effect. China's comic books have a long history. Artists such as Feng Zikai, Ye, Zhang Leping and He all painted comic books in their early years. Feng Zikai 1939' s The True Story of Comic Ah Q and 1949' s Painting Luxun Novels have been reprinted many times. His works are concise and vivid, with profound implications and strong literary interest. He claimed to "communicate the relationship between literature and painting". Ye's comic books reveal the family status, thoughts and behaviors of metropolitan residents with sharp and keen brushstrokes. Known as the "World Map of Shanghai in 1930s", his masterpieces include Mr. Wang and Xiao Chen's Overseas History in Jinghai. Zhang Leping's comic book Sanmao series is a household name, suitable for all ages. Around 1980, his works such as San Mao's Wandering Story and San Mao's Welcome to Liberation were reprinted. The works are outlined with traditional Chinese painting and wire hooks, and the layout is black and white, and the density is appropriate. The description of the characteristics and details of the three hairs on Sanmao's head is even more ingenious. Zhang Guangyu is a painter who is good at cartoons and illustrations. His works include The Scholars, Lin Chong and The Journey to the West. The Journey to the West's sixty essays are used to satirize the reality after the New Stories of Journey to the West. The Monkey King, Pig Bajie and other images in the works later became the prototype of the image design of the famous cartoon "Make a scene in Heaven". Dong Tianye, with the same decorative style as Zhang Guangyu, is good at drawing sketches and cartoons, which can be serialized for several days. His painting style is rigorous, and his modeling is slightly exaggerated but not distorted. Representative works include Confucius and Emergency Choice. Ding Cong, who is still very active today, created such works as Phenomenon Map, Reality Map and The True Story of Ah Q in the 1940s. Cao, formerly known as Zhang Meiyu, is the second brother. 1934 In February, Time Comic was founded in Shanghai. Cao first drew a series of illustrations of Jin Ping Mei in Jin Ping Mei magazine, one in each issue, and used the form of upper and lower clips, which aroused widespread concern in society. Soon, the first episode of Cao Hua Ji was published. It was originally planned to collect an episode, but 1937 broke out in July, and the publication and serialization were suspended. The momentum of Cao's cartoon "Jin Ping Mei" has not diminished. It was first published by Xinhua News, and then published as a collection. He painted this 600-piece work for ten years, and the style changed greatly before and after. The early painting techniques were traditional, the scenery was too complicated, the characters were not prominent enough, the style was soft and the strength was lacking; The later lines are tall, the background is simple and complex, and the characters are lifelike. Some scenes refer to western sketching techniques, which are quite three-dimensional. At that time, some famous artists commented on him as "three easy brushwork, meticulous brushwork, ingenuity, a draft paper, no longer reviewed, and occasionally dissatisfied pens will be destroyed and redrawn." Famous painters such as Wan Laiming and Wang Manyun once spoke highly of it. Dong Tianye wrote: "The vivid composition of flesh and blood is indeed an amazing discovery." He Tian Jian once wrote: "Cao Jun is beautiful, and I am his old friend. Workers, wire hairspring. Under the rules of Li Long's sleep and Qian Shunju, he went to France to avenge his biological father, changed his seven secrets, and got married. The skill map of "Jin Ping Mei" is exquisite, and Wu Youru has no show. " Due to well-known reasons, this masterpiece in the history of comic books has never been reprinted.

Woodcut comic books are also an influential one. 1942 After the publication of Mao Zedong's Speech at Yan 'an Forum on Literature and Art, painters in the Liberated Areas devoted themselves to comic creation. At that time, there were five strong men in Langya Mountain, including Li Qun's eldest sister-in-law, Liu Lu, and Li Japan's garrison, and Yang Sanzhuang, Luo and Xiao erhei, Li Zhigeng, Mo Pu, Monroe and Cheng Yajun forced them to climb the Longmen with yellow beards. 1933, Lu Xun and Yu Dafu translated and annotated woodcut cartoons such as One Man's Suffering, The Pursuit of Light, My Confessions and Stories Without Words. Influenced by it, the Tiefo Temple, The Five Heroes of Langya Mountain and Liu Xiaogu Xian all adopted woodcut cartoons. After Han Yan 1944' s Five Heroes of Langya Mountain written in Yan 'an was transferred from Zhou Enlai to American journalists, American Life magazine 1945 published a pocket edition for it. The representative works of woodcut comic books created in the early days of liberation include Rouge and Yangmen Woman. After that, woodcut comic books gradually withdrew from this field. In addition, there are some non-mainstream comic works produced in the form of folk crafts, such as paper-cut comic Liu and tie-dyed comic Grassland and Freedom, paper-paste comic War, cloth-paste comic Old Man Wrapped in Horse, and rubbings comic Idiom Story. 195 1 year, Chen guang publishing house reprinted Li qun's Xiao gu Liu xian Tang Bao; 1958, Shanghai People's Fine Arts Publishing House also reprinted Mai Sui Lele's My Confession and One's Suffering. This set of books was first published in 1933.

New Year picture comic book is a kind of New Year picture, which is printed in the form of New Year pictures and used for posting. However, the contents are all taken from comics, and after orderly combination, they become a set of pictures with complete narrative, which are both story-telling, continuity, rendering and auspicious, and are deeply loved by the masses. Most of them are four screens, eight screens and twelve screens. In the early days, such works appeared in the form of woodcut overprint and were printed in Yangliuqing, Tianjin, Wuqiang and Hebei. At the end of the Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China, screen printing and lithograph products appeared, both of which are well-known folk stories or opera stories, such as The West Chamber, The List of Gods, The Three Kingdoms and Jigong. These paintings are all in the form of heavy-colored meticulous figure paintings. After liberation, its contents have been broadened, such as Li Shuangshuang by Youzhi, Marriage of Little Black Boys, Marriage Law Perfecting Two Good Couples, Monkey King Thrice Defeats the Skeleton Demon by Zhao Hongben and Qian Xiaodai, Fable Story by Cheng Shifa, Lenin and the Furnace Maker, Mulan from Liu Danzhai Joining the Army, Noisy Heaven by Liu Jiyou and Peach Blossom Fan by Wang Shuhui. Huang Jiguang, Wu, Zhang and Hu Ruofo in the Compass, Yue Fei, Peach Blossom Fan by Xu, The Cowherd and the Weaver Girl by Mo Lang, Du Shiniang by Fang, and Autumn Weng Encounters Fairy by Zhang and Feng Guolin. It has both traditional materials, new forms of expression and foreign contents, which not only enriches the connotation of New Year pictures, but also makes comic books spread more widely, adapting to the requirements of the times and the development of the situation. Shanghai New Fine Arts Publishing House and People's Fine Arts Publishing House published the most such works that year. During the "Cultural Revolution", the comic strips of New Year pictures were replaced by all-in-one model drama stills. Because New Year pictures change every year, it is extremely difficult to preserve them, so it is difficult to see such works at present.

Film and television cartoons were born with the appearance of movies and flourished with its prosperity. As early as 1943, the cartoon Confucius based on stills was published in Shanghai. After 1950, Mulan joined the army, the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, conquered Berlin, the Korean War was ahead, the public enemy Chiang Kai-shek left Moscow, and the hateful cards were published one after another. During the Cultural Revolution, several model operas printed stills and cartoons. Before 1980s, almost all movies were accompanied by the publication of comic books. According to Cui Yongyuan's So Many (Huayi Press, July 5438+0, 2006), there are about 400 movies and cartoons in his collection. After the TV series appeared, it was adapted from comics, but the sales volume was not the same as that of the previous movie comics. Another movie comic book is based on movie stories. In the 1920s, when domestic movies were just starting, publishers wanted to draw cartoons based on movie stories. In order to catch up with the time, the publisher asked the painters to take turns to watch carefully in the cinema, and then they worked day and night in the hotel run by the boss. The cartoon was published before the film was finished for two rounds. Its rough drawing and sloppy editing are called "horse racing books".

Cartoon comic books usually refer to cartoons or comic books that are realistic but draw lessons from some characteristics of comics. Because it comes from comics, it is closely related to them, and painting on paper looks like comics. Usually very long, emphasizing the story, often with one or several central characters for the story. There are even cartoonists who call the combination of pictures "shots". Compared with traditional comic books, cartoon comic books seem to be more suitable for the current "new and new mankind" in aesthetic taste and expression, and have become a certain social fashion. It is becoming a synthesis of science and art, thought and technology, individuality and individuality, and it reflects the latest information in all aspects. Computer technology, network technology, international communication, the era of picture reading and other new things have had a profound impact on the development of comic art, and the visual stimulation brought by comic modeling has also stimulated people's imagination. In the case that the traditional comic book market is shrinking day by day, cartoon comics can be described as outstanding.

Comic format used to be 64 format, but there are also a few users in 60 format. This version is easy to carry and has always been the mainstream of the market. Later, there were 48 drivers and 40 drivers. After the mid-1980s, 24-color comic books gradually became the mainstream of the market. Among them, Jiangsu Children Publishing House is the most representative publishing house. Since the introduction of this format in the mid-1980s, hundreds of varieties have been published and tens of millions of copies have been printed, which has produced extensive influence and popularity in the children's book market. Some books have been copyrighted in Hongkong, Taiwan Province, Southeast Asia and other countries and regions, and are welcomed by local small readers.

Compared with the prosperity of 24-year-old comics and the decline of 64-year-old comics, 32-year-old comics, as a "rising star", seem to better reflect the development of the comic market. This form not only retains the original flavor of traditional comics, but also facilitates the display of bookstores and the insertion of bookcases, so it has become a fashion. Since 1992 published four classic novels, Hunan Children's Publishing House has published 32 key topics of cartoons every year. After several years of success, the agency has formed a relatively mature operating model in 32 comic book markets. Except for a single cartoon, such as Thirty-six Plans and How Steel was Tempered, all other series adopt a set of four books for binding.

In addition to a single cartoon, there are many books, and this trend reached its limit after the 1980s. Among the books with multiple volumes, there are two volumes, three volumes, dozens of volumes and dozens of volumes. 1957, Shanghai People's Fine Arts Publishing House published 60 volumes of Romance of the Three Kingdoms, 50 volumes of Stories of Eastern Zhou Countries, 25 volumes of Li Zicheng, Romance of the Western Han Dynasty 16, Dream of Red Mansions 16 and Flying Tigers16. However, the quality of comic books cannot be evaluated by their length. Although Song Wu Da Hu, The West Chamber and Monkey King Thrice Defeats the Skeleton Demon are all short stories, they have left their place in the history of comics. Some long masterpieces published after the 1980s, whether bound or bound, strive for luxury, but are forgotten and lost in the long river of history.

The popularity of comic book collection shows that comic book publishing is cold and the market is weak. Which work of art becomes a collection means which work of art becomes history. The history of an art has begun to be reviewed, and its form can be summarized, at least indicating that its development has been quite slow and its transformation will not be great. The comic book "The Complete Works of Modern Art in China" edited by Jiang Weipu was published in chinese comic Press in June 1998. The publication of comics, including 24-format, 32-format and large-format, is only a partial highlight and a sporadic flicker, which cannot cover up its overall gloom and disappointment.