Urgent: sophomore regional geography review outline

Three, the focus of this lecture: the geographical characteristics of the major countries

The difficulties of this lecture:

1. the conditions for the development of agriculture and industry in the major countries

2. the characteristics of the population and distribution of cities in the major countries, as well as the causes of the

Four, the important and difficult to explain

Asia:

(1) Japan

[Read and memorize the map ]（1）the four major islands, the Sea of Japan, the Seto Inland Sea, and the four northern islands; （2）the Kanto Plain and Mt. Fuji; （3）Tokyo, Yokohama, Nagoya, Osaka, Kobe, and Kitakyushu

1. Physical and geographic characteristics

①The island nation of East Asia, consisting of the four major islands of Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, and Kyushu as well as a number of smaller islands.

②The country is small and densely populated, with a population of more than 100 million

③The coast is winding, with excellent harbors - Kobe and Yokohama are the largest seaports, and Tokyo is the third largest

④The territory is mountainous, and the plains are narrow - the The Kanto Plain is the largest

5) A land of volcanoes and earthquakes - Mount Fuji is the highest and an active volcano

6) Significant monsoon winds and a strong oceanic nature: warmer winters and cooler summers in comparison with the Asian continent at the same latitude. Many plum rains, typhoon rains, fall rains; the northwest coast of winter snow.

⑦ poor minerals, the world's largest importer of raw materials: oil (West Asia, Southeast Asia), coal (China, Australia), iron ore (Brazil, India, Australia), cotton (China, the United States)

But more sulfur mines, which is the result of volcanic activity

⑧ forests are rich in hydropower: the country's small land area, mountainous terrain is dominated (Japan focuses on mountain forests) , forest coverage of 68%, much larger than its land area in the world's proportion), more precipitation → short and sharp rivers, rich in water resources.

2. Economic Characteristics and Development Conditions

(1) Japan's economy is characterized by:

①a capitalist country with a developed economy and a high degree of industrial modernization; ("one of the world's three most developed poles of the world's economy")

(2) the structure of the economy is dominated by industry, and agriculture does not play a major role. status;

③ strong external dependence, need to import a large number of raw materials and fuels from abroad, product sales also rely on the international market.

(2) conditions for economic development:

favorable conditions: curvy coast, many good ports; dense population, high quality of labor force

disadvantageous conditions: poor domestic resources, small market

development paths: the use of abundant human resources, high level of science and technology, as well as the island's many ports and harbors, such as favorable conditions, and vigorously develop maritime shipping, imports of raw materials, fuels, exports of industrial products, and the development of the island. raw materials and fuel, export industrial products, and actively explore the international market.

Successful experience: social reform; demilitarization; implementation of export-oriented economic development strategy; emphasis on education and science and technology

(3) Sources of raw materials:

Oil - West Asia, Southeast Asia Coal - China, Australia

Iron ore--Brazil, India, Australia Cotton--China, the United States

Solution:

(4) Distribution of industries:

Mainly on the Pacific coast and the Seto Inland Sea coast - five major industrial zones in Keihin, Hanshin, Nagoya, Kitakyushu and Setouchi. (Because: the coastal terrain is a plain, flat, with many harbors, suitable for the establishment of large ports. On the coast, it is extremely convenient to transport raw materials in and products out, which reduces land transportation and saves time, money and cost. Most of Japan's imported mineral resources are shipped to Japan from the Pacific Ocean route, therefore, industries are mostly built in the Pacific Coast region. --Proximity to consumer markets and seaports for foreign trade.)

Industrial layout tended to be decentralized - expanding to the north and south of the country

(5) Agriculture and fisheries

① High yields due to large numbers of people and little land, use of small agricultural machinery, focusing on the development of biotechnology and water conservancy.

The main food crop is rice, which has reached basic self-sufficiency, but crops such as wheat and corn have to be imported every year; vegetables and fruits still need to be imported in large quantities.

(2) The fishery industry is well developed, with the world-famous Hokkaido fishing grounds (the confluence of the Thousand Islands Cold Current and the Japanese Warm Current)

(6) As an economic power, Japan is actively seeking to become a political power of the new trend, is a signal worthy of attention.

3. Major Cities

Tokyo, the capital, is a mega-city with a population of more than 10 million Science City - Tsukuba Aerospace Center - Tanegashima Silicon Island - Kyushu Island

(2) Supplementary: Hot Issues - Conflict on the Korean Peninsula and the "Six-Party Talks on North Korea's Nuclear Problems"

1. Nuclear Problems

2. Basic Outline of the DPRK

Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK)**** and the country is located in the northern half of the Korean Peninsula in northern Asia, bordering Russia in the northeast and China in the north. It covers an area of 122,762km?, 80% of which is mountainous. With a population of 22 million, the DPRK is a mono-ethnic nation. North Korea is rich in mineral resources, including graphite, magnesite reserves among the world's leading, water conservancy and forest resources are also relatively rich. Industry to mining, machinery, electricity, textiles and other major. Most of them are located in the lower reaches of the Cosmos River and the port cities along the northeast coast. Agriculture is dominated by the cultivation of rice and corn. The capital is Pyongyang.

3, North and South Korea reunification

Historically, North and South Korea is a unified country, in August 1910 Korea fell to Japan as a colony, on August 15, 1945 the Korean Peninsula was liberated. The Soviet and American armies were divided into the North and South peninsulas with 38°N as the border, and the Democratic People's **** and State of Korea was established in the north, and the Republic of Korea was established in the south. This was a division between the north and the south created by the United States and the Soviet Union for their respective interests. However, in recent years, the two Koreas have gradually moved towards reunification, reflecting the trend of peace and development in contemporary international relations. ***The same nation and ****same interests will determine the eventual movement of the countries towards reconciliation and cooperation.

(C) Singapore

1. City Island State

The city island state in the south of the Malay Peninsula is narrow and densely populated, with a large number of Chinese, located at the eastern mouth of the Straits of Malacca, on the main shipping lanes of the Pacific and Indian Oceans, with good port conditions, food imports and fresh water supplied by neighboring countries.

2. Fully utilize the favorable conditions for economic development

①, economic development conditions analysis

Favorable conditions: A, geographic location - is located at the eastern mouth of the Strait of Malacca, in the Pacific Ocean and the Indian Ocean, Asia and Oceania's "Crossroads "and shipping on the key; B, the city island - is located in the southernmost tip of the Malay Peninsula, consisting of Singapore Island and its nearby small islands; C, the port is excellent, the world's products transshipment center; D, the economic geography - is located in the rich produce, populous D, economic and geographical location - located in the center of Southeast Asia, rich in goods, populous geographical center of Southeast Asia, the distribution center of trade among countries; E, policy - open to the outside world, attach importance to education and science and technology.

Unfavorable conditions: poor natural resources, small territory, food imports, water supply from neighboring countries, raw materials, energy, market dependence on foreign countries, vulnerable to the influence or impact of world political and economic factors.

②Economic development:

A use of the important geographical location and the advantages of natural harbors, the development of foreign trade and maritime shipping, increase the number of exports of commodities and port throughput, so that Singapore has become a distribution center and transit center of Southeast Asian countries trading with each other

B Singapore through the opening up to the outside world, to attract foreign investment, the introduction of technology, the importation of raw materials, and the rapid development of shipbuilding, refining, oil refining, and the development of raw materials, the rapid development of the world's largest shipbuilding industry. developed shipbuilding, oil refining, offshore drilling platforms, electronic and electrical appliances, and other industries

C As a result of the development of the industrial economy, there has been a large increase in the number of banks

D By taking advantage of the beautiful scenery, convenient transportation, and excellent services, it has rapidly developed the tourism industry

E It attaches importance to education and the development of science and technology

F It attaches importance to the protection of the environment, and it is famous as a "Garden City" (A. Tropical rainforest climate, suitable for the growth of tropical trees, flowers and plants. B. Reasonable municipal planning: heavy industry is concentrated in the west, and polluting industries are laid out on small islands far from the urban areas. C. Environmental protection work is done in depth and carefully.)

3. Industrial layout

Heavy industries are concentrated in the western industrial area, and polluting industries are laid out on small islands far away from the urban area; the urban area is dominated by commerce, finance, and tourism, with a small amount of light industry, and at the same time, the green area is reasonably arranged.

(D) India

[Map reading] (1) the sea: Bay of Bengal (East), the Arabian Sea (West), the Indian Ocean; (2) three major terrain: Himalayas, Ganges Plain and Indus Plain, Deccan Plateau; (3) three rivers: Ganges River, Indus River, Brahmaputra (the upper reaches of the Yarlung Tsangpo River); (4) Calcutta, New Delhi, Mumbai (the largest seaport, the center of cotton textile industry). largest seaport, center of the cotton textile industry), Bangalore, Taj Mahal

1. Ancient civilizations of the world

South Asia is the largest in area, second in population to China, and may overtake China by mid-century

2. Economy

(1) Natural conditions and agriculture

Arable land accounts for more than half of the area of the country, and the largest area of arable land in Asia

The climate is diverse and the topography varies, favoring a wide range of crops

[Evaluation] The large area of arable land, abundant heat, and fertile soil provide a good basis for agricultural development. However, since precipitation is concentrated in the rainy season, and precipitation is scarce in the dry season, and precipitation varies greatly from year to year, with frequent floods and droughts, the development of water irrigation is particularly important for agricultural production.

Distribution of crops in relation to natural conditions (rice, wheat, cotton, jute, tea)

(2) faster industrial development, forming a complete system

Minerals: mainly coal, iron, manganese, etc., distributed in the northeastern Deccan Plateau - the center of the steel and machinery industries in northeastern India

Traditional industrial zones distribution

Distribution of industrial sectors in relation to the origin of raw materials

Iron and steel industry North-eastern Deccan plateau Coal, iron and manganese are abundant, and the mines are in close proximity to each other

Linen and textile industry Kolkata Located in the jute-producing area

Cotton and textile industry Mumbai Proximity to the most important cotton-producing areas

Industry has tended to be decentralized from a centralized to a more decentralized area - from the west, centered on Mumbai, to the west. -Expansion from traditional industrial areas in the west, centered on Mumbai, and in the northeast, centered on Kolkata, to new industrial areas (software industry) in the south, centered on Bangalore

3. Cities

4. Hot button issue: the "Kashmir problem" --India-Pakistan conflict

Africa

(1) Egypt

[Read and memorize] (1) Mediterranean Sea, Red Sea, and Suez Canal (Asia-Africa demarcation line); (2) Nile River, Nasser Reservoir, and Aswan Dam (3) Tropic of Cancer; (4) Pyramids, Cairo (Africa's first large city), Alexandria (Egypt's largest seaport)

1. Gift of the Nile - Egypt

Location and territory: located in northeastern Africa, the Sinai Peninsula (east of the Suez Canal) within the Asian territory, which is also the territory of Egypt

Nile River: 6600 kilometers long, the world's The first longest river, originating in the East African plateau, from south to north, into the Mediterranean Sea

Suez Canal: communication between the Red Sea and the Mediterranean Sea, connecting the Atlantic Ocean and the Indian Ocean. 173 kilometers long, shorter than the detour around the Cape of Good Hope 8000 km - 10000 km. Successively controlled by France and Britain, recovered in 1956 (Panama Canal 81. 3 km, controlled by the United States, recovered in 1999.)

Economy: traditional export commodity long-staple cotton (conditions are suitable: A, fertile sandy soil B, convenient irrigation conditions C, sunny summers and warm frost-free winters), the pillars of the economy are now oil, canals, remittances, tourism revenues

Population cities: mainly concentrated in the plains along the Nile River and the estuarine delta at the point where it enters the sea, Cairo is at the top of the Nile delta and is the the most populous city in the Arab countries, and Alexandria is an important seaport on the Mediterranean Sea side of Egypt

2. Pros and cons of the Aswan Dam - the impact of the Aswan Dam on the social, economic, and natural environments:

Pros-. Lower Nile no longer flooded; provided sufficient irrigation water, expanded cultivated land and promoted agriculture; generated electricity; below the dam, the water flow was smooth and easy for shipping; aquaculture; tourism.

Disadvantages - reduction or even absence of fertile silt brought about by regular flooding of the river downstream; inundation of land; reduction in the volume of water in the lower reaches of the river and salinization of the soil caused by rising tides; causing changes in the ecology of the Nile Basin.

(2) Hot issues: the Middle East issue; the Iranian nuclear issue

1. The origin of the Palestinian-Israeli conflict:

The Middle East, known as "the land of five seas and three continents", was originally the habitat of the ancient Hebrews, and then the Hebrews dispersed all over the world, and the region has long been a place of residence for the Arab people. At the end of the 19th century, the Zionist movement emerged. In the late 19th century, the Zionist movement emerged, and with the support of Britain and other countries, a large number of Jews moved to the Palestinian areas, thus causing the conflict between the Arabs and the Jews.

In recent years, Israel has built a large number of Jewish immigrant settlements in the Arab territories it occupies. In the West Bank and the Gaza Strip, Israel has established 200 settlements with 104,000 Jews. Israel's policy of Jewish immigration seeks to establish a large State of Israel from the Jordan River to the Mediterranean Sea by changing the ethnic structure of the Arab territories it occupies.

2. Reasons for the meddling of the big powers:

The United States meddles in the Middle East because it has three major interests in the Middle East: to maintain the security of the oil lifeline; to ensure the security of Israel; and to support countries such as Saudi Arabia and Egypt in order to curb terrorism and ultra-nationalism. The United States is the core and foundation for the realization of these three major interests.

3. The Middle East problem (including the Palestinian question) has a profound geographic background.1. The very strategic geographic location has led to a scramble for control of the region by the Western powers.2. Rich oil resources are one of the main targets of the great powers' competition for control.3. The harsh natural environment is one of the reasons for the strong religious and national consciousness of the region's inhabitants.4. The crisis of water resources is the cause of a new round of contradictions and conflicts.5. The land dispute is one of the focal points of the Middle East problem. Historically, the Middle East problem, especially the Palestinian problem, is an international problem caused by the Zionists' establishment of the State of Israel in the Palestinian area and its continuous expansion, which led to the Arab-Israeli conflict. The Zionist movement at the end of the 19th century gave rise to the conflict between the Arabs and the Jews, and the United Nations adopted the "partition" of the Palestinian area after World War II, despite the strong opposition of the Arab countries. After the Second World War, the United Nations, despite strong opposition from the Arab countries, adopted a resolution on the "partition" of the Palestinian area and the establishment of a Jewish and an Arab State, as well as a number of wars between the Arabs and the Israelis in the years that followed. Politically, the international community, especially the United States and other Western Powers, have stood up to Israel for their own interests in promoting the so-called "Middle East peace talks", which have resulted in a series of setbacks in the Middle East peace process. In addition, internal contradictions and conflicts within the Arab countries are also emerging, making peace in the Middle East difficult.

Europe

(1) The United Kingdom - "The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland", or "the United Kingdom"

1. Western Europe's island nation

Territory: mainly includes the northeast of the island of Great Britain and Ireland. The island of Great Britain is divided into England, Scotland and Wales, of which England is the political and economic center of the region

2. The earliest industrialized country

The first industrial revolution formed the textile in Manchester and the iron and steel industry in Birmingham (coal origin). After the Second World War, the emergence of automobile, aircraft and electronics industries were distributed around London and in central England and southern Scotland, and the oil processing industry was in the North Sea coastal area, which was self-sufficient in crude oil.

3. Agriculture

West - not suitable for growing food crops, dairy livestock industry developed (more rainfall, less sunshine, succulent pasture growth is good)

South-east - planting (wheat, barley) concentrated areas (somewhat less precipitation, more sunshine, warmer temperatures, longer growing season)

4. London, the capital city: spanning both sides of the Thames, the largest city and port. Was once known as the city of fog.

Comparison of geographical features between Britain and Japan

Japan Britain

Geographic location 30°-45°N east coast of Asia and Europe 50°-60°N west coast of Asia and Europe

Terrain Mostly mountainous, with narrow plains, many volcanoes and earthquakes Mostly old mountainous terrain, with plains in the southeast<

Climate Temperate monsoon and subtropical monsoon climate Temperate oceanic climate

Resources Resources are relatively poor Oil, coal, iron

Agriculture Rice, tea, mulberry, fruit trees, fisheries, agriculture is highly modernized, with high yields Dairy livestock, horticulture are dominant, and agriculture does not play a major role in the economy

Industrial Sector Mechanical, electronic, and automotive Processing industries are dominant, with a high degree of modernization and rapid development of new industries Traditional industries such as iron and steel, machinery, and chemicals are dominant, while new industries such as petrochemicals are developing vigorously

Industrial Layout Sea-front type layout is dominant, and is now moving towards the two ends of the country Traditional coal-iron complex type layout is dominant, while new industries are moving towards the northern end of the country

(II) France

1. Nature Geography

The largest country in the western part of Europe. The terrain is high in the southeast and low in the northwest, the northern part of the west is a hilly plain, the southern part of the east is a mountainous plateau (the Alps, the Central Plateau, the Lorraine Plateau), and there is the famous Paris Basin in the north, and the Seine River flows through the Paris Basin and injects into the English Channel, which is rich in water and convenient for shipping.

2. A developed economy in both industry and agriculture

The world's leading food producer and exporter.

Agricultural favorable conditions: plains and hills dominated by the terrain, mild and humid climate, fertile soil

Paris Basin is France's most important industrial area, agricultural area. Southwest and the Mediterranean coast horticulture developed, abundant grape production.

Minerals: Lille coal mining area - north; Lorraine iron ore mining area - northeast

Insufficient coal and oil, vigorously develop hydropower and nuclear power, the proportion of nuclear power reaches 70%

3. Important Cities

Capital - Paris; Mediterranean coast - Marseille (port, the east side of Fosse), Fosse;

Fosse, Dunkirk (sea-side steel industry ---- Fukuyama, Japan, Taranto, Italy, Baoshan, China)

(3) )

[Read and remember] (1) North Sea, Baltic Sea, Kiel Canal (2) Rhine, Danube, Elbe, Danube-Rhine Canal (3) three major terrain areas, from south to north: the Bavarian Plateau, the Central German mountains, the Bordeaux Plain (4) Berlin, Hamburg (the largest seaport, shipbuilding center), Bonn, Frankfurt (the largest Airports), Stuttgart, Munich (the center of the new industrial zone), the Ruhr (Germany's largest industrial zone)

1. continental Europe, "crossroads", the region's most neighboring countries (9)

2. the north and south of the topographic differences: the terrain of the south high and low in the north, in the form of a ladder.

North is the North German Plain, the terrain is low and flat, lower temperatures, cold winters and summers, the soil is poorer, the main development of animal husbandry, rough management, sparsely populated; the central part of the valleys and wide mountainous terrain, suitable for farming and grazing; south of the Bavarian Plateau and the Alps, extensive forests and meadows.

3. Developed industry

Modern industry highly developed countries, Europe's strongest economy, the world's largest trade volume

Distribution: Rhine - Ruhr area: Essen, Duisburg is the center, the south of Munich aerospace, aircraft, microelectronics

Distribution characteristics: Industrial layout of large scattered small concentration, distribution is more balanced, industrial development from north to south

4. Major cities

Berlin: Germany's capital, located in the east, is the country's largest city

Hamburg: located on the lower Elbe River, the largest port city and shipbuilding centers

Frankfurt: Germany's largest airports, railroad hubs and cities of the chemical industry, the world's Important financial center

Munich: the southern industrial center, the center of Germany's astronautics, aircraft and microelectronics industries, and the capital of beer

II. Teaching Objectives:

1. Understand the outline maps of the major countries (Russia, the United States, Brazil, and Australia)

2. Understand the geographic features of the major countries, master their topography, climate, rivers, and minerals, and analyze their characteristics and causes.

3. Understand the conditions of agricultural development, major crops and agricultural products exported from major countries and be able to explain them by applying knowledge and principles of high school geography.

4. Analyze and summarize the favorable conditions for the development of industry and cities, and the characteristics of industrial distribution in major countries.

5. Apply knowledge of high school geography to analyze the characteristics of major countries in terms of population distribution, ethnic composition, population migration, and urbanization. For example, take Russia as an example.

3. Key Points:

Geographic Characteristics of Major Countries

Difficult Points:

1. Conditions for the Development of Agriculture and Industry in Major Countries

2. Characteristics of Population and Urban Distribution in Major Countries and Their Causes

4. ] (1) the Arctic Ocean, the Baltic Sea, the Sea of Okhotsk, the Sea of Japan, the Caspian Sea (the world's largest lake), the Black Sea; (2) the East European Plain, the West Siberian Plain, the Central Siberian Plateau, the East Siberian Mountains, the Ural Mountains, the Caucasus Mountains; (3) the Volga River (Europe's longest river, the world's longest inland river), Lake Baikal (the world's deepest lake), the three major rivers that flow from south to north ( Ob, Yenisei, and Lena) (4) Moscow, St. Petersburg, Novosibirsk, Vladivostok, Murmansk, and the Siberian Railway

1. Largest country in the world in terms of area: spans Europe and Asia, and part of Europe is small in size but its political and economic centers are located here

2. Flatter topography

Plains and highlands dominate. To the west of the Ural Mountains are the plains of Eastern Europe, and to the east are, in order, the West Siberian Plain, the Central Siberian Plateau, and the East Siberian Mountains (bounded by the Yenisei River: plains in the west, plateaus and mountains in the east)

3. Long, cold winters, with great variations in climate from place to place

Temperate continental climate predominates, with the polar climate in the north, the Mediterranean climate in the southwestern tip, and a temperate Monsoon climate

4. Rivers and lakes

The Volga is the longest in Europe, rich in water energy and the most important inland waterway. Ob, Yenisei and Lena rivers, rich in water energy, long freezing period, not conducive to navigation, there are overflowing floods. Lake Baikal is the deepest lake in the world.

5. Rich in resources: the world's largest reserves of natural gas, the world's leading oil producer (Ural, Tyumen oil fields), Kursk iron ore, Kuzbass coal mines

[Note] Sino-Japanese dispute over the direction of the Russian oil pipeline

6. Heavy industry-based industry

Industrial zones centered in Moscow and St. Petersburg, the Urals and Novosibirsk industrial zones, with industry developing from the European part to the Asian part

7. Agriculture: the East European plain and the Don Valley are the main agricultural zones, with wheat, sugar beet, potatoes, sunflowers, and flax as the main agricultural products, and are changing from food importers to exporters, with the world's largest belt of coniferous forests.

8. Transportation: railroads are dominant (note: the difference between the European part and the Asian part)

The first Eurasian continental bridge (the Great Siberian Railway): Moscow - Irkutsk (south of Lake Baikal) - Vladivostok

9. Capitals and cities

Moscow : the capital, the country's largest city, political and cultural center, and the country's most important transportation hub

St. Petersburg: a seaport on the Baltic Sea coast, the country's second-largest city

Vladivostok (Vladivostok): a major seaport on the Pacific coast

Murmansk: an unfrozen port on the Arctic Ocean coast (influenced by the warming currents of the North Atlantic Ocean) OIYMYKON: one of the northern hemisphere's One of the cold poles

The Americas

(I) The United States

[Read and remember] (1) two oceans, the Gulf of Mexico, and two overseas states; (2) three major topographic regions (profiles): the Rocky Mountains, the Mississippi River Plain, the Appalachian Mountains, the Great Lakes, and the Mississippi River - New Orleans - Gulf of Mexico; (3) Atlantic coast (Pau, Nu, Fe, Wa), Great Lakes coast (De, Chi, Dey, Bu), Pacific coast (West, St., L.A., Silicon Valley), and the South (Hugh, N.H.); (4) major agricultural belts

1. Territorial Composition: in addition to the mainland 48 states, 1 D.C., and 2 overseas states (Alaska and Hawaii)

2. characteristics of natural conditions

native are in the temperate zone (subtropical in the south), Alaska in the high latitudes, belonging to the frigid and subfrigid, Hawaii in the tropics (so the tropical products need to be imported)

native of the three sides of the sea, the coast of the many excellent seaports, winter is not frozen, sea shipping is convenient;

Plains account for more than half of the country's area, 10% of the world's arable land

Mississippi River (the world's fourth-longest river) and the Great Lakes for irrigation, shipping and power generation to provide convenience

United States of America's richest river of hydroelectric energy resources: the Columbia River (temperate oceanic climate, the west coast of the continent, the windward slopes of precipitation is abundant)

Mineral, forests, prairies, and other natural resources are plentiful, but Due to high consumption and waste still need to import large quantities of materials, is the world's largest importer of oil

3. multiracial state and interracial inequality

Population of 270 million, more than 80% of Caucasians, people of color are mainly black, San Francisco, Los Angeles, New York, there is a Chinese settlement, the population is distributed in the coastal plain and the Great Lakes region, the northeastern part of the densely populated, the western plateau Population is sparse in the western plateau. In recent decades, the population has been moving from the northeast to the southeast and west of the "Sunshine Belt"

4. Modernization and specialization of agriculture

[Note] Analysis of the characteristics of agricultural production in the United States:

1) The level of modernization of agriculture is high (the whole process of agricultural production has been mechanized, electrified and chemicalized) and is the largest in the world. chemicalization) is the largest and most productive agricultural country in the world.

② planting and animal husbandry. (The main food crops are corn, wheat, rice, oats, etc., the main cash crops are cotton (China, the United States, Central Asia is the world's largest production of the three major cotton producers), soybeans, sugar beets, tobacco, etc., animal husbandry is very developed.)

3 is the world's largest exporter of agricultural products. (Wheat, soybeans, corn, etc. are the world's top exports, but imports of tropical agricultural products)

④ Agricultural production has been geographically specialized (Cotton Belt, Corn Belt, Wheat Belt, Dairy Livestock Belt, Animal Husbandry and Irrigated Agriculture Belt, etc.)

*Geographic specialization - refers to the social division of labor in agricultural production according to the region , i.e., each region, according to local natural conditions, socio-economic conditions, market demand and historical position, forms a relatively concentrated specific agricultural sector, which is invested in the inter-regional exchange of agricultural products with a large number of commercial agricultural products.

*Benefits of geographically specialized production: a. Full use of regional environmental and resource advantages. b. Full adoption of advanced technology to improve production efficiency. c. Increase in production efficiency. d. Increase in production efficiency. e. Increase in production efficiency. f. Increase in production efficiency. g. Increase in production efficiency. Disadvantages: exacerbate the imbalance of agricultural production.

5. Developed industries and major cities

Highly modernized, the country that exports the largest number of industrial products and the largest value of output. The country consumes the most, is the world's largest importer of small cars, steel, oil, textiles, imports are greater than exports, there is a lot of overseas investment, multinational corporations on all continents. The position is declining due to the rise of Western Europe and Japan.

Three major industrial zones:

Industrial zones Developmental characteristics of industrial centers

Northeastern industrial zones (the southern shores of the Great Lakes and the northeastern Atlantic coast) World-famous industrial zones, the earliest area of industrial development in the United States, the largest integrated industrial base

New York: the largest city in the United States, a seaport, an integrated industrial center, a financial center

Chicago: the second largest city, the largest steel industry base, agricultural processing, railroad hub

Detroit: the largest automobile industry center

Southern Industrial Zone (Gulf Coast, etc.) The rapid development of post-World War II industry, the conditions of the "Sunshine Zone" petroleum, chemical, aerospace Houston: Houston: largest petrochemical industrial base, aerospace research center

Western industrial zone (Pacific coast of California, etc.) Emerged after World War II, resource-rich "sunbelt", aviation, petroleum, electronics Los Angeles: the largest aircraft manufacturing center, aerospace, electronics, petroleum, movies

San Francisco: ports, electronics, oil, agro-processing, Chinese concentration, Silicon Valley,

[Note] Analyze the reasons for the highly developed industrial areas of the northeastern U.S.

Why are the industrial areas of the northeastern U.S. highly developed?

①The Northeast was the first place where European immigrants moved in, and capitalism developed earliest.

② Rich in mineral resources. Such as coal in the northern Appalachian Mountains and iron ore in the western Great Lakes.

③There are many good harbors along the Atlantic coast. Such as New York, Philadelphia and so on.

④ The Great Lakes are convenient for water transportation. (Ensuring efficient transportation links between iron ore, coal and major cities.)

⑤ Fertile plains, close to the corn belt, wheat area, and dairy livestock belt, with a good agricultural base.

6 Having a large market. (Densely populated, high standard of living, huge market potential, well-developed industry, agriculture, mining, transportation itself is a huge consumer market for heavy industrial products.)

**Summary: the law of analyzing the conditions of industrial development in a region.

a. Historical base; b. Mineral resources; c. Transportation; d. Agricultural base; e. Consumer market; f. Scientific and technological forces; g. Labor force.

(Using the above analytical rules, learn to analyze the conditions for the industrial development of Japan, Germany, and Britain.)

(II) Brazil

[Read and memorize] two oceans, two major terrains in the north and south, the Amazon River, Itaipu hydroelectric power plant, Brasilia, Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paulo, the equator, the Tropic of Capricorn

1. a tropical country with a vast land area

latitudinal position: most of the land is located between the Tropic of Capricorn and the equator

sea and land positions: the east of the Atlantic Ocean

Area: the world's largest country occupying the tropics, Latin America, the largest country in the southern hemisphere

2. Population is mostly distributed in the eastern coast, slightly more than half of the population is Caucasian, common Portuguese, Catholicism

3. Rapidly developing national economy - the economy is growing fast

Agriculture: coffee, sugar cane, bananas, sisal production in the world's first, coffee, sugar, soybeans, orange juice, a large number of exports, wheat imports; industry: rapid development, heavy industry is mostly distributed in the southeast adjacent to the iron ore mines and the sea transportation convenience of the S?o Paulo, Rio de Janeiro region; energy: the lack of coal, oil, hydroelectricity is abundant, 90% of the water from the hydroelectricity

4.

4. Cities: the capital city of Brasilia is a new city, the largest city is S?o Paulo, the largest port is Rio de Janeiro

Oceania

(A) Australia

[Read the map to remember] 1. two oceans, Tasmania, the Great Barrier Reef; 2. longitude (110 ° E-155 ° E), latitude (10 ° S -40 ° S), regression line The Great Barrier Reef; 2. longitude (110°E-155°E), latitude (10°S-40°S), the regression line; 3. three major topographic regions (profiles), rivers; 4. four major cities

1. Oceania's largest country: the territory of the continent of Australia and Tasmania, and other islands, the world's only one continent alone, sparsely populated, the inhabitants of predominantly Anglo-Irish people, English-speaking

2. east and central, The terrain is different in the east, center and west

East: the Great Dividing Range, where the Murray River, the largest river in the country, originates in the west and empties into the Indian Ocean

West: low plateau, which accounts for half of the country's area

Center: plains, with large artesian basins and Lake Eyre, which is at the lowest point of the landmass

3. Endemic fauna

Species: ancient and unique, such as kangaroos, emus, platypus and other animals. Emu, platypus

Reasons: isolated location, single natural conditions, slow animal evolution

4. Reasons for Australia's semi-annular climate:

1) the influence of the north-west monsoon in the north and the south-east trade winds, and the seasonal variation of precipitation.

②Eastern windward slopes are rich in precipitation, the formation of tropical rainforest climate at low latitudes, the southern subtropical humid climate; leeward slopes of precipitation is reduced, the grasslands to the transition to the desert. Westerly wind belt control area to form a temperate maritime climate.

3 southern subtropical high pressure belt and the westerly wind belt alternately control the formation of the Mediterranean climate, inland transition to grassland, desert.

④ The western part of the country is under the influence of the subtropical high all year round, with scanty precipitation, forming a desert climate.

5. Population distribution and environmental relations

A, distribution characteristics: population, cities, economy are concentrated in the southeast coastal areas (three major cities: Canberra, Sydney, Melbourne), the inland and the western part of the unusually sparse

B, the causes of the discussion:

From the analysis of the natural conditions: the southeast coast of the climate is mild and humid, suitable for human habitation; and inland and western climate arid, unsuitable for human habitation. and western climate arid, not suitable for human habitation; northeast climate hot and humid, for the original tropical rainforest, coupled with the coastal Barrier Reef is not conducive to port construction and shipping, humans have not yet developed.

In terms of external transportation: there are better ports along the southeastern coast, which makes it easy to connect with the outside world.

From the analysis of colonial history: British colonizers arrived here first to develop, build cities, develop agriculture and livestock and mining.

Analysis from the economic aspect: the southeast coast is economically developed.

6. Economy

A. Characteristics: economically developed countries in the southern hemisphere, with modern agriculture, animal husbandry and industrial and mining industries, but the value of services＞industrial and mining output＞agricultural and animal husbandry output

B. Agriculture: one of the world's five largest wheat exporters, "riding on the back of the sheep country" (wool production and export volume in the world) - development conditions: flat terrain + extensive grasslands + mild winters + rich groundwater + no wild carnivores + developed commercial production