From which three aspects does the fourth natural paragraph of "Residences with Different Characteristics" introduce the cultural characteristics of Hakka residences?

The traditional dwellings of the Hakka people

Mainly located in the eastern part of Guangdong, the northern part of Guangdong, the Dongjiang basin and Shenzhen and Hong Kong, which are surrounded by the mouth of the Pearl River, are rich in connotations and colorful in form, and are a precious historical and cultural heritage. Hakka houses in Guangdong and Hong Kong can be roughly divided into 15 types, in particular, the most distinctive local characteristics of the dragon enclosure, castle enclosure and four-cornered building.

One, square enclosure

Square enclosure has a variety of forms, such as western Fujian-style square earth building and square towers in northern Guangdong, and so on. Square enclosure and square and rectangular points. "Western Fujian-style square earth building", refers to the use of several layers of high rammed earth walls around the perimeter of the enclosure, more wooden structure of the layers of the corridor type housing, the center of the formation of a rectangular inner courtyard rammed earth building, it is closed to the outside, open to the inside, the appearance of a huge, as a solid earth fortress. This square enclosure in the neighboring western Fujian Guangdong Rao Ping, Jiaoling, Tai Po, Fengshun have sporadic distribution.

Second, circular enclosure

Circular enclosure is like a "flying saucer falling from the sky, underground mushroom", it can be called a ghostly work of art. This ring-shaped earth building, also known as "Zhai". Circular layout, tall and grand momentum, known as the world's residential wonders. The internal structure of the round earth building has two kinds of corridor type and unit type. The diameters of the earth buildings vary from tens of meters to hundreds of meters. The round earth building, like the square earth building, is distributed in the area of Tai Po, Rao Ping, Jiaoling and Fengshun in the east of Guangdong, which is adjacent to the west of Fujian, and the internal structure of the earth building is mostly unit housing.

Circular buildings are like "flying saucers falling from the sky, mushrooms coming out of the ground", which can be described as a ghostly work of art. This circular earth building, also known as "Zhai". Circular layout, tall and grand momentum, known as the world's residential wonders. The internal structure of the round earth building has two kinds of corridor type and unit type. The diameters of the earth buildings vary from tens of meters to hundreds of meters. Round earth building and square earth building, distributed in the east of Guangdong Province, neighboring western Fujian, Tai Po, Rao Ping, Jiaoling, Fengshun area, the structure of earth building houses are mostly unit housing.

Three, half-moon shaped buildings

Half-moon shaped buildings are mainly distributed in the junction with the western Fujian Guangdong Tai Po, Rao Ping and other places. Rao Yang, Rao Ping, Shangrao, Shangshan the largest number, followed by Taoyuan, Tai Po, Meixian east also has a sporadic distribution. Half-moon shaped enclosure, similar in appearance to the rear enclosure of the Wei Long type of enclosure in the Xingning and Meixian areas, with some overlapping in two or three half-moon shapes, two-storey in height, with the first storey being a unit type of housing, and with an alleyway ranging from a few meters to more than ten meters in width between the enclosure and the enclosure. Eastern Guangdong half-moon shaped enclosure is mostly seen in a single enclosure, half-moon shaped square built in the middle of the inner ring of two or three halls of the ancestral ancestral temple, in front of the usual Wo Ping, ponds. There is also a ring of empty half-moon shaped enclosure, open space as drying things and hold activities.

Four, oval enclosure

Oval Hakka enclosure, according to the Shenzhen Museum, Mr. Huang Chongyue, Mr. Yang Yaolin survey, found six. Rao Ping Rao Yang blue she village of Taihua building, and the "western Fujian-style" through the corridor of the structure of the round earth building compared to changes in appearance. Xingning Huangpi Shi Zhongshan Gong Ancestral Hall, Luogang Liu Hengfeng Building and Tai Po Huliao Huang Zhongxian Di, although the shape is oval (Zhongshan Gong Ancestral Hall for the "crab-shaped"), but its materials, building structure and "Western Fujian-style" round earth building has a big difference, the layout and the layout and the The layout of the building is close to that of the round house of the dragon type.

Fifth, octagonal enclosure

Octagonal enclosure, is a square, round earth building complex, its construction methods, materials and building structure and the closest to the round earth building, and its construction is much more difficult. Building this kind of angular buildings, on the residential use area and comfort and convenience, compared with the square, round earth building, can not see its superiority. This may be related to feng shui. Only two octagonal earth buildings have been found in Rao Ping, Guangdong Province, where the Huang residents in the Tao Yun building in Nanlian Village, Sanrao, speak Teochew, but they identify their ancestors as Hakka people.

Sixth, around the dragon type house

The distribution of around the dragon type house, to the Hakka settlement hinterland Xingning, Meixian as the center, to the surrounding radiation, diffusion of the East River basin and the Pearl River Estuary around the Shenzhen area. The Dragon Enclosure is one of the most numerous Hakka houses in Guangdong, with a grand scale, integrating traditional rituals, ethical concepts, yin and yang, geography and geography, philosophical thinking, and architectural art.

The main body of the Dragon Surrounding House is the hall. The so-called halls, that is, the central axis of the building for the square hall, the least for the two halls, generally three halls, halls and halls separated by a patio, the upper open hall for the ancestral hall, the middle hall for the council hall, the lower open hall depth is small, rectangular, for the foyer. On both sides of the hall, there are lined ancestral halls, which are generally separated by alleyways to form a bright room, a second room, a top room and an end room. On both sides of the hall are the horizontal houses, behind which a half-moon shaped round house is built to connect the horizontal houses, and the half-moon shaped inside is the flower head. There are two horizontal one around the dragon, four horizontal two around the dragon ......, the largest for ten horizontal five around the dragon. The dragon type around the house is built on the mountain, the front is low and high, highlighting the central axis of the hall, spectacular. In front of the door for Wo Ping, in front of a low photo wall and half-moon pond. The overall rounded shape of the roundhouse is like the Taiji diagram of yin and yang, symbolizing the meaning of heaven and earth.

A part of the dragon type house, out of the need for defense, in the horizontal house before and after the construction of towers, towers are often higher than the hall a layer, so it is also known as the "four corners of the building" or with four towers of the dragon type house. The number of enclosures around the dragon type around the house, depending on the development of the family and terrain location and other factors, generally in the initial construction of only one around, and later increased.

Seven, four corners and other corners

Distributed in northeastern Guangdong Province, four corners, and the "western Fujian-style" square earth building and Gannan "earth enclosure" has a source of inheritance relationship, more prominent in its defense function.

The main feature of the four corners of the square (more accurately rectangular) enclosure with towers. Four corners of the shape and internal structure of the many variations, Guangdong East and Guangdong North and their respective characteristics.

The general axis of the four corners of the Guangdong East for the hall, to the majority of three halls, the left and right horizontal house and on the external walls of the hall connected to the enclosure, the four corners of the building higher than the horizontal house and the hall of one to two floors, that is, two to three-storey watchtowers, watchtowers protruding from the gable wall of more than one meter. Front three doors, the middle (hall) for the main door (front door), the left and right sides of the horizontal house for the small door (side door), in front of the door and the layout of the same round dragon type house, as usual, Wo Ping, the front parapet, the half-moon shaped pond. The two ends of the Wo Ping are built with "turnstile doors". Some of the four corners of the building in the middle of not building a hall, forming a large space, surrounded by bar house ring, this layout is conducive to defense, such as the Xingning Gang back "hide the world around", the local legend, whenever the war or bandits, the residents of nearby villages to move into the building to hide and defend themselves.

North Guangdong and Heyuan quadrangular building is more varied, in addition to the top of the towers decorated with a variety of pots and ears, with two towers, four towers, six towers or eight towers and a watchtower.

Eight, the Hall across the type of house

The Hall across the type of house, the basic structure in the center of the axis of the two halls (halls) or three halls, the most up to five halls, on both sides of the cross house. The Hakka people in the eastern part of Guangdong Province call this traditional house style the "Mansion Style", and in Fujian Province, it is called the "Five Phoenix House". This kind of house has a strong adaptability to the terrain, which is more suitable for the custom and lifestyle of people living in clans and several generations under the same roof, so it has a wide distribution area and a large number of houses. The main difference between it and the dragon type house is that the back does not bring flower head and dragon, highlighting the Hakka residential plan structure and features: to maintain the Central Plains quadrangle, hall structure combination of features, that is, the hall, the patio, Tianjie, Wo ping, pond, etc. supporting the integration of both complete, but also practical.

The styling characteristics of the hall and horizontal house is characterized by the open hall, open corridor and patio on the central axis constituting a trinity of hall and well space, with balanced and symmetrical compartments on the left and right, whether it is the central axis or the horizontal house, which are all based on the basic composition of "four frames and three rooms", with even symmetry of the horizontal house. The shape of the whole building is low at the front and high at the back, highlighting the central axis, and the hall is high and the cross house is low. Due to the overall structure of the high and low order, the roof tiles layer by layer staggered, into a stacked tile, generally five stacks, a layer of tile roof tile eaves like five phoenix wings, so some people call it "five phoenix building".

Nine, kong-style enclosure

Kong-style enclosure is a relatively simple type of Hakka houses, because of its vertical arrangement, flowers towards the front, it is called kong-style enclosure, but also because of the longitudinal column of horizontal houses as the sedan chair on both sides of the lever and named. The kong type of enclosure has at least two kongs, as many as eight kongs. In the kong-style enclosure, the hall is sandwiched between the kong and the kong, obviously exaggerated "kong", narrowed the "hall", raised the "kong" height. But in the layout, the hall still has the role of determining the direction, and must be facing the door.

The principle of construction is different between the kong-type house and the wulong-type house. In the case of the dragon house, the hall is built first, followed by the cross-house and the dragon house, and then the house is expanded outward as the family flourishes. On the other hand, the construction principle of the kong house is to build the simplest and most practical kong house first according to the economic condition, leaving space for the construction of the ancestral hall when the economic condition permits. Another factor is affected by the geography of feng shui and limitations, feng shui masters according to the yin and yang five elements calculated to build the house style, such as Meixian Baigong Qiu Dafu Dai "Cow Corner House", this is a six-bar house, according to the shape of the mountain, in the side of the side of the bar at the end of the house to add a dragon around the Dragon, around the Dragon is only half of a packet, did not close and in the hall of the house behind the eave wall on both sides of the digging of circular wells symbolizing the cow's eye, into the "Cow Corner House". It became the "Ox-Horn House". Kung-style enclosure, in the east of Guangdong's Meixian, Tai Po distribution is more, other areas also have sporadic distribution, Hong Kong area of the Kung-style enclosure more in the form of changes, and small and exquisite.

Ten, the castle-style enclosure

Castle-style enclosure, the outer wall with "triple soil" rammed or brick, is the Dongjiang Valley and Shenzhen, Hong Kong, one of the major features of the Hakka residence, is the Tong Heng-style enclosure, around the dragon type enclosure and the four-cornered building of the synthesis, and absorbed the advantages of the Guangfu residential development. In terms of layout, it retains the main structures of the Xingmei Hakka house, the horizontal house, the Wo Ping, the Moon Pond and the Turning Door, and is surrounded by two-storey roundhouses. Some of the enclosures in the retention of four corner towers on the basis of the center of the back of the additional "watchtower", the watchtower is the highest point of the building. Around the top floor of the building built around the corridor "horse building".

There are two main features of the external decoration of the enclosure: one is built around the gable wall of the daughter wall, the eaves of the front of the bricks made of several layers of diamond teeth; the second is the towers, watchtowers on both sides of the top (flowers) are mostly made into a "pot ear" shape, and there is a pick decorative head. The internal structure of the architectural form of large changes, around the perimeter of the building (the front row is called inverted seat) is a two- or three-storey high unit housing, low inside and high outside, usually a hall, two rooms, a patio, two corridors. The hall and the cross house are mostly two-story-high unitary rooms. The main gate building occupies one unit, and the entrance door is crossed by the entrance hall for the sky street, which separates the enclosure building from the hall and the horizontal house. Inside some gates, there are imitation pagoda-style buildings with gray plastic patterns and stone carvings.

Eleven, the village

Surrounding the village, that is, a village surrounded by buildings or walls, so some people call it "Walled City". Siege village deep ditch high barriers, solid as gold, obviously for defense needs. The distribution of Hakka walled villages is mainly in the critical point or mixed place between Hakka people and Chaoshan people or Guangfu people. There are more examples in northern Guangdong and in Shenzhen and Hong Kong.

The Hakka walled villages in Shenzhen are both influenced by the Guangfu walled villages and retain the tradition of Hakka dwellings. The main feature is the horizontal and vertical rows and columns of houses, surrounded by the enclosure or enclosure wall surrounded by the plane is square, the corners of the towers. Surrounding the housing units for the most part, there is a bucket gallery type or "big Qitou" (a hall and a room). Single-surname villages in the central axis of the Zukong Hall, while more than one village has its own ancestral hall. There are Wo Ping and ponds at the main entrance, which is one of the main differences from the Kwang Fu walled villages.

Some Hakka walled villages are square and some are irregularly round. Some of the houses in the walled villages are arranged in an orderly manner, while some are more messy. In addition, the housing in the village has a single-room type, there are halls and units of horizontal house, there is a room in the middle of a partition wall into a suite or "back to back" before and after the door, a variety of forms. The village of Fengshun Jianqiao in the east of Guangdong Province is surrounded by water on all sides, and within the enclosure is an independent hall of horizontal houses.

Twelve, towers

In the eastern Guangdong, northern Guangdong, as well as Heyuan, Huiyang, Shenzhen and Hong Kong and other areas of the Hakka towers, most of which are combined with the Wai Lou, Wei Long House or "Doo Lang House", and most of them for the four-cornered building. Only in the north of Guangdong Shixing and other areas can be seen in the independent existence of large towers, building covers an area of 200 to 400 square meters, ranging from four to five stories high. Watchtower within the patio and well (a few without a patio), some also have ancestral (God) Hall. Each floor is a single room through the corridor, with wooden floorboards and corridors. The outer walls are built with large pebbles and bricks, more than 1 meter thick, and are particularly sturdy. The whole building has only one big door, stone door frame, inside the installation of tin wooden door, wooden bar, iron fence and other four or five barriers, the door and fire prevention sink, can be said to be as solid as a golden soup. A village can build several towers at each other's horns to protect the safety of the village. In case of bandits or war, the villagers will help the old and young into the towers. This is also the northern Guangdong Hakka architectural culture in a great.

Thirteen, the combination of Chinese and Western-style enclosure

The combination of Chinese and Western-style enclosure of the construction of the late, the earliest at the end of the Qing Dynasty, but most of the products of the 20th century after the 20s and 30s. Wandering overseas Hakka travelers in foreign business rich, not forgetting the homeland, attached to the traditional life of the nation, returned to their homeland after the honor of building houses in the field. They are affected by the Nanyang countries and the influence of Western cultural thought, the use of the traditional house of the Dragon or the Hall of the horizontal layout, local changes, such as some of the house will be curved around the Dragon and the flower head part of the long, straight line, horizontal such as pillows, the local people called "pillow house", such as Meixian South China and the hut, the Wanqiu building, the United House, such as the Fang. Doors, windows, halls plus Western-style decoration, especially the practice of adding balconies, so that the old deep traditional architecture glows with fresh breath.

Fourteen, free-style houses

The so-called free-style, refers to the absence of obvious layout rules of a class of Hakka residential forms. The owner of the house starts from his own subjective desire and combines the financial strength and land situation to build a building that is comfortable to live in, beautiful in appearance and in line with the concept of yin and yang in the feng shui of the traditional Hakka houses.

Fifteen Hakka Houses in Hong Kong

The forms of Hakka Houses in Hong Kong include the Tang Heng House, the Kong Kong Kong House, the Concave Row Houses, the Castle Houses, and the East-meets-West Houses, etc.

The Hakka Houses in Hong Kong have been built in a variety of ways.

The most common forms of Hakka walled houses are the kong huts and concave row houses in the northern New Territories, where the Hakka people are concentrated, as well as in Tai Ki Leng, Pat Heung and Shap Pat Heung in Yuen Long. The kong hut is miniaturized, and only the single-kong and double-kong styles are seen. In the single-kong style, an enclosing wall of the same height as the front gable wall is built a few meters away from the front gable wall, enclosing the front yard and opening a side gate for access. Au-shaped row houses are most widely distributed in the northern part of the New Territories. The so-called "Concave Row Houses" are formed by linking multiple units of "Lock Houses".

The Chai Wan Law Uk is a typical example of the early (Kangxi period) Dou Lang House, which has absorbed the Canton culture.

Yuen Long Yin Wah Kuk, Ling Mui Chong and Yeung Ka Tsuen are of a later date, built in the late Qing Dynasty, and they are typical of the Cantonese Eastern style.

The Tsuen Wan Chan's Three Houses, built in the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty, are more unusual in form, with a floor plan that is a form between a t'ang-heng house and a castle-style walled house.