Briefly describe the layout of Chinese Hanji temple

Chinese Han Buddhist temple layout is very flexible, can be summarized as a monolithic layout, group layout and garden layout of three types. First, the monolithic layout monolithic layout in addition to the Buddhist holy sites in the nunnery, the essence of the house, the room can be found in addition to the example, the Chinese Han Buddhist temple generally do not have such a form. Second, the group layout History has appeared in a variety of layout forms, the earliest is the corridor courtyard. This is a kind of influenced by the Indian Buddhist temple form, and combined with the traditional Chinese composition and the formation of the form, that is, in each temple or stupa surrounded by the corridor around the house, forming an independent courtyard, a large temple can be composed of a lot of corridor courtyard. According to the records, the temple built in Xuzhou under the roof of Emperor Xian Rong was of the corridor courtyard layout. The Eastern Han Dynasty, due to the influence of the style of the temple for the house, the initial form of the temple for the residential style, "spacious and magnificent, overflowing with corridors and huts". Wei Jin and North and South Dynasties, after the general rise of the tower and temple, the artificial construction of the temple to maintain the end of the Han Dynasty tower and temple layout of the tradition to the tower in the center, the front of the temple door. After the Buddhist temple. Northern Wei Luoyang Yongning Temple layout can be used as a representative of this period of tower temple. Yongning Temple magnificent scale, square plan, four sides of the door, the central towering main building. Residential temple and tower after the North and South Dynasties period of rubbing and fusion, to the Tang and to the more complicated and barren form of development. With the tower of the central position of the fall, lecture hall, Buddha hall, abbot room and other major buildings constitute multiple symmetrical courtyard become the core of the temple, once stood tall for a time the tower has become an accessory. According to & lt; GuanZhong founded precepts altar map Jing & gt; record, Tang Dynasty large temple can easily be more than ten hospitals, and two, three-story pavilion for the center of the whole temple, the original in the center of the status of the wooden tower to overlapping buildings to replace it. Corridor courtyard temple in the wide corridor wall for the Buddhist mural art also provides a very favorable place, rich in the artistic expression of the temple building. Corridor courtyard temple composition is characterized by centripetal. For a single yard can form a strong artistic outlook, but for more than one group layout of the courtyard appears to be too dispersed theme, is not easy to form a unified composition, also not suitable for building on the more complex terrain, so later replaced by the vertical axis layout. Corridor courtyard layout examples have not survived, only in individual temple layout traces, such as the layout of the Ming Dynasty Taiyuan Chongshan Temple. Longitudinal axis layout will be the main halls arranged on an axis, each hall in front of the left and right each set a hall, forming a triple or quadruple courtyard. This well-arranged group of courtyards guides the believers to view the entire temple in an orderly and hierarchical manner in order to reach the climax of their faith. Axis into the courtyard with the help of the main building modeling different, different size of the courtyard space as well as different ancillary buildings in order to achieve architectural changes. Larger temples can also have two or three longitudinal axes side by side, and in the side axes can build pagodas or gardens, meditation rooms and so on. Each courtyard is built on a different elevation according to the height of the terrain. Although the plan layout is regular, the actual architectural space is rich and varied, and each temple can form its own characteristics. Therefore, this type has become the type of temple with the widest geographical application and the longest period of time in Chinese Buddhist temples. The main buildings on the longitudinal axis are roughly the mountain gate, the Heavenly King's Hall, the Daxiongbao Hall, the Dharma Hall, and the scripture collection pavilion (building) of certain Buddhist temples are at the end. The gate generally has three doors: symbolizing the door of emptiness, the door of non-phase, the door of non-action "three liberation door", so the name "three doors". The left and right sides of the temple molded two gold cuts of force guarding the Buddha. After the door of the Heavenly King Hall, in the pot-bellied Maitreya, back-plastic pack, left and right divisions of the four heavenly kings, east and west, north and south of the protection of the day. And then after the Mahamudra Temple for the principal - a Shakyamuni or other Buddha, is the core of the entire temple. Hall on both sides of more than eighteen molded Luohan or twenty islet days. Dharma Hall is the speech of the Buddha, the collection of precepts, and finally the Tibetan scripture pavilion (building) is the collection of Buddhist scriptures and cultural relics of the place. Mahamudra Hall on both sides of the East and West Hall, the East for the Jalan Hall, for the statue of three: King Anonymity (in the), Prince Jieda (left), to the lonely elders (right), both sides of the eighteen Jalan God often for the guardianship of the temple; West for the Ancestors Hall, dedicated to the foundation of the sect and the outstanding performance of the Ancestors. Other still have fasting hall, guest hall, sleeping hall, extended life hall, storehouse, bathroom, etc. in accordance with the east and west - the east side of the monks living in bed, the west side of the principle of the distribution of the bed of the almsman around. In the case of the general layout of the general unchanged, individual monasteries also often according to their own sects, the needs of the environment and part of the hall configuration to be adjusted, reflecting the traditional Chinese architecture are not rigid, strict and not dead flexible principle. Zhengding Longxing Temple in Hebei is an excellent example of vertical axis layout, Beijing Biyun Temple is arranged along the mountainous terrain, vertical axis temple masterpiece. Third, the layout of the garden Garden layout can be divided into three categories of urban-type, mountain type and integrated type. City-type is generally located in urban and suburban, no garden environment outside the temple, often with an independent temple garden? Garden to artificial landscape-based, its style and landscape features and private gardens with little difference; mountain forest type is generally located in the beautiful natural scenery of the mountains, forests and villages, outside the temple has a garden environment or mountain environment, natural landscape-based, supplemented by artificial landscape; comprehensive type is generally located in the suburbs of good scenic conditions, complex terrain, both natural landscape-based landscape, but also artificial landscape-based landscape, the two landscape-based landscape, two landscape-based integrated approach and use.