How to synthesize a large soap head

1. Boil in water.

Put the broken soap into a container, heat until it becomes liquid, stop heating and cool until it lumps.

2. Microwave heating.

Collect the waste soap, put it in a small bowl, and then heat it in the microwave oven 1 min. When the soap is completely melted, pour it into the container and then put it in the refrigerator to cool.

Use glycerol.

Drop daily skin care glycerin on soap, it will soften later. At this time, pinch them together and turn them into a big soap.

Make soap bags.

Sew a small pocket with gauze or thin cloth, put the soap head in, and rub it with your hands several times when using it. You can also put the remaining pieces of broken soap into broken socks and tie them tightly at both ends. When you wash your hands, you can get a good decontamination by rubbing it on the bag.

Soap? (Daily chemical products)

brief introduction

Soap is a general term for fatty acid metal salts. The general formula is RCOOM, where RCOO is fatty acid radical and m is metal ion. The carbon number of fatty acids in daily soap is generally 10- 18. Metals are mainly alkali metals, such as sodium or potassium, but ammonia and some organic bases, such as ethanolamine and triethanolamine, are also used to make soaps for special purposes. Broadly speaking, fatty acid salts obtained by saponification or neutralization of oil, wax, rosin or fatty acid with alkali can all be called soap. Soap can be dissolved in water and has the function of washing and decontamination. All kinds of soaps are soaps, also known as soaps, metal soaps and compound soaps.

Soap is a general term for fatty acid metal salts. The carbon number of fatty acids in daily soap is generally 10- 18. Metals are mainly alkali metals such as sodium or potassium, and some organic bases such as ethanolamine and triethanolamine are also used to make soaps for special purposes. Soaps include laundry soap, soap, metal soap and liquid soap, as well as fatty acids, hardened oil and glycerol and other related products.

Ingredients of soap: sodium salt of carboxylic acid R-CO2Na, synthetic pigment, synthetic perfume, preservative, antioxidant, foaming agent, hardener, thickener and synthetic surfactant.

The main component of soap is R-CO2Na (sodium stearate (C 17H35COONa)), in which R groups are generally different and are various hydrocarbon groups. R- is a hydrophobic group and carboxyl is a hydrophilic group. In hard water, soap and Ca2+, Mg2+ form curd-like substances, fatty acid calcium salts and so on. , also known as "calcium soap", has become a useless scale remover. Adding softener to hard water can remove hard water ions and make soap work. The medicated soap is mainly added with some disinfectants. Soap adds essence. Crystal soap has a particularly strong degreasing power because it contains soap base.

name

Chinese honey locust

Because the ancients used Gleditsia sinensis to wash clothes in the Yellow River valley, and there were no Gleditsia sinensis trees in the Yangtze River valley, they found a tree with the same performance as Gleditsia sinensis, which can also wash clothes, but it is more plump than Gleditsia sinensis, so they named her Gleditsia sinensis, also called Gleditsia sinensis fruit.

Later, when artificial detergents were invented, the word "soap" was still used.

Therefore, although there is no thin soap, there is a non-fat soap, namely "Gleditsia sinensis".

Because soap was made and imported from the west, it was called "foreign alkali" at that time. Although "alkali" and soap itself can't be equated, Chinese people, driven by novelty, formally used this name for decades, and it was not until the national industry and commerce made their own soap that they gradually abandoned the word "foreign".

principle

The molecular structure of soap can be divided into two parts. At one end is the charged polar chief operating officer-(hydrophilic part)? The other end is a nonpolar carbon chain (lipophilic site). Soap can break the surface tension of water. When soap molecules enter water, the hydrophilic part with polarity will destroy the attraction between water molecules, reduce the surface tension of water, and make water molecules almost evenly distributed on the surface of clothes or skin to be cleaned. The lipophilic part of soap goes deep into oil stains, while the hydrophilic part is soluble in water. After stirring, this combination forms smaller oil droplets, the surface of which is covered with the hydrophilic part of soap, and will not recombine to form large oil stains. If this process (also called emulsification) is repeated many times, all the oil stains will become very tiny oil droplets dissolved in water and easily washed away.

raw material

The main component is sodium stearate, the molecular formula of which is C 17H35COONa (carbon 17 hydrogen 35+ carbon+oxygen+sodium) (it can also be written as RCOONa, which is generated by the reaction of sodium hydroxide [NaOH] with alkaline grease). If spices and dyes are added to it, it will make soap with good color and flavor; If you add some drugs (such as boric acid or carbolic acid), it becomes a medicated soap.

kind

Soap has a wide range of uses, besides the familiar washing clothes, it is also widely used in the textile industry. Sodium salts of higher fatty acids are commonly used, which are generally called hard soaps; Its potassium salt is called soft soap, which is mostly used for washing hair and shaving. Its ammonium salt is usually used to make vanishing cream. According to the composition of soap, considering the fatty acid part, the soap made of fatty acid with high saturation is hard; On the contrary, soaps made of fatty acids with higher unsaturation are softer. The main raw material of soap is oil with high melting point. Considering the length of carbon chain, generally speaking, the carbon chain of fatty acid is too short, and the soap made is too soluble in water; If the carbon chain is too long, the solubility is too small. Therefore, only potassium or sodium salts of fatty acids of C 10~C20 ~ C20 are suitable for making soap. In fact, the most common soap is C 16 ~ C 18 fatty acid sodium salt.

Soap usually contains a lot of water. Various soaps can be obtained by adding fillers such as spices and dyes into the finished products.

Commonly used yellow laundry soap is usually mixed with rosin, which is added in the form of sodium salt to increase the solubility and foaming of soap, and it is also cheaper as a filler.

White laundry soap is added with sodium carbonate and sodium silicate (the content can reach 12%), and the water content of general laundry soap is about 30%. If the white laundry soap is dried and sliced, you can get soap chips, which can be used to wash high-grade fabrics.

Adding a proper amount of mixture of phenol and cresol (antiseptic and bactericidal) or boric acid into soap to make medicated soap. Soap needs high-grade raw materials, for example, the soap made by mixing butter or palm oil with coconut oil is crushed, dried until the water content is about 10 ~ 15%, then spices and dyes are added, and pressed and molded.

Liquid potassium soap is often used as shampoo. , usually made of coconut oil.

Soaps are usually divided into hard soap, soft soap and fat soap. If some drugs are added to soap, it will become medicated soap, such as sulfur soap and sandalwood soap.

Hard soap is often called "smelly soap", which has high alkali content and strong ability to remove oil and dirt, but it is also very irritating to the skin. Repeated use can make the skin dry, rough and peeling quickly. Therefore, hard soap is generally only used for laundry, not for bathing.

Soft soap is the "soap" we usually use. Low alkali content, low irritation to skin, and can be used by both normal people and patients with psoriasis. It has a good dandruff removal effect on skin lesions. ?

Fat soap, also called fat soap, contains no alkali. Children's soap operas mostly fall into this category. Suitable for female patients.

Medicinal soaps such as carbonated soap, sulfur soap, coal tar soap, boric acid soap, Lysol soap and sandalwood soap can also be used for patients with psoriasis. However, if the patient is allergic to a certain medicinal soap, it should be avoided.

Soft water and hard water principle

The composition of soap is sodium stearate (C 17H35COONa), which is ionized by water to form stearate ions and sodium ions. Generally, hard water contains a lot of calcium ions and magnesium ions, and stearate ions will combine with magnesium ions and calcium ions to generate magnesium stearate and calcium stearate, which are insoluble in water. Therefore, if soap is put into hard water, precipitation will occur. There are no or trace magnesium ions and calcium ions in soft water, so if soap is put into soft water, there will be no precipitation, and the water is pure and transparent.

In fact, in addition to calcium and magnesium ions, soap can also be precipitated by iron, manganese, zinc, copper ... plasma, so it is chemically defined as: all mineral ions in water that can be precipitated by soap are called hardness ions. So hardness refers to the index value of the total concentration of all hardness ions. In general natural water (including tap water), there are few other hardness ions except calcium and magnesium ions, so the hardness of water can be said to be a comprehensive characteristic represented by the concentration of calcium and magnesium ions in water.