The Western modernist literature is a new literary trend that emerged in the West since the end of the 19th century.

"Western Modernist Literature"

Modernist Literature is a new literary trend that emerged in the West since the end of the 19th century, and it was prevalent in the Western countries in the twentieth century, and its influence continues to this day.

Its main characteristic is: anti-traditional. Its content and artistic methods are very different from those of traditional Western literature. It has a modern consciousness and modern complexity.

Modernist literature consists of several genres.

Symbolism and Its Characteristics

1. Symbolism is the earliest and most influential literary school in the modernist literary movement in the West, and it is divided into two periods. Pre-Symbolism was popular in France in the second half of the 19th century. After the First World War, late symbolism came into being, and in the 1920s, late symbolism reached *** .

2. Symbolism is characterized by the creation of morbid "beauty"; the expression of the inner "highest reality"; the use of symbolic allusion; the construction of imagery in hallucinations; and the use of musicality to increase the meditative effect. It develops the artistic characteristics of the earlier Symbolism, opposes superficial lyricism and straightforward didacticism, advocates the unity of emotion and reason, and expresses the beauty and infinity of the conceptual world through symbolic allusion, imaginative metaphors, free associations, and the musicality of language.

3, representative writers: France Valéry, Germany Rilke, the United States Pound, Ireland Yeats and Britain T S Eliot.

The main writers of Symbolism

1, British T.S. Eliot: The Waste Land (1922)

2, the French poet Vallery: Cemetery on the Seashore (1926), contemplating the meaning of life, paying tribute to the unending cosmic movement, and expressing the joy of transcending the consciousness of death. Philosophical contemplation and novelty, rich in symbolic imagery, harmonized and beautiful, far-reaching.

3, the Irish poet and playwright W.B. Yeats: "Sailing to Byzantium", Yeats won the 1923 Nobel Prize for Literature for "expressing the spirit of a whole nation".

4, Maeterlinck: a representative writer of Symbolist drama, The Green Bird (1908, Titus, Myrtle, Brilliant), the Green Bird symbolizes happiness, and the theme is to celebrate people's pursuit of happiness and light.

[edit]Expressionism and its characteristics

1, Expressionism is an important modernist school popular in Europe and the United States before and after the First World War in the early 20th century to the 1930s. Originating in Germany, it began with painting and then spread to literature.

2, first appeared in the German critic Walden in the magazine "Wild Ride" published a review of painting, emphasizing the need to break through the external appearance of things, to express the inner world, with "expression" instead of "reproduction".

3, the characteristics of Expressionism: abstraction; deformation; the use of masks; the illusion of space and time; focus on sound and light effects; symbolism and absurdity. Its theoretical program is "art is expression, not reproduction", which advocates that literature should not reproduce the objective reality, but should express the human subjective spirit and inner ***, express the essence of the things grasped through the appearance, and the precise portrayal of the external form of the things is meaningless. His poetry is intense and eloquent, pursuing strength, and his lyricism is exaggerated, often using condensed verses. Drama and novels often use abstract symbolism to express deep philosophies and themes.

The main writers of Expressionism

1, in the theater:

O'Neill of the United States: The Emperor Jones (1920), the author of the Expressionist art techniques into their own creation, forming a unique "O'Neill School" of Expressionist playwrights model works. The Hairy Ape (1921), subtitled "Eight comedies of ancient and modern life". The main character: Yank

Strindberg, Sweden: "To Damascus", "Sonata of Ghosts"

2, in fiction:

Kafka, Austria: a representative of Expressionist fiction. The Castle (1915), The Metamorphosis (1915)

Stream-of-consciousness novels and their characteristics

1. Stream-of-consciousness novels are novels that emerged in the West at the beginning of the 20th century (the 1920s) to express the flow of people's consciousness and to show the trance-like world of the mind. It is believed that literature should show the flow of consciousness of the characters, especially the activities of the subconscious mind, and the flow of human consciousness follows the "psychological time" rather than the physical time.

2, it is symbolized by allusion, inner monologue, free association and other stream-of-consciousness creative methods as the main characteristics, in the 20s and 30s of this century in the United Kingdom, the United States, France and other countries to form a spectacular school of modernist literature

3, stream-of-consciousness novelists use different artistic techniques to focus on, but the artistic characteristics of the **** the same: "writer", "withdraw from the novel"; the writer is not the same as "the writer". The artistic features are the same: "the writer quits the novel"; the plot is diluted; a lot of inner monologue and free association; alternation of space and time and psychological time; symbolic allusion and contrasting associations; innovation and variation in the use of language.

4, the representative writers are Joyce and Woolf in Ireland, Proust in France and Faulkner in the United States.

[Edit paragraph] The main writers of stream-of-consciousness novels

1, Ireland's Joyce: Dubliners, Portrait of a Young Artist

2, Britain's Woolf: The Spot on the Wall, Go to the Lighthouse, Mrs. Dalloway

3, France's Proust: Memories of Years Passed

4, the United States Faulkner: The Spot on the Wall, To the Lighthouse

4, France Proust: Memories of Years Passed

4, the United States Faulkner. Faulkner in the United States: "Hustle and Bustle" (1929), reflecting the decline of the Kempthorne family, a prominent family in the South of the United States. The novel creates a compound stream-of-consciousness method, which brings the use of stream-of-consciousness techniques to explore the inner life of the characters to a new level. It focuses on Quentin's psychopathology and Benji's subconscious activities. Characters (eldest son Quentin, second son Jason, youngest son Benji, daughter Katie)

[edit]Existentialist Literature and Its Characteristics

1. Existentialism originated in France in the 1930s, and reached its peak after the Second World War. It is one of the most powerful modernist literatures, which is popular all over the world.

2. Existentialist literature was created on the basis of existentialist philosophy, and it publicizes existentialist philosophical ideas in the form of literature. It is characterized by the fact that there is more rationality than image, and the core of it is that "existence precedes essence", "the world is absurd", "life is painful and free choice", and the only way to find the way of survival is through free choice.

3. "Absurdity" and "pain" are the basic themes of existentialist literature. The world is absurd and life is painful. On the one hand, it depicts the absurdity of the capitalist world, and on the other hand, it expresses the misfortune and destruction of human beings, as well as the ideological emotions of loneliness, disappointment and fear.

4. Artistically, firstly, existentialist literature is philosophical in its images. Secondly, it utilizes the traditional and modern methods of expression in an unconventional way.

5. Existentialist writers include Sartre (France), Camus (France), Beauvoir (France).

The main writers of existentialist literature

1, France Camus: The Outsider (1942), The Plague (1947, Dr. Rieux)

2, France Sartre: Nausea (novel), The Road to Freedom (novel), The Wall (a collection of short stories), No Place to Die (drama), The Fly (drama), The Confinement (drama), The Fly (drama), The Fly (drama), The Fly (drama), The Fly (drama), The Fly (drama), The Fly (drama), The Fly (drama), The Fly (drama), The Fly (drama), The Fly (drama). Confinement" (play, which shows that "the other is hell"), "The Respectful ***" (play), "Being and Nothingness" (philosophical work), "Existentialism is a Humanism" (philosophical work)

3, Beauvoir, France: "The Female Guest", "The Second Sex"

[编辑本段]absurdist theatre and its characteristics

1,The absurdist theatre was founded in France in the 1950s, and it has become the most popular form of theatre. In the 1950s, it emerged in France, and then quickly became popular in other countries in Europe and the United States, an anti-traditional theater school.

2, the absurdist school of thought is named after the famous British theater theorist Martin Aisling, who wrote "The Theatre of the Absurd" in 1962.

3, the characteristics of the absurdist drama: absurd, abstract theme, the world is absurd, life is meaningless; fragmented stage image; strange and bizarre props function, so that the intuitive art of the drama characteristics to play to the limit. In terms of content, it expresses the incomprehensibility of the world and the absurdity of life; in terms of artistic methods, it breaks the traditional dramatic structure, and uses illogical plots, broken characters, mechanically repetitive dramatic movements and the boring language that does not reach the end to highlight the fundamental theme of the absurdity of the world in a general way. It has no complete plot, no dramatic conflict, the stage image is fragmented, and the language of the characters is upside down. It shows that the world is absurd, life is painful, and human relationships are incommunicable.

4. Unescu was the founder of absurdist theater, and the staging of his one-act play The Bald Maiden marked the birth of absurdist theater.

The main writers of absurdist theater

1, France Beckett: Waiting for Godot

2, France Unescu: The Bald Maiden (1949, Mr. and Mrs. Smith, Mr. and Mrs. Martin), The Chair (1959), The Rhinoceros (1958)

[Edit paragraph] The New School of Fiction and its characteristics

1 It is also known as anti-novelism or rejectionism.

2, they believe that the world is absurd, vain and unreal, that the traditional novel is a fool and deception of the reader, and that the era of novels based on characterization and emotion has passed. Against the tendency of the traditional novel, which advocates that the writer reproduces the existence of the dystopian world as it is, without giving it any meaning or feeling *** color. The new novel rejects plots and characters, and collages them together in a fragmentary way. It creates a purely materialistic style by substituting objects for human beings. The reader is encouraged to participate in the creation of the novel by reconstructing the characters and the plot.

3, representative of Alain Robbe-Grillet, Salot, Simon, Duras.

The main writers of the New School of Fiction

Salot, France: the first to write a new novel

2, Simon, France: the father of the New School of Fiction, The Wind (Nobel Prize for Literature, 1985), Flanders Highway

3, Robbe-Grillet, France: The Peeping Tom: winner of the Critic's Prize, France, 1955. It was named after a collection of Black Humor compiled by the American writer Friedman.

2, "black humor" is a comedic form to express the content of the tragedy of the literary method. Black refers to the terrible and funny objective reality, "humor" refers to the purposeful and willful personality to take a mocking attitude to this reality. Humor, with the addition of blackness, becomes a kind of humor showing despair. Western critics call it "gallows humor".

3, the artistic characteristics of black humor:

It is a kind of laughable humor, a mixture of tragic content and comedy form, showing the absurdity of the world, the alienation of the society, the confusion after the destruction of the rational principle, and the futility of the self-struggle, which is the center of its content. In the face of all this, people issued cynical laughter, with a humorous attitude to pull away from reality, in order to maintain the dignity of the devastated people, that is, the so-called "black humor".

"Anti-hero" characters: the characters' spiritual world often tends to split, and they become "anti-heroes" with tragic-comedic dual colors, insinuating the social reality through their ridiculous words and deeds, and expressing the author's views on social issues.

The narrative structure of the "anti-novel": through hints, undertones, comparisons, symbols and forms of expression of the confusing plot. Breaking the rationalized chronological order, accelerating the pace of the jump, the plot lack of logical connection, often the narrative of real life and fantasy memories mixed together, the serious philosophical and gags mixed into one.

Allegorical.

4, the American Heller, considered a flagship of "black humor". There are also Vonnegut, Pynchon, Bath, Balsam, and Vignon.

The main writers of "black humor" novels

1, the United States Heller: "The 22nd rule of the army"

2, Vonnegut: masterpiece "Slaughterhouse five", "Cat's Cradle" (1963, Bognon, MacCabe)

3, Pynchon: "gravity rainbow"

[Edit] Magical realism and its characteristics

[Edit] Magical Realism It began in the 1930s and 1940s and became the mainstream of Latin American fiction in the 1960s. Its rise has been called the "explosion of Latin American literature". It is represented by Asturias of Guatemala, Carpentier of Cuba, Rulfo of Mexico and Marquez of Colombia.

2, magic realism is through the "magic" produced by the illusion to express the reality of a creative method. Magic is the way, the expression of the reality of life is the purpose. With the magic thing to hide the reality, show the reader is a cycle, subjective time and objective time mixed, subjective and objective things in the space lost boundaries of the world. Artistically, the novel introduces a lot of supernatural elements into the depiction of reality, miracles, hallucinations, dreams and even ghosts appear in the plot of the novel, the chronological relationship is often disrupted, the narration is full of jumps, sometimes the scenes are symbolic, showing a distinctive hellish and national characteristics. It is a successful example of the combination of "transplantation" and "search for roots". It is not only a deep excavation of reality, but also a serious reflection on history; it is also a search for the origin of the traditional culture of this continent, and an extensive absorption of European and American modernism. The first person to use the term "magic realism" in Latin America was the Venezuelan writer Petri.

The main writers of magic realism

1, the real sign of maturity is the Mexican writer Rulfo's novel Pedro Páramo.

2, in the 1960s, magic realism in Latin American fiction formed a boom, marked by Marquez's novel "One Hundred Years of Solitude".

The Beat Generation and its Characteristics

The Beat Generation is a literary genre popular in the United States after World War II, and most of the writers are young men and women, who are known for their ruggedness and boldness. The Beat Generation is known for its rugged and uninhibited character. They used homosexuality, jazz, drugs and alcohol to escape from reality and challenge the decent society and traditional American values, put forward the conclusion that "to sink is to liberate" and the legalization of indulgence and enjoyment, and they expressed their dissatisfaction with the decent society with their strange inward self-exploration and downward sinking so-called "vulgarity" attitude to carry out a morbid revolt against the society.

Major writers of the Beat Generation

Jack Kerouac: Small Towns and Big Cities

2, Ginsberg: Howl

Classicalism

Classicalism refers to an artistic and literary trend that arose after the Renaissance in Europe

by a group of thousands of people.

Classicalism is an ideological trend that emerged after the Renaissance in Europe.

It was modeled on ancient Greek and Roman literature in both literary theory and creative practice

.

Classicalism is the name given to it.

Classicalism was most prevalent in France in the 17th century, and its development was also complete.

The political basis of French classicism was the monarchy of centralized hierarchy. The philosophical basis was Descartes' rationalism

.

Classicalism emphasized the imitation of antiquity in creation and theory,

and advocated the use of national norms. It was created in accordance with the principle of creation, which is

the triad of creation.

The pursuit of artistic perfection.

As a literary

artistic trend.

As a literary trend, Classical Totality was practiced in Europe for almost two

centuries, until the rise of Romantic Totality at the beginning of the 19th century.

It had a great influence on the development of literature and art in modern European countries, especially theater

.

Symbolism

Symbolism is one of the earliest and

most influential poetic genres in modern European literature.

It emerged in France in the 1870s.

Its name was put forward by the French poet Moliouas

in September 1886 in the Paris newspaper Le Figaro in the "Elephantine

Symbolism Yigi".

He advocated the use of "symbolism.

He called the avant-garde poets of his time and set out the basic principles of symbolism.

The forerunner of symbolism was the French Baudelaire,

who developed the symbolic and olive elements of the Romantic poets.

In his poetry, he used external "counterparts" to imply the inner

world of symbols, i.e., he emphasized the use of material images, and expressed his personal feelings and certain

concepts by means of

hints, contrasts, and underlining, etc.

He also emphasized that the use of material images could help him to express his personal feelings and certain

ideas.

Dadaism

Dadaism is a

modern literary genre that emerged during the First World War.

The proponent was the French poet Tristan

Chara.

In 1916, Tristan Tzara formed a literary group in Zurich, Switzerland, with a number of poets of

years, and in naming the group. They

opened a dictionary and pointed with their hands to the name

Da Xiang "Ding Da Dahan". So.

The name was named after it.

Dada was originally a toddler's word meaning

"horse".

There is nothing exhausting about using it as a banner for literary activity.

But the essence of Dadaism is to oppose everything that is

exhausting. Against all traditions. Against all conventions.

It is also against literature and art, which are considered to be exhausting.

It advocates the use of dream

to express the unthinkable in the form of confusing language, grotesque and absurd images.

The stream-of-consciousness school of fiction

The stream-of-consciousness school of fiction emerged in the early 20th century.

The modern Western school of literature, which is opposed to the traditional 'stream of consciousness' approach to writing

was founded in the 1920s. Wind corridor in the 20th century as the years. After the gradual demise.

"Stream of Consciousness"

The name "Stream of Consciousness" was first coined by the American psychologist William Ernst

Muss in the 1800s.

Following the French philosopher

Fear Gerson argued that:. The real. It exists in the "indivisible fluctuations of consciousness". The novelist should penetrate into the inner world of the characters. The novelist should penetrate into the inner world of the character.

1915

British writer Richardson published 'The Pointed Roof'.)

A typical "stream of consciousness" novel.

Because of the character's inner state

state of the more awareness of the trajectory of the flow is depicted exquisitely.

As the character's inner state was portrayed in a very vivid way, it caused a strong reaction from the readers

.

At that time, the Western European novel world was searching for a breakthrough

The stream-of-consciousness school of fiction

The stream-of-consciousness school of fiction emerged in the early 20th century.

The school of modern Western literature is a reaction against the traditional ''stream of consciousness'' approach to writing

The stream of consciousness school of Western literature. Wind corridor in the 20th century as the years. After the gradual demise.

"Stream of Consciousness"

The name "Stream of Consciousness" was first coined by the American psychologist William Ernst

Muss in the 1800s.

Following the French philosopher

Fear Gerson argued: . The real. It exists in the "indivisible fluctuations of consciousness". The novelist should penetrate into the inner world of the characters. The novelist should penetrate into the inner world of the character.

1915

British writer Richardson published 'The Pointed Roof'.)

A typical "stream of consciousness" novel.

Because of the character's inner state

state of the more awareness of the trajectory of the flow is depicted exquisitely.

As the character's inner state was portrayed in a very vivid way, it caused a strong reaction from the readers

.

At that time, the Western European novel industry was searching for ways to break through

the traditional novel box. Thus.

The novel aroused a great deal of interest in the literary world.

From then on, the theory

and technique of "stream of consciousness" was rapidly developed and widely spread.

People call writers who use stream-of-consciousness.

The writers who adopted this method of expression were called the "Exhausted Stream Novelists.

The Lost Generation

The Lost Generation refers to a group of young writers in the 1920s

with a sense of uncertainty and disappointment.

Most of these young

writers had fought in the First World War.

Compassion was just coming of age at the time

and had worked in the United States ***.

So they

felt cheated and betrayed. They felt betrayed.

Their original

values were impacted, they were disillusioned and disappointed with life, and they felt

bitter and confused, and most of them were displaced to Europe: they took Paris as the center of their literary

activities, and told their traumatic experiences through novels.

Steyn, an American writer who lived in Paris, said to Hemingway and others, "You are all a generation that has been built on confusion.

Hemingway used this

phrase as an epigraph to his long and clever novel The Sun Also Rises.

A thousand is the "lost generation".

The New School of Fiction

The New School of Fiction refers to a literary stream that emerged in France in the 1950s and became one of the most influential in France in the 1960s

.

It was named for its opposition to the Balzacian novel with characters, plots, and social significance, and its rejection of all novelistic traditions

and its demand for new forms of fiction. They demanded a new form of fiction, which was named the "New Novel School".

There are two main tendencies in this school: one is the "inner novel" represented by Salot

, which focuses on inner monologue and the emotions of the lower

consciousness; the other is the "objective novel" represented by Robb, Grier, which emphasizes the objective recording of the external world, the language, the language of the world, the language of the world, the language of the world, the language of the world, the language of the world, the language of the world, the language of the world, the language of the world, the language of the world, the language of the world, the language of the world, and the language of the world.

The objective novel, which emphasizes the objective recording of external language,

actions and extracts without any interpretation.

The Beat Generation

The Beat Generation refers to a literary genre that was popular in the United States in the 1950s and 1960s.

The writers of this genre were young men

and women who rejected the existing social order and customs with a negative and un****** attitude. They demand to be free of all *** traditions. They refused to take on any domestic and social obligations and

demanded a life of absolute freedom.

They are against the rule of capitalism

They are against foreign aggression. *** Foreign aggression. They hate machine civilization.

They shun

reality by taking drugs, drinking, stealing, whatever they want. Constantly

pressing for all sorts of favors. They were called the Beat Generation because they advocated sexuality and Zen Buddhism, and sought mysticism by escaping

into a surreal world of fantasy.

Representative writers of this genre include Kay

Yark, Ginsberg, and Burroughs.

They were characterized by

a total rejection of high culture in their art. They invented the "spontaneous

prose," "radiophilic poetry: no ornamentation. Rough and loose.

Black humor

Black humor is a literary genre popular in the United States in the 1960s

.

In the early 1960s, some American writers combined horror, grotesquerie, and slapstick in their works

and portrayed life

as an absurd and horrible comedy.

1965. American writer

and critic Friedman compiled fragments of these works into a

collection entitled Black Hell, which gave the genre its name.

The Black

Pantheon, the narrator, highlighted the absurdity of the world around them and the repression of the self by society

A mockingly cynical look at the ugliness of the world around them, the obfuscation of the self, and the discrepancy between the environment and the white ego, and then magnified them in front of their own distinctive hagiographic mirror, twisting them to make them seem more absurd and ridiculous. more absurd and comical.

The black

color of the prison reached its full potential in the mid-to-late 1960s and had a considerable impact on American literature

.

Magical realism

Magical realism is a genre that emerged in Latin American

fiction in the 1960s.

. Magic Realism .

The term first came from the mosaic literary critic Frantz Law.

In 1925. He published a book

titled Magic Realism, Late Epigrammatism, Some Problems of Current European

Painting

The term Magic Realism was first applied to Latin American literature by the Colombian writer García Márquez, who published a long excerpt

in 1967, and then a book on the subject.

It began with the Colombian writer García Márquez's 1967 novel One Hundred Years of Solitude, which was published in long form.

This marvelous and moving

novel takes place over the course of a hundred years in the fictional town of Macondo and the family of the Bustillas who live there

.

The novel reflects the history of Colombia.

The novel is full of bizarre plots and

characters. There is a strong mythological and symbolic flavor.

This

unique style has aroused great interest among readers and critics.

Critics regarded the book as representative of a new genre in contemporary Latin American practice. The term "magic realism" was borrowed from a similar genre in the art world.

The main feature of this

genre is the insertion of bizarre and grotesque plots, characters and exhaustion, as well as all sorts of

supernatural realities in the narratives and depictions that reflect reality.

Representative writers include Martius, Borges

and Asturias.

Magical realism has a deep

realism. The bizarre and fascinating plot,

unique writing style and color and shadow. Thus, it is very popular among readers.

The Wild Rumpus Movement

The Wild Rumpus refers to the 1870s in Germany

- a powerful literary movement.

Named after the writer Klingel's

play of the same name, Joe "Rampage", it is the continuation and development of the German Enlightenment movement

The main ideological tendency is to catapult people's subjective

initiative to realize the emancipation of individuality, and to oppose all the silly and conservative dogma and follow the traditional lifelike attitude

of the world, which hinders the development of human beings.

degree, in the field of art to deny any stereotypes; advocate the national

national style, advocating from the history of the nation to draw subjects; praise for freedom

freedom, embracing Rousseau to return to the natural "slogan of the spring" genius,

emphasize that "Genius.

The young writers who participated in the Rapture movement were rich in fervent fantasies and exuberance, and their works were often

full of romantic flavor and sentimental elements.

Goethe's The Trouble with Young Werther

and Schiller's Conspiracy and Love are representative works of the raging

p>progressive movement of literature.