What are the characteristics of Renaissance painting, architecture and sculpture?

Works and styles of the major Western artists of the Renaissance

Duccio was the founder of the Sienese school of painting, and his altarpieces of the "Madonna of the Solemnity" show a softer and more three-dimensional character, while the "Entry of Jesus into Jerusalem" and the "Annunciation" show a change in the spatial perspective of buildings. The "Entry of Jesus into Jerusalem" and the "Annunciation of the Death of the Virgin" show a change in the spatial perspective of the building. The decisive influence on this style was Giotto of Florence, who took a crucial step in painting by combining the realistic style of Gothic sculpture with the chiaroscuro of Byzantine painting. He was not only the first painter to create a realistic style in painting and to discover the expression of spatial depth on a flat surface, but he also combined beautiful narrative with Chinese observation, so that painting was no longer a simple illustration of the written word, but had an independent character. He also combined beautiful narrative with Chinese observation, so that painting was no longer a simple illustration of words, but took on an independent meaning. From Giotto's time onwards, artists began to leave their names on their works, and the history of art has since become a history of outstanding artists. His painting achievements are mainly expressed in a series of outstanding frescoes and woodblock prints, "Mourning Christ", "Madonna on the Throne" are very famous, and there are also "Escape from Egypt", "The Kiss of Judas" and so on.1 Early Renaissance Giotto established the principle of realistic painting in the 15th century Florence has been inherited and developed, the artist believes that his main task is to make art and scientific research combined, the study of the human body's anatomical structure, the study of scientific perspective and chiaroscuro, to explore the theory of the techniques of all kinds of plastic arts, became the main theme of the 15th century Florence. In the 15th century, there were three masters of art in Florence, known as the "Little Three Masters": architect Brunelleschi, sculptor Donatello and painter Masaccio, whose emergence marked the beginning of the Early Renaissance, and Brunelleschi was the founder of Renaissance architecture, designing and building the Florentine buildings. Brunelleschi was the founder of Renaissance architecture, he designed and built the dome of the Florence Cathedral with great success, the dome uses a blocky sagittal shape and a weight-reducing skeleton coupon structure, a new combination of ancient and Gothic architecture, which became the style of architecture at the heart of the Renaissance, and he also excelled in perspective and mathematics, discovering perspective. solved the problem of perspective on a flat surface. Donatello efforts to get rid of the medieval sculpture of all kinds of barriers, from the ancient art of nutrition, often make a variety of sculpture form expression of real life, created no longer attached to the building of the independence of the sculpture, the monument on horseback, as well as complex altar, bronze doors, mausoleums and other sculpture forms. Famous works "King Herod's Banquet" and "Statue of David". Masaccio inherited the tradition of Giotto's painting and developed it, applying the knowledge of perspective, anatomy, chiaroscuro and so on to his paintings with the spirit of scientific inquiry, and his most famous works include "Tax Money" and "Expulsion from Paradise". Francesca had a unique way of dealing with spatial relationships in painting, and her masterpiece is "The Dream of Constantine". The famous work of monk painter An and Liko is "Informed by the Fertility", Philip Lippi's painting style is beautiful and elegant, the greatest painter in the second half of the 15th century, Botticelli has a greater influence, Botticelli pursues the elegant flatness and the slenderness of Gothic art in the image shaping, emphasizing on the beauty of the lines, and the artistic image he creates is closer to the poem, with a sense of religious solemnity. The artistic images he created were closer to poems, with a sense of religious solemnity and light melancholy. In terms of the subject matter of his works, he drew inspiration from the great works of Dante and Boccaccio and ancient myths, so that the subject matter of his paintings was freed from religious stories, and the art gained more freedom. His masterpieces are "Spring" and "The Birth of Venus".2 The Renaissance in its primeThe three main representatives of Renaissance art are Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo and Raphael. Leonardo da Vinci was a painter, sculptor, architect, mathematician, medical doctor, cartographer, engineer, and scientist. He used the halo method to make the contour lines of objects, the tone of the picture softer and richer in light, atmospheric and three-dimensional effects, and the chiaroscuro method to make the depiction of the object as if it had the illusion of authenticity. The application of these techniques can be seen in works such as the famous "Mona Lisa" or "Madonna, Child and St. Anne". The most important work of his Milanese phase is "The Virgin of the Rocks", in which Leonardo da Vinci succeeded for the first time in exploring the fusion of man and nature. "The Last Supper" is the first time that all the people face the direction of the viewer, fully expresses the complexity of human nature and its differences from person to person, and explains the inner world of human beings in great detail. "Mona Lisa" painter using the method of light and dark and "mist method", so that the picture has a lot of unique features, the form of solid three-dimensional sense of the head and hands of the beautiful modeling, anatomical structure is accurate, detailed and meticulous carving, the background of the treatment of peculiar and mysterious. Michelangelo also has a multifaceted talent, in sculpture, painting, architecture and other aspects of the display of unparalleled talent. If Leonardo da Vinci's paintings relatively focus on the soft atmosphere of the molding, then, Michelangelo is the pursuit of the vastness and grandeur of the momentum, he spent four years of effort to complete the Sistine Chapel zenith painting, which the human body modeling sturdy thick, often showing a strong twisted characteristics, resulting in dramatic force and sense of movement. The zenith painting is 40 meters long and 14 meters wide, more than twenty meters from the ground, the middle part of the zenith consists of nine scenes from the book of Genesis, *** painted 343 figures, is the most complex and magnificent work in the history of the West. The best example of his early work is the giant statue "David". More than four meters high, the statue was the largest unsupported marble sculpture of its time. In terms of image building, it broke away from the traditional image of a young hero and made him a giant, a fearless, god-like wrestler, focusing on all the male beauty, embodying classical beauty and heroism. More famous are the "Statue of Moses" and the "Statue of a Slave". Wet fresco "Last Judgment" is a work commissioned by the Pope, the huge size gives people a strong feeling of the effect of red, Christ in the painting is full of power, each character has a unique status, have their own backgrounds to reflect his artistic style from the pursuit of classical beauty and power of the early years of the beauty of the performance of the melancholy and majestic and heroic spirit of the artistic style, known as art artistic style, which has been called a model of art. Raphael dedicated an amazing number of masterpieces in his limited life, and he was good at synthesizing the strengths of various schools but never lost his own original style. Raphael's works are full of harmony, serenity and elegance, and he created an elegant, graceful and highly artistic technique typical of the Renaissance, which is a unification of realistic and ideal beauty and was regarded as a model of classical art by the later generations. Famous works include "The Grand Duchess", "The Academy of Athens", his most outstanding painting of the Virgin, "The Sistine Madonna", and frescoes based on Greek mythology, such as "Galatea". Galatea," a fresco based on Greek mythology. Venice in the northeastern part of the Italian Peninsula was noted for its achievements in oil painting, which improved the richness of colors and the multi-layered texture effect that added special beauty, while better reflecting the subtle changes of light. 3. The important painters of the Late Renaissance Venetian School from the second half of the 15th century to the 16th century included Bellini, Giorgione, Titian, Vellonese and Tintoretto, etc. Bellini focused on natural scenery. Bellini focused on the depiction of natural scenery and the expression of the lyrical meaning of the works, works such as "Mourning Christ", "Madonna and Child", "Madonna of the Lake", "God's feast", etc., the lyrical style of his works laid the tone of the Venetian school of painting. Giorgione's paintings are beautifully modeled, with brilliant colors, soft relationships between light and dark, and a natural blend of figures and landscapes, creating a new pattern of landscape figure painting, the most lyrical style of the Venetian school of painters. His works include "The Sleeping Venus", "The Three Philosophers", "The Tempest", and "Pastoral Ensemble". Titian was the greatest painter of the Venetian school, and the most accomplished master of the Renaissance in terms of color. His works are diverse, with a wide range of subjects, varied compositions, and overflowing with the vitality of life. He was good at using beautiful colors and brushstrokes to express the rich and colorful life, as well as people's joyful interest and the charm of the female body. His early works include "Love in Heaven and Love on Earth", "Our Lady of Ibaraki", and "God of Flowers", etc. The style of his works in this period has a beautiful lyrical and pastoral mood. His works such as "Carnival of the God of Wine" are more delicate in their expression, with mythological and religious content as the main theme, but they express the interest of secular life, full of joy and abundance in life. His portraits are also quite outstanding, such as "Pope Paul III and his nephew like", the late works are mainly "Dana?", "penitent Magrinda", etc., works of rough, The works are rough and heavy, with obvious brushstrokes, and their contents lack the cheerfulness and lyricism of the earlier works. In art history, the Late Renaissance is also known as "Stylism", which was a transitional period between the Renaissance and the Baroque style of the 17th century. Italian stylistic artists include: Barmigianino, who painted delicate and beautiful paintings, some oddly distorted paintings, with a strong subjective coloring of realism, such as "Madonna with a Long Neck", "Self-Portrait in a Mirror", etc., and was the first painter to make etchings after Dürer. He was also the first painter to make etchings after Dürer. Branquinho's portraits pursued a small fire of splendor and flamboyance. His skillful oil painting skills to show the rich, bejeweled luxury scene, his stylistic paintings such as "Allegory", "Enola and Son" and so on.

Two Renaissance Netherland artists works and style Netherland does not have the classical heritage of Italy, but also lacks the Italian-style scientific and philosophical movement, its art is mainly affected by the Gothic and medieval Byzantine miniatures, focusing on the details of the depiction. Religious ideas and old customs were still strong here, and folk proverbs and legends also influenced art. the Netherlanders, in the spirit of humanism, paid direct attention to the world's conditions, and incorporated everyday life into their paintings, which were delicate, unique in perspective, brightly colored, and rich in mysterious symbolism. the late 14th and early 15th centuries saw the emergence of a few artists who were faithful to nature and committed to a realistic style, including the sculptor Claus Krauss, the sculptor of a sculpture, and the sculptor of a sculpture. There was the sculptor Klaus Slyutel, famous for his work on the base of a cross, known as the "Well of Moses", and the three brothers of the painter Limburger, and the real founder of the Netherlandish Renaissance in the 15th century was the man known as the Master of Fremont, probably called Robert Campin, whose masterpiece is the "Mylord Altar". "Mylord Altarpiece", the most innovative painter of the 15th century, comparable to Masaccio in Italy, was Jan van Eyck, known as the inventor of oil painting, who, together with his elder brother Hubert van Eyck***, accomplished a number of works, the most famous being the painting of the church of the city of Ghent for the " Ghent Altarpiece". He showed in his works a concern for real life, and began to explore boldly the improvement of chiaroscuro, perspective and oil painting techniques. He made a major contribution to portraiture, genre painting and landscape painting. They patiently depicted the objects one by one in the west, until the whole picture reflected the natural objects like a mirror, in order to obtain a sense of reality, Van Eyck also made "The Virgin in the Church", "The Virgin and Child of Vanderbary", "The most accomplished portrait of him is "The Arnolfini couple". 15 century to the beginning of the 16th century, Netherland was under the feudal rule of Spain, the famous painters include Silonimus Bausi, his style of painting is smooth and delicate, based on real life, blended with the artist, the artist, the artist and the artist. His style of painting was flat and delicate, based on real life, blended with the artist's own fantasies, and used all kinds of grotesque images and peculiar pictures to map the church and but society. In his paintings, we can see all kinds of demons and monsters, absurd and strange combinations, horrors of disasters and all kinds of human sins. His works reflect the social life and contradictions of the time, but they are also an expression of the author's personal feelings, showing the catharsis of repressed human passions. He had a high degree of modeling ability, and his works reflect the Netherlandish painters' preference for details and the importance of landscape depiction. His masterpieces include "The Garden of Earthly Delights", "The Temptation of St. Anthony", "The Ship of Fools", "Licorice Wagon", etc. etc. Three Renaissance German artists works and style of German Renaissance art by the Italian and Netherlandish art, while also maintaining the characteristics of the Germanic peoples, a strong sense of religion, heavy rationality, good thinking, focus on the details of the drawing, more emphasis on the performance of personality. The invention of movable printing promoted the popularization and development of culture and art. German Renaissance prosperity period is very short, but the art has made amazing achievements, they created prints, oil paintings, and line modeling of the sketch works of the influence of a wide range of the 16th century, the greatest painter is Alfred Dürer, he is an oil painter, but also a printmaker, but also an architect, watercolor paintings are also quite good at its work reflects the distinctive ideas of humanism. He introduced the scientific means of painting into Germany, and being well versed in the various techniques of painting, and not lacking in the richness of imagination indispensable to an artist, his art combines the subtlety, refinement, and individuality of Netherlandish art with the beauty, idealization, and science of Southern European art. He was the first artist who endeavored to fuse these two arts into one. His anatomical analysis of the human body is both delicate and accurate, and he is able to use appropriate lengthening and idealization to make the human body appear more perfect and harmonious. In "Adam and Eve", we can see these characteristics of her depiction of the human body. Dürer's important works include the three copperplate engravings "Melancholy", "St. Jerome in the Bibliotheca", "Knights, Death and the Devil", made in 1514, and the woodblock engravings "The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse", oil on canvas "The Four Apostles", "The Worship of the Three Doctors", "Self-Portrait" and others. The last famous German painter of the 16th century was Hans Holbein Jr. His portraits are delicate in style, focusing on character and detailing, with in-depth observation and no dramatic rendering. His sketches were concise, and he was good at using and handling lines. His major works include the oil paintings "Portrait of Erasmo", "Portrait of King Henry", "Portrait of Georges Gittes", "Madonna and Child of Meyer" and "Woodcut". "The woodcut "Dance of the Dead" and so on.

Four Renaissance French artists works and style of French art will be the Gothic art, Italian art and Netherlandish art three into one, resulting in France's own masterpieces. The most important achievements of the French Renaissance were manifested in architecture and sculpture, and although there were some achievements in painting, they were slightly inferior to architecture and sculpture. The Louvre is the oldest royal palace in France, the whole building is solemn, neat, rigorous, known as the masterpiece of rational beauty. 16th century France's outstanding sculptor and architect Goujon carving works with smooth lines and elegant style is famous for his works are relief "holy fountain", "four preachers of the gospel", shallow relief, "four preachers of the gospel", "four preachers of the gospel", "four preachers of the gospel", "four preachers of the gospel", "four preachers of the gospel". His works include the relief "Holy Fountain", "Four Evangelizers", "Mourning Christ" in shallow relief, "Statue of a Woman" in the Louvre, "Diana with a Deer" and so on. Piron was the greatest French sculptor of the second half of the 16th century. He created his own unique style by combining ancient sculpture, Italian art and the Gothic tradition. Pilon's talent was mainly in large mausoleum carvings, and he did many decorative carvings for the tombs of Henri II and Fran?ois I. He was the first French sculptor to work on the mausoleums of Henri II, Fran?ois I, and Henry II. The "Sculpture of the Mausoleum of Henry II", the "Sculpture of the Curtain of the Wife of Pyrrhus" and the relief of "Christ descending from the Cross" are all his masterpieces. The most famous French painter in the 15th century was Jean Fouquet, who was famous for his portraits and illustrations of holy books, and his famous works were "Portrait of Charles VII", "De Jugelsen", "Madonna and Child", etc. In the 16th century, France invited Italian painters Rosso and Primatti to visit. In the 16th century, France invited the Italian painters Rosso and Primatico to lead the decoration of the Fontainebleau Palace, and the painters engaged in this work were called the Fontainebleau School. This school of artists by the influence of Italian stylism, its art style tends to be sweet and delicate, the more famous paintings are "Venus in the grooming", "Estre Sisters", "Diana, the god of the hunt" and so on. "and so on.