Discuss the characteristics of nutrition and the principles of reasonable nutrition? What are the causes of obesity?

Etiology obesity is caused by the fact that the body consumes more calories than it takes in. Genetic and environmental factors can also affect weight, but it is not clear how they interact to determine a person's weight. One explanation is that the adjustment level of weight is determined according to the range of "adjustment point", just like the thermostat sets the temperature. If the set adjustment point is higher than the normal value, it can explain why some people are obese and why it is difficult to maintain after losing weight. Recent studies on genetic factors show that, on average, the genetic influence on body weight accounts for about 33%, but for some people, the influence may be greater or less than 33%. Social factors have a very important influence on obesity, especially women. In the United States, the incidence of obesity among women with lower socioeconomic status is twice that of women with higher socioeconomic status. Why socio-economic factors have such a great influence on women's weight is not completely clear at present, but the trend of advocating weight loss does increase with the rise of social status. Women with higher socio-economic status have time and financial resources to pay attention to diet and exercise, so as to conform to these social fashions. Psychological factors once thought that emotional disorder was an important cause of obesity, but now it is considered as a response to prejudice and discrimination of obese people. A psychological obstacle is shame, which is a serious problem for many young obese women. Therefore, they feel very inferior and uncomfortable in social communication. Bulimia (see section 86) and nocturnal eating syndrome are two abnormal eating habits that affect obesity, which are usually induced by tension and emotional disorders. Bulimia is similar to bulimia nervosa, except that it does not induce vomiting by itself after eating a lot. So it consumes more calories. Night eating syndrome includes anorexia in the morning, overeating, excitement at night and insomnia. Growth factors: the increase of the number or volume of adipocytes or the simultaneous increase of the volume and quantity lead to the increase of the amount of fat stored in the body. Obese people, especially those who have been obese since childhood, may have four times more fat cells than those with normal weight. Because the number of cells cannot be reduced, losing weight can only reduce the fat content of each cell. The decrease of physical activity may be one of the main reasons for the increase of obese population in rich societies. In the United States, although the daily average calorie consumption is now 10% lower than that in 1900, the incidence of obesity is twice that at that time. People who sit often need less calories. With the increase of physical activity, people with normal weight may increase their intake, while obese people may not necessarily increase their intake. There are few hormones, because endocrine disorders lead to obesity. Brain damage is rare. Brain injury, especially hypothalamic injury, can lead to obesity. Drugs Some commonly used drugs can cause weight gain. Including corticosteroids, such as prednisone, antidepressants and many drugs used to treat mental disorders. Fat tissue with excessive symptoms accumulates in diaphragm and chest wall and compresses the lungs. Even if the activity is small, it will cause dyspnea and shortness of breath. Dyspnea may seriously interfere with sleep, causing short-term apnea (sleep apnea), leading to daytime sleepiness and other complications. Obesity can lead to various support problems, including low back pain and osteoarthritis, especially in the hips, knees and ankles. Skin diseases are very common. The body surface area of obese people is relatively small compared with their weight, so they can't effectively discharge body heat. So sweating is more than thin people. Common edema of ankle and foot. Complications Obesity increases the occurrence and death of many diseases, as well as the risk of trauma and accidents. Moreover, these risks increase with the increase of obesity, and the risks are also affected by the location of fat accumulation. Men's fat mostly accumulates in the abdomen (abdominal obesity), while women's fat mostly accumulates in the thighs and buttocks (lower body obesity). Abdominal obesity is closely related to the high risk factors of coronary heart disease, as well as its three main risk factors: hypertension, adult diabetes and hyperlipidemia. It is not clear why abdominal obesity increases these risk factors. But losing weight can significantly reduce these risks in patients with abdominal obesity. After losing weight, most patients with hypertension have lower blood pressure. Losing weight can make more than half of adult diabetics stop using insulin or other drugs. Some cancers are more common in obese people. Including breast cancer, uterine cancer and ovarian cancer in women, colon cancer, rectal cancer and prostate cancer in men. Obese people have a higher incidence of menstrual diseases, and the incidence of gallbladder diseases is three times that of ordinary people. Diet to prevent obesity 1, total calorie control. Controlling energy intake for a long time and increasing energy consumption are the basic methods to treat obesity. At present, the most effective way to lose weight is to control diet and increase physical activity. The control of energy should be gradual, and the nutritional balance should be achieved while controlling the intake of heat energy. 2, limit fat intake, the supply of carbohydrates should be appropriate. Limit excessive fat intake. Fat should account for 20% to 25% of total heat energy. Control the amount of cooking oil and use about 10g to 20g of cooking oil every day. Carbohydrates should be limited to 40% to 55% of total heat energy, monosaccharide foods and sucrose, maltose, fructose, preserves, etc. It should be controlled, and cereals should be dominated by miscellaneous grains. 3. Restrict spicy and irritating foods and condiments. Such as pepper, mustard, coffee, etc. These foods will stimulate the increase of gastric acid secretion, which will easily make people feel hungry, increase their appetite and increase their food intake, leading to weight loss failure. Salt should also be restricted. Salt can cause thirst and weight gain. There must be enough fresh vegetables in the diet. Vegetables contain a lot of dietary fiber and sufficient water, which are low-calorie foods and have the function of satisfying hunger. Can be mixed with bean sprouts, spinach, shredded radish, Chinese cabbage and winter bamboo shoots, or eat some vegetables raw to satisfy hunger. A variety of vitamins and calcium tablets can also be added to prevent vitamin deficiency. 5. Develop good eating habits. Usually eat less snacks, sweets and sugary drinks. Chew slowly when eating. Three meals a day should be regularly and quantitatively, breakfast must be eaten, and dinner must be less. If you don't eat breakfast, deal with it at noon and have dinner at night, which is not conducive to losing weight. What are the specific implementation methods of obesity prevention and treatment? Obesity prevention and treatment should follow the principle of "prevention before obesity, treatment after obesity, early prevention and early contact". The specific implementation methods are as follows: (1) Carry out various education and publicity on the harm of obesity to human health, so that the public can realize that obesity is very harmful to health. If it is not effectively controlled, it will seriously affect or reduce the quality of life of women. Only when the public is generally aware of the dangers of obesity and regards obesity as a symbol of "wealth" can they voluntarily participate in this activity. (2) Develop good eating habits, scientifically match various food varieties, and keep the energy supply in the diet not exceeding the standard. This is equally important for teenagers, middle-aged people and the elderly. Choose cereals and vegetables as the main diet and eat less foods with high fat content. (3) Those who are obviously overweight at birth, obese in adolescence and have a family obesity history should be warned and asked not to develop or correct the habit of eating snacks, sweets and fried foods as much as possible. (4) Warn all overweight people that we need to be alert to the occurrence of obesity. If it has already happened, try to reduce the degree of obesity. (5) It is an important link for adults over 30 to prevent obesity to form the habit of exercising and keeping good eating habits. The so-called "don't eat for nothing" view is taboo for all adults. Obesity treatment should be based on the principle of individualization, and a feasible individualized and long-term treatment plan should be formulated according to the family history, personal eating habits, social and environmental factors, appetite size and physical activity intensity of obese patients, so that patients can fully understand the harm of obesity to health and make clear the purpose of losing weight. Only by giving priority to diet control, combined with physical exercise, supplemented by drugs or surgical treatment when necessary, can we achieve better weight loss effect. Winning the cooperation of patients in the process of losing weight is very important for the success of treatment. For those patients with secondary obesity caused by diseases, drugs and other factors, the focus is on treating the primary disease. Only when the primary disease is effectively controlled can obesity symptoms improve or even disappear.