Is there a new change in the pension insurance system?

The reform of China's urban endowment insurance system has generally gone through three stages: the traditional system stage before the Third Plenary Session of the Twelfth Central Committee; The pilot and implementation stage of social overall planning after the mid-1980s; After March 1995, the stage of combining social pooling with individual accounts. Among the three stages of the reform of the old-age insurance system, 1995, the notice of the State Council on the reform of the old-age insurance system for enterprise employees was issued, and the three principles were implemented, the central content of which was the change of the old-age insurance system from pay-as-you-go system to the combination of social pooling and individual accounts. Since 1997, China has accelerated the reform of urban endowment insurance system. This stage is the period when the reform of China's old-age insurance system has developed fastest and achieved the most obvious results. In recent years, the progress of China's urban old-age insurance system reform mainly includes the following aspects: (1) Unifying the basic old-age insurance system for enterprise employees. 1997 after the State Council issued the "decision on establishing a unified basic old-age insurance system for enterprise employees", all localities carefully organized and implemented it, basically realizing the unification and standardization of the payment ratio between enterprises and employees, the scale of individual accounts and the calculation and payment methods of basic pensions, and realizing the convergence and balanced transition between the old and new systems. 1In 1998, the State Council decided to transfer the old-age insurance for railway, electric power, post and telecommunications, petroleum and other industries 1 1. The implementation of localized management has rationalized the social insurance management system, enhanced the provincial overall planning function, and played a positive role in ensuring the issuance of pensions. (2) The coverage of urban basic old-age insurance is expanding. At the end of 2003, the number of people participating in the basic old-age insurance in China was155.06 million, an increase of 7.7 million over the end of last year, including116.46 million employees and 38.6 million retirees, with an increase of 5/kloc-0.80 million and 2.52 million respectively. The number of enterprises participating in the insurance nationwide was138.82 million, an increase of 6.03 million over the previous year, including 35.57 million employees103.25 million and retirees, an increase of 3.95 million and 2.08 million respectively over the end of the previous year. Basically, pensions are paid in full and on time. In accordance with the requirements of the CPC Central Committee and the State Council, social insurance agencies at all levels have always taken ensuring the timely and full payment of pensions for retirees as their central task and paid close attention to implementation. Through raising and implementing funds through multiple channels, laying a solid foundation for work, and establishing a monthly report and key supervision system, pensions have basically been paid in full and on time. (3) Breakthroughs have been made in socialized management and services for enterprise retirees. In order to further reduce the social burden of enterprises, social insurance agencies at all levels have paid close attention to the socialized management services for enterprise retirees. The Ministry of Labor and Social Security has identified 100 cities throughout the country to carry out pilot projects, held social management service forums in sections, and sent working groups to supervise them. Through hard work, social management services have made breakthrough progress. In 2002, the number of enterprise retirees nationwide was14.34 million, and the socialized management rate reached over 40%. By the end of 2003, the number of enterprise retirees under socialized management reached 29.33 million, an increase of14.99 million over the end of last year, and the socialized management rate reached 84.5%. (V) The basic pension adjustment mechanism has been established, and the pension level of enterprise retirees has been continuously improved. In recent years, the state has introduced a series of policies and measures to continuously improve the pension adjustment mechanism and improve the pension level of enterprise retirees. The average monthly pension level of enterprise retirees increased from 65438+4 15 yuan in 1997 to 625 yuan in 2002, an increase of 50%. When improving the basic pension level of enterprise retirees, we pay attention to some people who retire early and have low pension level, which better guarantees their basic life. (6) The pilot project to improve the urban social security system is progressing smoothly. In 2000, the State Council formulated the "Pilot Program on Improving the Urban Social Security System", and in July 2006, it was piloted in Liaoning Province with 5438+0. The main content of the pilot is to adjust and improve the old-age insurance system, implement the personal accounts of basic old-age insurance for employees, and accumulate some funds to deal with aging. Since July 20001year, important progress has been made. (7) The collection of basic old-age insurance has achieved remarkable results. In 2003, the income of the national basic old-age insurance fund was 368 billion yuan, an increase of 16% over the previous year. Among them, the collection income was 304.4 billion yuan, a year-on-year increase of19.3%; Governments at all levels subsidized the basic old-age insurance fund by 53 billion yuan, of which the central government subsidized 47.43 billion yuan. In 2003, the national basic old-age insurance fund spent 3 122 billion yuan, up 9.8% year-on-year. At the end of the period, the accumulated balance of the basic old-age insurance fund was 220.7 billion yuan.

However, with the change of population structure and the early entry into an aging society, it has brought great challenges to China's social endowment insurance system, which is still in transition, and exposed many problems that need to be solved urgently:

1. The hidden debt burden of pension funds is very heavy.

One of the important reasons for the implicit debt of pension funds is the aging population and the other is the transition cost. The transitional costs include: the elderly who have reached retirement age should enjoy the right to receive pension under the new system without fulfilling the obligation to pay; Workers who have reached middle age have not fulfilled their obligation to pay fees before the establishment of the new system, but they should enjoy the right of statutory pension after retirement age. In this way, there is a gap between the pension income and expenditure of two kinds of people, which directly constitutes the hidden debt of pension funds. In the process of reform, because the government has not clearly borne the transition cost in the process of reform, it is impossible to draw a clear line between the traditional retirement pension system and the basic old-age insurance under construction. The historical burden between different regions, that is, old industrial bases and emerging cities, is unbalanced, resulting in abnormally high and low basic old-age insurance premiums in various regions. For example, enterprises in old industrial bases such as Wuhan pay more than 24% of the total wages, while enterprises in Shenzhen Special Economic Zone only pay 6% of the total wages, with a difference of 18 percentage points. This imbalance directly worsens the competitive environment between regions. At the same time, due to the lack of digestion channels, the historical burden of the old industrial base can only rely on a higher contribution rate, which cannot meet the pension demand brought about by the growth of retirees. Therefore, in some areas, personal account funds can only be used to make up the gap, so that personal accounts become empty accounts, and the new system of combining unified accounts becomes an empty account operation system. According to the statistics of relevant departments, by the end of 2002, the scale of personal empty accounts accumulated by domestic pension funds was more than 480 billion yuan. If the inflation that may occur in the future is not well controlled, the contribution of enterprises will not be greatly improved, and the population will increase sharply in the next few decades, it will be difficult to pay, let alone achieve the purpose of accumulating pension funds.

2. The legislative level is not high, the binding force is not strong, and the legal system construction is obviously lagging behind.

Endowment insurance is essentially the redistribution of national income, and the specific institutional arrangements will inevitably involve the responsibility sharing of the government, enterprises and individuals and the adjustment of interests of different social groups or interest groups. Only when the legislature, which represents public opinion, makes laws, can the national will be truly reflected in the endowment insurance, which is of supreme authority and compulsion. At present, the macro-development strategy of China's social endowment insurance has basically taken shape, but the legal basis for the construction of China's endowment insurance system is the Labor Insurance Regulations of the 1950s. Although the government has also promulgated a series of laws, regulations, rules and notices, these legislative forms are highly policy-oriented and constantly changing, lacking the mandatory, authoritative and continuous nature of legal norms. Therefore, the reform and system construction of China's old-age insurance system urgently need to introduce a new, authoritative, mandatory and continuous old-age insurance law to clarify the rights and obligations of the government, enterprises and individuals and maintain the seriousness of the law.

3. The family pension model has been impacted.

With the improvement of the overall income level and the change of social structure, the traditional extended family culture in China has changed. For example, according to the results of the fifth census, the average household population is 3.44, which is 0.52 less than the 3.96 in the fourth census and 0.97 less than the 4.4 1 person in the third census. In a family with elderly people over 65, 16% are single elderly households. In a family with two old people, 42% people live alone with an old couple. Another manifestation of the challenge to the traditional family concept is that compared with previous families with many children, the only child is more spoiled by his parents, forming a self-centered character, and the natural sense of supporting the elderly in adulthood is greatly reduced. In addition, because the old-age insurance system has been established for employees through enterprises for decades, many families have no old-age insurance plan under the condition of the transformation of the old-age insurance system, and even do not realize that they have made sufficient savings for the elderly.

Four, the key measures to deepen the reform of urban endowment insurance system

1. Make up hidden debts and make personal accounts.

It not only needs a lot of money, but also has a far-reaching impact to make up for the hidden debt of the endowment insurance fund. Practice has proved that it is not feasible to try to repay historical debts with pension funds, and the government should bear this responsibility. Feasible ways include selling some state-owned assets, issuing long-term special bonds, and financial expenditure. On the basis of making up the hidden debt, gradually realize the current personal account of endowment insurance to achieve the purpose of accumulation. Individual account funds and social pooling account funds are managed separately, and implemented through different institutions and different management methods, which can not only clarify the respective responsibilities of the government and individuals on the issue of old-age care, but also avoid the misappropriation of funds between social pooling and individual accounts. In addition, personal account funds are required to adopt a complete accumulation system, which can only be used when individuals retire.

2. Constantly explore new ways and new fields of endowment insurance fund investment.

At present, under the realistic conditions of small fund scale, imperfect fund operation and management mechanism and immature capital market, it is reasonable to adopt the policy of purchasing government bonds, but it is also necessary to explore the investment methods and fields of endowment insurance funds in combination with the capital market. Allow the endowment insurance fund to make an appropriate investment portfolio and appropriately relax the investment field. According to the survey in Yantai and Shanghai, the current appreciation rate of pension funds is generally around 5%, which is higher than the interest rate of bank deposits in the same period, and there is a certain accumulated balance besides management fees. If the investment field is relaxed appropriately, the surplus rate can be further improved. At the same time, we can try to implement the investment principal-agent system, and entrust some pension funds to specialized investment institutions for investment, which can improve the appreciation rate of accumulated funds and promote the development of the capital market. It is worth noting that social insurance administrative departments and fund management institutions should strengthen communication and cooperation with investment authorities and investment institutions, but they should also maintain the autonomy and independence of social insurance management departments, because maintaining the security of pension funds is still the most important and basic responsibility of social insurance management departments.

3. Strengthen the legalization of social endowment insurance.

When establishing and reforming the social endowment insurance system in industrialized countries and many developing countries, it is usually guided by the formulation or revision of relevant laws and regulations by the legislature, and the specific implementation is organized on the condition that the management department formulates corresponding implementation rules. The legislation of social endowment insurance in China is later than that in western developed countries 100 years. Judging from the trend of accelerating population aging, it is more important and urgent to speed up the legislation of social endowment insurance in China than at any time in history. At present, China should enact laws and regulations such as Social Endowment Insurance Law, Social Insurance Law and Basic Endowment Insurance Regulations as soon as possible to further legalize and standardize the construction and reform of social endowment insurance system.

4. Actively promote the informatization construction of urban endowment insurance.

The "Golden Insurance Project" was launched in an all-round way, and a centralized resource database covering all insured persons and units in the cities under its jurisdiction was established. The local network extends to the business processing window and related service organizations. Complete the construction of social insurance data center, realize the interconnection between provinces, cities and central provinces, transmit the monitoring data of endowment insurance expenses online, and build the prototype of national networking.

5. Pay attention to the basic role of family insurance in institutional arrangements.

Providing for the aged is the common responsibility of individuals, families and society. Family insurance not only conforms to the historical and cultural traditions of China for thousands of years, but also is the realistic model of China society. The function of family insurance can be maintained or even enlarged through the implementation of relevant welfare policies, such as providing preferential policies or even subsidies for family pension. For example, Taipei designated 2002 as the year of cherishing the family, and supplemented and expanded the deficiency of family insurance through a series of policies such as family decompression policy, family health policy and family diffusion policy, which was welcomed by the public and achieved good results. Therefore, we should attach importance to the basic role of family insurance in institutional arrangements, choose appropriate family methods and transfer income within the family, which will become an important supplement to the basic old-age insurance and make up for the long-term shortage of low insurance level and limited coverage in China.

Seeking adoption is a satisfactory answer.

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