Who knows the origin and evolution history of football?

Football is an ancient sports activity with a long history. It originated from Cuju, an ancient ball game in China, and later spread to Europe through Arabs, and developed into modern football. Therefore, the hometown of football is China. It is said that before the Middle Ages, the Greeks and Romans had already started playing football. On a rectangular court, they put the ball on the white line in the middle and kicked it to the other court with their feet. At that time, they called this game "Baja Storm". By the beginning of19th century, football was quite popular in some countries in Europe and Latin America at that time, especially in capitalist Britain. It was not until 1848 that the first written rule of football, Cambridge Rules, was born.

The so-called "Cambridge Rules" are some rules formulated by three universities in London, Oxford and Cambridge in the early 9th century. At that time, each team had 1 1 people. At that time, there were ten students and a teacher living in each dormitory in the school, so a dormitory-to-dormitory game was played, with each side having 1 1 person. At that time, the current 1 1 football match began. 1863101On October 26th, the British Football Association held a very important meeting in the history of modern English football. The return of the competition was drafted, but some terms are far from today's rules. For example, there was a rule at that time: when the ball entered the space between goalposts or crossed the space above, no matter how high it was, as long as it was not thrown, hit or transported by hand, it was considered as winning. At that time, the position and formation of players were also different from today's: each team had a goalkeeper, a defender, an avant-garde and eight forwards. Soon after the rules were made, the formation changed: one goalkeeper, two defenders, three avant-garde and five forwards. So there are eleven players in the last game.

However, numerous data show that ancient football in China appeared earlier than in Europe and has a longer history. In ancient China, football was called Cuju or Tuju, both of which meant kicking, and Juju was the name of the ball. The word "Cuju" first appeared in Historical Records, Bielu by Liu Xiang in Han Dynasty and Biography of Meicheng by Yan Shizeng in Tang Dynasty. During the Tang and Song Dynasties, "Cuju" was very popular and became an elegant activity in the court. 1958 In July, when Dr. Havelange, the current president of FIFA, came to China, he said: Football originated in China. Of course, due to the limitation of feudal society, the ancient cuju activity in China did not develop into a modern football sport based on the principle of "fair competition". This qualitative leap took place in capitalist Britain.

Cuju in Han dynasty

The Han and Tang Dynasties was the most prosperous period for the development of ancient football in China, and it developed into a direct confrontation game. In the Tang Dynasty (AD 6 18-907), the ball used in Cuju was changed from being filled with hair to being blown with the mouth, and two goals were used instead of the "bow room". In the Song Dynasty (AD 960-1279), Cuju had developed double-goal and single-goal competitions, and a club organization named Yun Qi Club or Round Club appeared. The balls used were blown by people with their mouths and inflated with a pump, which was more and more close to modern football.

Cuju was a means of training soldiers in Han Dynasty, and a relatively complete system was established. If the palace is specially set up, it is defined as a rectangle in the east-west direction, with six symmetrical "bow areas" at each end, also known as "bow rooms", each guarded by one person. There is a fence around the construction site. The game is divided into two teams, each with its own offense and defense, and the outcome is determined by the number of kicks into the opponent's bow room.

After the initial popularity in the Han Dynasty, cuju activities reached a climax in the Tang and Song Dynasties, and even the kicking method according to the position on the field appeared. Cuju has taken many forms in the Tang Dynasty, such as "bowing" based on the number of times of heading the ball, "beating in vain" in the center of the court, "jumping the bow" in which many people participate in fighting, and the game of setting up the goal. In this way, each team has a certain number of people and a fixed position, and it is stipulated that players can only play in their own positions and cannot move.

At the beginning of 2004, FIFA confirmed that football originated in China, and cuju was the earliest recorded football activity. The Warring States Policy and Historical Records are the earliest records of Cuju. The former describes the popularity of cuju in Linzi (now Zibo), the capital of Qi State, more than 2,300 years ago, while the latter records that cuju was a way to train soldiers and assess their physique at that time ("cuju is also a potential weapon, so it is also a way to practice samurai").

Introduction of Cuju before Song Dynasty

The word "Cuju" first appeared in Historical Records and Biography of Su Qin. When Su Qin lobbied Qi Xuanwang, he described Lin Miao as "Lin Miao is very rich and practical, and its people are players who can play with poles, drums and bows." "Kick" means "kick", which means kick. "Bow and ball are ancient football. There are records about Cuju in Xijing Miscellany, Salt and Iron Theory, Cuju New Book and Liuxiang Bielu in Han Dynasty. During the Three Kingdoms, the Jin Dynasty and the Southern and Northern Dynasties, the custom of cuju was still prevalent. Cuju was still a very common sport in the Tang Dynasty. Du Fu said in a poem: "Ten years' bird's eye view of the bow will make you go away, and so will the custom of swinging in Wan Li. However, it has made great progress. There are three main types:

(1) Use inflatable balls: The fact garden in the Song Dynasty contains: "Yan Shigu notes that Huo Qubing kicked a chrysanthemum cloud in the bud field:' Although the bow is covered with fur, it is also a play.' Yan said that the bow was like this, and the late Tang Dynasty was different. Xu Jian's Beginner: "Today Cuju said to play ball. It was made of wool fiber in ancient times, but now it is made of skin, which is realized by cells. "

(2) Set a goal: "General Examination of Literature" "Cuqiu Gai began in the Tang Dynasty, planting two bamboo trees several feet high, netting them, and measuring the ball as the door; The goal is about two points, and the victory or defeat depends on the corner kick. Isn't it another time? "

(3) Various kicking methods: double goal kicking method: recorded in Zhong Wuyan's Balloon Fu in the Tang Dynasty. Kicking with one ball: You can see it in Cuju Atlas. Kicking without a goal: one or several people kick alone, which is called bowing; They both kicked in vain; Three or more people play together to call the field households, such as three-person field households and four-person field households.

The first recorded fan

Xiang Chu was the first recorded model in the Western Han Dynasty, but his experience was unfortunate. According to Records of the Historian Biography of Bian Que and Cang Gong, the famous doctor Chunyu Kun treated Xiang Chu and told him not to be overworked, but Xiang Chu didn't listen and went out to play football. As a result, Xiang Chu vomited blood and died, which also made Xiang Chu the first fanatical "fan" in the world.

The first starting list in history

The Old Story of Wulin in the Southern Song Dynasty once listed the names and positions of the two teams in the "Thirty-two-player Ball Building" competition: "Sixteen people in Zuo Jun: Zhang Jun, Wang Lian, Zhu Xuan, Shi Ze, Ding Quan, Zhang Lin and Chun Hu. ; Sixteen members of the right army: Li Zheng, Zhu Zhen, Zhu Xuan, Zhang Ning, Bin Xu, Wang Yong and Jun Chen. This is probably the first football "starting list" in history.

The history of football

In 307 BC, that is, during the Warring States period, King Wuling of Zhao reformed and practiced "riding and shooting", and Zhao people learned to ride horses and shoot arrows. Wang Zhao often rides out of town with his cronies, which is very spectacular. One day, when I came to a forest, I saw some rabbits in the forest. As soon as the king opened his mouth, he "captured him alive", so the soldiers divided into four ways and caught him together. I don't want to be scared. Rabbits ran around and escaped from the flat seam of the horse, but found nothing. Everyone shook their heads and sighed. A counselor suddenly brightened up and came forward with a suggestion: "Your Majesty, this kind of pigsty is very interesting. We might as well replace a rabbit with a ball and play every day without leaving the palace. " "Good idea" Wang Dajia praised "this matter is in your charge". Thus, football was born in China. But I was still riding a horse, called Cuju.

In the Han Dynasty, there was a football field dedicated to competitions, which was called "Cheng Ju". Cheng Ju is rectangular, with six megalithic chambers at each end, which are in the shape of a moon cave and symmetrical to each other, and there are walls around the venue. The Tang Dynasty was a prosperous period of Cuju activities. During this period, not only has there been great development, but football has also begun to be exported to the outside world. The first place to land is Britain.

Cuju was originally exported as a complete product, but because the traffic was underdeveloped and the means of transportation was very backward at that time, after several months of long journey, when Cuju arrived in England, the horse was exhausted and only one ball was left. However, it is such a dance that Britain still regards it as a treasure, but it is only an exclusive activity of the royal family, and people are forbidden to enjoy this kind of entertainment.

1 1 century, the Danes invaded England. One day, when the British were digging a battlefield, they accidentally dug up the skulls of several Danes. The British people were furious at the thought of the crime of Danish invasion. They lifted their feet and kicked their skulls hard to relieve their anger, and they felt quite happy playing football. As a result, more and more British people who dig the battlefield have joined the ranks of playing "ball". This patriotic act touched the king of England. In order to reward the people, the king of England ordered the royal football to be opened to the people. Soon, football spread among the people and became a popular sports and entertainment activity.

/kloc-At the beginning of the 20th century, there was a football match in England. Competition is an entertainment activity, twice a year, usually held between two cities. The host threw the ball into the air and the game began. The two sides will jump together, shouting, kicking and hugging. Whoever can kick the ball to the downtown area of the other side is the winner. If the ball rushes into a resident's house halfway, the players will rush in and disturb the kicking method, often smashing things in the house, and the owner has to sigh for his bad luck. Pedestrians on the road will encounter unexpected trouble when they touch the ball. So, at that time, when the game came, people had to avoid disasters and close their doors until the game was over. Such a football match was strongly opposed by the public, and the British government issued a ban: it was stipulated that football matches must be played in open spaces, and those who entered downtown areas would be severely punished, so special football fields appeared.

1863,101October 26th, the English Football Association, the first football organization in the world, was established in London with unified rules, and modern football was formally established.

In ancient China, kicking the ball with feet was called "Cuju". As early as the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period more than 2,000 years ago, there was the Cuju movement. In the Western Han Dynasty, Cheng Ju was built for competitions. The Tang Dynasty was the prosperous period of Cuju activities. The ball filled with air replaced the ball filled with hair in the past, which was called "air blanket", and the goal replaced the bow room. In the west, after 10 century, some countries, such as France, Italy and Britain, had football matches. By the end of 15, it was called "football", and then it gradually developed into a modern football sport. 1863, 10/0 On October 26th, the British established the first football organization in the world, the British Football Association, and unified the rules of football. People call this day the birth day of modern football. The football rules formulated this time are *** 14, which is the basis of today's football rules. Since 1900 2nd Olympic Games, football has been listed as an official Olympic event, but professional athletes are not allowed to participate. 1904 on may 2 1 day, FIFA was established in Paris. Since 1930, the World Football Championship (also known as the World Cup) has been held every four years, and the restrictions on professional athletes have been lifted. Since then, modern football has developed day by day.

Legend has it that there was a war between England and Denmark in the 1 1 century. After the war, the British found the skull of a Danish aggressor while cleaning up the ruins of the war. Out of resentment, they kicked the skull, and a group of children kicked it when they saw it. However, they found that the skull hurts when they kick, so they switched to cow bladder blowing-this is the birth of modern football.

In medieval England, football became a keen activity for many young people. They run after the ball in the narrow street and often kick the ball to the windows of people in the street. So the king of England had to ban playing football. From12nd century to16th century, the king of England issued a "football ban" four times. However, due to the special charm of football, the ban failed to make it die.

1835, the world's first football club was established in Sheffield, England. 1863, the first football association in England was established. Since then, organized football under certain rules has spread from Britain to Europe and the world. /kloc-at the end of 0/9, football was quite popular in western European countries. 1896 In the first Olympic Games, football was listed as one of the events. As a result, Denmark beat Greece 9-0 and became the first champion in the Olympic football match.

1904, the football associations of Britain, France, the Netherlands, Belgium, Spain, Sweden and Switzerland established the International Football Federation in France, and elected Ge Lan as the first FIFA president.