The Development of Chinese and Western Vocal Music

Representatives of ancient Greek strings and orchestras: Lira and Lavros. God worship connection: Apollo and Dionysus.

There are many changes in the development of lyre, among which Kisala is the most important.

The arrangement of scales in ancient Greece was a four-tone series.

The ritual activities of Christianity in the Middle Ages can be divided into two categories: day classes and mass.

Newham spectrum established the wired notation in 1 1 century, that is, four-line spectrum.

Evolution of notation: 24 Greek letters -Neum notation-wired notation-staff notation

In13rd century, Franco of Germany put forward the quantitative notation in the art of quantitative songs.

Early polyphonic music types: Olganon-Decante, Gorgeous Olganon, Decante,

Songs of Konduktus-Wen Jing (Simple Songs)

Two representatives of the ancient art school: Hallelujah Lamb of Olganon Free from My Sin, the second part of Leon.

Perotin four-part Olganon

/kloc-the consequences of the development of polyphonic music in the 0/3rd century: 1. The formation of the end of multi-voice music. The second is the development of notation.

Significance and characteristics of new art.

Meaning: Generally refers to the relief music of14th century, as opposed to the "ancient art" of polyphonic music of13rd century. Features: In this century, a large number of music creations are divorced from worship activities, music creations are unprecedentedly secularized, and composers put religion.

Polyphony skills are combined with secular music vocabulary to explore various new possibilities of music form creation, thus leading to composition.

A series of changes in technology and music form.

Representatives of Art Nouveau Movement: (France) Ma Xiao, (Italy) Landini.

Music in the Middle Ages: Most Chinese and foreign music historians divide the 5th century into 14 and15th century from the perspective of cultural history.

The beginning of this century was called "the Middle Ages".

Rome Music School: Mass of Pope Marcelos in Palestrina.

Venice Music School: G Gabriel (the father of modern orchestration).

Flanders: Rastus's Echo is a master of polyphonic music since the Middle Ages.

The first musical work with fully mature tonality and harmonic language was created by corelli (Italian) and first interpreted by Mora (French). His masterpiece is harmony acoustics.

The most direct source of opera is the interlude drama at the end of 15.

The earliest opera was Daphne composed by Perry. Features: Based on this Greek myth.

The first opera with complete music was Eurydice composed by Perry and written by Leigh Nuccini.

Medieval music styles: religious music, secular music, religious and secular music.

The first real opera in the history of opera: Flo by Monteverdi.

The first oratorio was (Rome) Cavari Elie's drama about soul and body, which was staged in February 1600. The foundation is Roman opera, which is called oratorio by historians. It has the embryonic form of opera, and its content involves religious morality.

Opera House No.1: 1637 San Casino Theatre.

"Renaissance" is a major new cultural movement.

Musical Achievements in Burgundy Period: Establishment of Mass, a large religious music school.

Rastus' Echo is the most famous pastoral in the Renaissance.

Two types of clavichord: plucked clavichord and percussion clavichord. There are two kinds of clavichords: harpsichord and wedge hammer harpsichord.

The representative figure of French keyboard is coupland.

During the Renaissance, two new modes were widely used, which later directly influenced the emergence of major and minor modes.

They are: Ionian model and Ionian model.

The types of early polyphonic music: Organon, Gorgeous Organon, Rhythm Mode, Decante.

Big and small tones: The development process of the big and small tone system began in the Renaissance and matured in the Baroque period.

There are three kinds of concertos in Baroque period: grand concerto, solo concerto and band concerto.

Representative: composer (Italy) Vivaldi. Masterpiece: Four Seasons

Handel: Water instrumental music and royal fireworks music.

The oratorio Messiah and Israel in Egypt

The reform of Gluck's opera: principle: music is subordinate to the needs of poetry

Representative figures of Vienna Neoclassical Music School: Haydn, Mozart and Beethoven.

Mozart: Italian operas "Crete V Idomeno" and "Tito's Kindness".

Xi operas: Goose in Cairo, Deceived Husband, Figaro's Wedding, Don Juan and Woman's Heart.

German-Austrian Opera: bastia and bastia, Harem Escape, Magic Flute.

Mannheim School: The works are lively, the main melody style has been completely established, and the lines in the high-pitched part are very prominent.

The stripe texture is clear and transparent.

/kloc-Similarities between nationalism and romanticism in the 0/9th century: strong interest in their own folk music culture.

Weber's Magic Bullet Shooter marks the birth of German romantic opera and becomes the cornerstone of European romantic opera.

"Ondini" is translated into "Water Demon", and Hoffman's opera indicates the germination of German romantic opera.

Schubert, the king of art songs, is famous for his vocal works such as Devil, Wild Rose, Trout and Serenade.

"lullaby" and "ode to the virgin"

Chopin: "Piano Poet"

Music features: vigorous and heroic, delicate and soft are general artistic conception, and romanticism prevailed in19th century.

The piano music of that period was unique.

"Fixed Music Thought": Berlioz's Songs Without Words: Mendelssohn

"Piano Poet": Chopin "King of Waltz": Johann Strauss II

Symphonic Poem: The Father of Waltz by Liszt: Strauss the Old

Musical: Wagner's Father of Russian Music: glinka

"King of Art Songs": Schubert

Verdi: The first opera "Alberto" and the last one "Praise of Gratitude". Nabucco brought him back to life.

There are also bard, La Traviata, Aida and Othello.

* His main fields are opera, including The Ring of Nibelungen, The Gold of the Rhine, Valkyria and Siegfried.

The dusk of my life, Tristan and isolde, the wandering Dutchman, Lohengreen, Tang Haoze and Renzi.

Famous singers are in Fort new york, Posifal, etc. In addition, there is an orchestra "Faust Overture".

Rossini: Barber in Seville, Queen Elizabeth of England and Italian girl in Algiers.

Glinka: Contribution: He promoted Russian professional music to the level of a strong European music country and contributed to the development of Russian art music.

This exhibition laid the foundation and opened the way, thus establishing the position of Russian music in the world music.

Works: The first opera Ivan? Su Shaning, the second ruslan and lyudmila.

Creative features: The first opera "Yi ~" established the type of national patriotic historical opera.

The second song "Lu ~" established the style of Russian folk myth opera.

Five groups: Balakirev, Gay, Musorgskiy, Bao Luoting and Rimsky-Korsakov.

Tchaikovsky: Symphony No.6 "Sorrow" (Solemn Overture)

Three dance dramas: Swan Lake, Sleeping Beauty and Nutcracker.

Features: first, it is lyrical and profound, and second, it is dramatic.

Smetana: the symphonic poem Volta

Deozak: Slavic dance, from the new world.

Greg: Song of Solvig is known as the second national anthem of Norway.

Sibelius: Finnish Song.

Impressionist music and its representative figures: Requiem in the second column of Animal Carnival by Saint-Sans.

Debussy's Moonlight, Ravel's Paolillo

Italian Opera: Mascagni's country knight, Leon Cavallo's clown.

Puccini: The life of artists, Tosca, Madame Butterfly and Turandot.

Expressionist Music: Schoenberg, Berg and Weber (New Vienna School of Music)

Schoenberg: Twelve-tone System and Harmony Acoustics

Neoclassical Music: Stravinsky

Nationalist music in the 20th century: (Hungary) Bartok, (Poland) Simanovsky, (Czech) Janacek, (American) Copland Gershwin.

Bartok: the most successful nationalist composer in the 20th century. He not only opened up a new situation for Hungarian music,

It is also one of the few important innovators who stood at the forefront of modern music in the 20th century.

Sequence music: Mei Xian? Accidental Music: Cage

Bach: (1) The vocal music is mainly religious music, mostly Lutheran religious music. Two pieces of passionate music.

(2) In instrumental music, Piano Music with Equal Rhythm (later called the Pianist's Old Testament).

Brandenburg Concerto, French Suite and British Suite.

1. Gregorian chant

Definition: Christian liturgical music named after Pope Gregory, which originated in the Roman church in the 6th century and was formed in the 8th and 9th centuries, is called Gregorian Chant and plainsong.

Basic features: (1) Single-part music form of unaccompanied pure human voice (male voice). The lyrics are written in Latin. (3) The content of lyrics mainly comes from the Bible and poetry. (4) Rhythm is divided according to the rhythm of language, and there is no obvious beat feature. (5) The music style is simple and solemn, the timbre is stable, and the main features are extreme advance and triple jump. (6) the scope is narrow. (7) Melody absorbs the characteristics of ancient oriental, ancient Greek and folk melodies at that time, and is based on simple natural scales. (8) Gregorian hymns are divided into recitation and melody, and the latter includes three forms: syllable, Newham and flower singing. Singing methods include solo, chorus, alternate singing and response singing.

Significance: It is not only an important part of Christian music culture, but also the tradition of polyphonic music is gradually nurtured and developed from these one-part hymns. A large number of music songs compiled provided a lot of creative materials for later composers. In the history of western music, Gregorian hymns are of great significance.

2. The meaning of German chorus

Orientation:/kloc-Protestant hymns reformed by German religious reformer Martin Luther in the 6th century.

Masterpiece: God is our strong fortress.

Features: 1. Change Latin into German.

2. Change prose poems into regular poems.

3. Melody borrows many folk tunes.

4. In the aspect of texture, polyphony is changed to harmony.

5. Choir singing is changed to the congregation singing hymns together.

3. Sustained bass

Definition: It is the main melody and sound texture different from Renaissance polyphonic texture. The composer only writes the melody and bass of the high-pitched part in his creation. This independent bass part continues throughout the whole work, so it is called "continuous bass". The composer marks the position of sound in harmony with numbers beside the bass, and the performer improvises the harmony according to the logo. Generally, the bass is played by cello, double bass or bassoon, while the keyboard instrument lute is full of harmony. The treatment is also different.

Significance: basso continuo has been popular for more than one hundred years, so the Baroque period is also called the basso continuo era. Basso continuo is the symbolic feature of Baroque, and its appearance led to the birth of harmony. The formation of harmony system promotes the emergence of big and small tone system. Thus ending the era of the church model.

First, the characteristics of ancient Greek music on the historical stage

1. Texture: Monotone, mainly harmony. Although there are many kinds of musical instruments, they are mainly used for accompaniment and attached to harmony.

2. In the form of performance, poetry and dance are combined to compose poetry, compose music, sing and accompany.

3. Closely related to religion, the birth of Christianity is of great significance to the development of western music culture.

4. Music theory and music aesthetics have reached a high level. 5. The tragicomedy of ancient Greece is a group of western drama development in later generations.

2. What is the difference between ancient Greek music and ancient Roman music?

1. The Romans were good at fighting and admired force, authority and discipline, but their cultural characteristics lacked the artistic elegance of ancient Greek culture. 2. The popularity of music in Rome is related to the enthusiasm of many kings in the Roman dynasty.

3. An important feature of Roman music is its development to practicality and ritual, and collective military music, ritual and parade music are very popular. In addition to social music activities, family music has also become popular for a period of time.

5. Another important difference from ancient Greek music is the professionalization of music.

6. Ancient Roman music is inferior to ancient Greece in mental health.

Third, the characteristics of medieval music

1. Gregorian chant is the center of the whole medieval music activity.

2. Gregorian chant is the highest peak of the development of one-part music.

3. From monophonic music to polyphonic music, polyphonic music finally developed into secularization.

4. Music is an inseparable part of religious culture and life, and the church has ruled and created the essence of various arts-modern music.

Mode, harmony, music theory, notation and the establishment of the Conservatory of Music are all related to the church.

5. In the late Middle Ages, church music and secular music coexisted, opposed and blended with each other.

6, mainly vocal music, instrumental music attached to vocal music.

Fourth, the characteristics of the Renaissance.

1, the theme is different from the Middle Ages, such as affirming life and praising nature.

2. Martin Luther's religious reform blurred the boundary between religion and secular music, and religious music became more complicated and perfect.

Develop towards secularization.

3. During the Renaissance, vocal polyphony entered the golden age. Under the impetus of Palestrina and Laxas,

Pure vocal music reached its peak.

4. The theme of instrumental music with independent significance appeared.

Secular music has developed, and many new themes such as pastoral have appeared.

V. "Two Conventions"

It's Monteverdi's idea. In the fifth volume of Pastoral Collection of 1605, he talked about the polyphonic tradition of the Renaissance, that is, "archaism", which can be called "the first convention", while his new composition technique is "the second convention". He emphasized that "harmony (polyphonic music) is the master of lyrics" when composers use the "first convention", that is, the form.

The meaning of "the first convention" and "the second convention"

The tradition of polyphony in the Renaissance, that is, "the first set of ways", put form first and content second. Monteverdi's own new composition technique is "the second convention": content first, form second.

Sixth, the origin of traditional Chinese opera.

1, the earliest tragedy can be traced back to ancient Greece.

2. Medieval religious dramas and mystery dramas. Miracle drama and pastoral drama laid the foundation for the emergence of opera.

3. Pastoral opera in Renaissance also indicates the birth of opera.

4. The most direct origin of opera is the interlude drama at the end of 15.

5. Opera was finally produced in Florence, Italy at the end of 16.

Seven, oratorios and oratorios and their differences.

Oratorio: Also known as "divine drama", it is a large-scale vocal suite with dramatic and epic contents, including chorus, duet, aria and overture. It only sings and does not perform, with the Bible as its main content.

Oratorio: including recitation, aria, overture, etc. Small specification, simple content and emphasis on lyricism.

The difference between oratorio and oratorio;

Contact: 1, both of which are large-scale vocal divertimentos produced at the same time as opera in Baroque period.

2. Mainly vocal music, with chorus, solo, duet and orchestral accompaniment.

3. There is no makeup, scenery, action, props, dance beauty, etc.

4. It belongs to the category of melody music.

Difference: oratorios are small in scale and lyrical, and their themes can be religious or secular. Oratorio is also called God.

Drama, with its large scale and emphasis on epic, must have religious themes, and its earliest origin can be traced back to the miracle of the Middle Ages.

Drama,/kloc-After the middle of the 7th century, suffering music developed into a new oratorio.

Eight, the musical characteristics of the classical period.

1. Music entered the court from the church and gradually moved towards the public.

2. Music creation mainly adopts the form of theme music, strengthens the correspondence between harmony and melody, and establishes a functional harmony series of "subject-subordinate-genus-subject".

3. Establish the principle of musical segmentation structure, with clear theme, concise musical, beautiful music and simple balance.

4. Theme-driven development, replacing the single theme of Baroque period with the contrast between themes.

5. "basso continuo" was replaced by clear musical notation, which made the composer's experience of musical instrument timbre clearer.

6. Pursue considerable beauty and expand the range and expressive force of music.

7. Music focuses on new instrumental themes-symphonies, concertos, sonatas and quartets.

Nine, Gluck's Opera Reform

1, Gluck's position in the history of music was established by his reform of Italian opera.

2. Requiring music to obey poetry is the principle of Gluck's opera creation.

3. Gluck's opera is simple, natural and touching.

4. Gluck used the recitative tune accompanied by a band to replace the "Qing recitative tune" commonly used in traditional Chinese opera.

5. Gluck's band absorbed the achievements of orchestral music in18th century, and replaced digital bass technology with clear notation of all parts of the band.

X. the difference between sonata and sonata form

"Sonata" refers to the theme of "sonata" gradually formed in18th century, which consists of different numbers of movements. The movement is tonal,

Emotion and speed are opposite, and several actions as a whole are internally related.

"Sonata form" refers to the structural form adopted by the theme of "Sonata". When the first movement is adopted, it is usually called "playing"

Allegro in Ming Dynasty, sonata form and other forms are often used in other movements.

Beethoven (German composer. Is one of the representatives of Vienna classical music school)

Representative works: 1. Symphony: Symphony No.3 Hero 2. Fortrio Opera House.

3. sonata: sonata no 14 moonlight 4. Concerto: Trio for Violin, Cello and Piano. 5. Chamber Music: 16 String Quartet 6. Vocal works: Mass in D major, vocal divertimento "Lover in the Distance"

Artistic achievements: 1. Motivation: The highly concentrated musical motivation will be developed, while maintaining a comprehensive and rigorous unity, and the development department will be expanded, making it the focus of internal contradictions, motivation publicity and dramatic conflicts in the work. From the third symphony, scherzo was introduced into the third movement of the symphony, the ninth symphony.

2. In piano sonatas: His 32 piano sonatas have made great contributions to the structure of sonatas.

3. Creative style: musical expression; The spiritual essence of the times, the works show from struggle to victory, from darkness to light; His rules inherited Haydn's motivation development method, absorbed the deep affection of Mozart's melody, and formed the characteristics of simplicity, roughness, simplicity and enthusiasm.

4. The dynamics caused by syncopation and rest, the disharmony of harmony and the instability of mode.

Twelve, the characteristics of Naples opera (also the characteristics of opera)

1. Towards the direction of orthodox opera: it is the last city to develop, and was stereotyped as "orthodox opera" in18th century.

2. Representative figures and works: scarlatti's Teodora.

3. Features: (1) Content: Based on ancient myths and historical legends, the content is serious, as opposed to comedy.

(2) In terms of structural form, the original five-act opera has changed into a compact three-act structure, which is often interspersed between acts.

Comedy, sexual inter-act drama, begins with a unique overture, and recitation and anti-start aria alternate, which is rarely used.

With duets and chorus, there is no need to dance.

(3) There are two different ways of reciting. One is dry recitation, which is used for long dialogues or monologues and only for solo parts.

Accompanied by basso continuo, and the second is a recitative with accompaniment. He is good at expressing complex emotions and is also full of drama.

Used in tense scenes, solos are accompanied by bands,

(4) Anti-beginning aria: This aria is in ABA three-part form, and composers usually don't write the reproduced paragraph A..

Out, but only at the end of paragraph B, marked ala eapo, meaning to repeat from the beginning, pretending to be "anti-beginning", at the end.

Tail marks are normal.

Thirteen. Scarlatti's Contribution to Opera

1 and * * wrote 1 15 operas, which are the founders of modern opera.

2. Griesel Da, Pyrrhus and Demetrius, and The Fall of the Ten are the most famous masterpieces.

3. Artistic achievements: (1) is the founder of Naples Music School; (2) Initiated anti-beginning aria, dry recitation and accompanied recitation; (3) Established the trilogy prelude of "Fast-Slow-Fast" of Naples Opera, which became a symphony prelude; (4) Created a typical orchestral arrangement in the late Baroque: four strings and oboe.