What kind of people are called "Shi"?

Shi is the most basic aristocrat in feudal society, and the highest level of the people. It was a specific social class with a certain status in ancient Chinese society, which later evolved into a general term for intellectuals. Originally it may refer to the warriors who were in the same clan as the clan tribal leaders and prominent nobles at the end of primitive society, and who became part of the ruling class after entering class society. In ancient times, only the sons and daughters of nobles above the rank of sergeant had cultural knowledge, so sergeant also became the name of people with certain knowledge and skills. During the Spring and Autumn Period, the role of the foot soldier increased as a result of the endless wars between countries, and the role of the chariot and warrior decreased, and the status of the sergeant rose or declined. In order to expand their influence and consolidate their position, some ministers and dukes tried to recruit soldiers to make their presence felt, and many soldiers joined them. There are also part of the Shi to solve the economic difficulties to do funerals for people, as a tribute, or business and industry; there are also engaged in private lectures, teaching cultural knowledge, and from then on in the history of China appeared a group of specializing in cultural activities of the cab. They traveled to various countries, active thinking, for the ancient Chinese academic field of the emergence of a hundred schools of thought, to promote the development of culture and science has made a great contribution. During the Warring States period, the wars of rivalry and annexation were even more intense, so the lobbyists of the Qin and Chu dynasties came into being. They traveled between countries and acted as lobbyists, and the Zongheng and Hengjia were their representatives. At this time, the feudal lords of various countries also had a prevalent culture of keeping soldiers. During the Qin and Han Dynasties, the connotation of scholar underwent further changes. Shishi, known as Shidafu, can refer to the generals in the army, but also often in the central government and the state and county officials serving in the general term; known as the scholar, generally refers to a high degree of feudal cultural literacy, engaged in spiritual and cultural activities of the intellectuals. Han Dynasty, the scholar special emphasis on the name (i.e., personality reputation, style and temperament and learning talent), once a famous scholar, merit and official position will come one after another, so the scholar or focus on the right mind, cultivate oneself, family, governance, peace, abiding by the feudal norms and teachings; or flamboyance and travel, wide range of cronies, bragging about each other, in order to make a name for themselves. In the late Eastern Han Dynasty, among the scholars, the style of the character characterization of the Qing Dynasty is extremely prevalent. This character characterization belongs to the civil range. During the Wei and Jin dynasties, the establishment of the system of the nine products, the right to assess the scholars returned to the government. Anyone who is assessed by the Zhongzheng, according to their moral behavior and talent, the family valve read and give different grades (township), and then awarded various official positions. Those who had not been assessed by the Zhongzheng were not allowed to serve as officials. Thus, the scholars took on the meaning of a specific class. The opposition between the scholar and the common people gradually emerged. All officials above the ninth rank and those who had received the rank of Zhongzheng were regarded as scholars, otherwise they were regarded as commoners. Among the scholars, there appeared families who were able to be appointed to Qingxian by virtue of the official titles of their fathers and grandfathers, and who had been officials for many generations, which was called the Shi Clan. The Shi clan reached its peak in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, and declined in the Northern and Southern Dynasties. After the Sui and Tang dynasties, the Shi clan gradually withdrew from the stage of history, but the concept of Shi as a specific class is still retained. After the Song Dynasty, the term "shi" (士) or "scholar" (士人) gradually became a general term for people who studied in general, and no longer referred to officials in particular.

Jing Ke assassinated the King of Qin The story of Wang Jian, a general of Qin, who broke through the state of Zhao, captured the king of Zhao, occupied all of Zhao's territory, and marched northward to encroach on the land, arriving at the southern border of the state of Yan.

The crown prince of Yan was very afraid, so he begged Jing Ke, saying, "The Qin army will soon cross the Yishui River, so although I want to serve you for a long time, how can I do it?" Jing Ke said, "Even if the crown prince does not say so, I will still ask for action, but if I go now without any credentials, then I cannot get close to the king of Qin. The king of Qin has offered a thousand pounds of gold and a fief of ten thousand families as a reward for General Fan's head. If I can really obtain General Fan's head and a map of the area around Dugang in Yan and present it to the King of Qin, the King of Qin will surely be pleased to summon me, and I will have a way to repay the Crown Prince." The Crown Prince said, "General Fan has come to me because he is desperate and in a difficult situation, I can't bear to hurt the heart of a man of virtue due to my own personal vendetta, I hope you will consider your countermeasures separately!"

Jing Ke knew that the crown prince was intolerant, so he met with Fan Yuqi in private and said, "The state of Qin's treatment of the general can be said to be vicious to the core. My father, my mother, and those of my own clan were all killed or forfeited to the government as slaves. Now I hear that a thousand pounds of gold and a fief of ten thousand families are offered as a reward for the general's head; what will you do?" General Fan threw his face to the sky, sighed long and hard, and said with tears in his eyes, "Whenever I think of this, I often hate it to the marrow of my bones, but I just can't think of any plan!" Jing Ke said, "Now how about a suggestion that can be used to relieve Yan's worries and avenge the general's deep hatred?" Fan Yuzhi then came forward and asked, "What should I do?" Jing Ke said, "I hope to get General Fan's head to offer it to the state of Qin, and the king of Qin will be pleased and friendly to receive me. I will seize his sleeve with my left hand and stab him in the chest with my right. In this way, the general's revenge will be avenged, and the disgrace of Yan's being bullied will be removed. Does the general have this in mind?" Fan Yuzhi took off one sleeve to show one arm, and holding his right wrist in his left hand, he took a step nearer and said, "This is the thing for which I have gnashed my teeth and struck my breast day and night, and which I hate so much, and which I have only got your instruction today!" And so he wiped his own neck.

When the prince heard of this, he ran in his carriage and cried over Fan Yuzhi's body in great sorrow. There was no way to undo what had happened, so he packed up and laid Fan Yuqi's head in peace, and sealed it in a box.

So the prince sought in advance for a sharp dagger in the world, and got the dagger of Mrs. Xu of the State of Zhao, bought it with a hundred gold, and asked the craftsman to quench it with poisonous water. He experimented with people, and blood stained his clothes. There was not a single person who did not die immediately. So he organized his traveling clothes and sent Jing Ke on his way. There was a warrior in Yan, Qin Wuyang, who had killed a man when he was twelve years old, and the people dared not look him in the eye, so they asked him to be their assistant.

Jing Ke waited for a man and wanted to go with him. The man lived far away and did not come, so he stopped and waited for him. When he did not move after a while, the crown prince, suspecting that Jing Ke was late and that he had changed his mind and regretted it, pleaded with him again, saying, "The days are numbered, have you no intention of moving? Please allow me to dispatch Qin Wuyang first!" Fuming with rage, Jing Ke rebuked the Crown Prince, saying, "He who goes today and fails to return properly to resume his duties is a useless brat! Now bare a dagger into the unforeseen and rapacious Qin, and I stayed because I waited for my guest so that I could go with him. Now that the Prince resents my late departure, allow me to bid farewell!" And so departed.

The crown prince and those of his guests who knew of it wore white garments and white hats to see him off. When they reached Yishui, they sacrificed to the road god and were about to go on their way. Gao Jianli was playing the building, and Jing Ke sang to the beat, making a variable sound, and all the guests cried with tears in their eyes and little voices. Jing Ke went up again and sang, "The winds are soughing and the water is bone-chillingly cold, and this departure of the brave man will never be returned!" And then made a sad and impassioned feather sound. All the guests are wide-eyed, hair are up top of the hat. Then Jing Ke got into his car and left, never looking back.

After arriving at Qin, he took a gift worth a thousand pieces of gold and gave it generously to Meng Jia, the middle son of the king's favorite minister. Mengjia spoke to the king of Qin on his behalf, saying, "The king of Yan is indeed so afraid of the king's power that he dares not send out his troops to resist, and is willing to be a subject of the state of Qin for the whole country, and to be ranked among the vassals (meaning: Yan is willing to honor the king of Qin as the son of heaven along with the other vassals), and to pay taxes like the counties in the state of Qin, in order to be able to keep the ancestral temples. They were too terrified to come and make the presentation themselves, and respectfully cut off Fan Yuzhi's head and offered a map of the area around Dugang of Yan, sealed it in a box, which the king of Yan sent out at the court with a great bow and sent a messenger to report to the great king. Everything is at the command of the great king." The king of Qin was very glad to hear what Mengjia said. So he put on his court dress and arranged for a grand ceremony of nine guests and received Yan's messenger at the Xianyang Palace.

Jing Ke, holding the box containing Fan Yuqi's head, and Qin Wuyang, holding the map box, entered the palace in order, and when they reached the bottom of the steps in front of the palace, Qin Wuyang's face changed and he was very afraid, and Qin's ministers wondered at this. Jing Ke smiled back at Qin Wuyang and went up to the king of Qin to thank him for him, saying, "A vulgar man from the northern barbarian region has not paid a visit to the son of heaven, so he is afraid, and I hope that your majesty will forgive him a little and allow him to fulfill his mission in the presence of your majesty." The King of Qin said to Jing Ke, "Arise, and fetch the map which Wu Yang has taken!"

Jing Ke took the map and held it out to the King of Qin, and opened it, and when the map was opened all the way, the dagger was revealed. So Jing Ke grabbed the King of Qin's sleeve with his left hand and stabbed him with the dagger in his right hand. Before he reached the King of Qin's body, the King of Qin was so horrified that he straightened himself and stood up, breaking his sleeve. The king of Qin drew his sword, which was very long, and held the scabbard. At that time, the king of Qin was afraid and anxious in his heart, and the sword was inserted very tightly, so he could not pull it out immediately. Jing Ke chased the king of Qin, who ran around the pillar. Qin's rulers and ministers were stunned; things happened suddenly and unexpectedly, and everyone lost their normality. And according to the law of Qin, the courtiers who served on the palace could not carry a bit of weapons; those court guards holding weapons were arranged at the bottom of the palace steps, and could not go up to the palace without the king's order. In times of crisis, it was too late to summon the guards at the bottom of the steps, so when Jing Ke chased the king of Qin, everyone was in a panic and had no weapons to use to kill Jing Ke, but only used their empty hands to fight together with Jing Ke.

Then the king's attendant, Xia Wou (jū), hit Jing Ke with a medicine bag he was holding. The king of Qin was still running around the pillar, and in his haste he was frightened and did not know what to do. The ministers then said, "Your Majesty, put your sword on your back! Your Majesty put the sword on your back!" The king of Qin then drew his sword and used it to attack Jing Ke, cutting off Jing Ke's left thigh. When Jing Ke fell, he raised his dagger and threw it at the king of Qin, missing and hitting a pillar. The King of Qin attacked Jing Ke again, and Jing Ke was wounded in eight places. Knowing himself that things would not work out, Jing Ke leaned against the pillar and smiled, sitting on the ground with his legs spread out like a handful of skips, and cursed, "The reason why things didn't work out is that I wanted to hijack you alive, and I must get the deed of covenant in return for the crown prince of Yan!"

The king of Qin's retainers came forward and beheaded Jing Ke. Afterward, the king of Qin was still dizzy for a long time.

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