Meaning of science

The most authoritative estimate is now:

"Science" noun evolution and meaning

According to Shuo Wen Jie Zi, Ke, Huiyi word: "from the harvest from the bucket, the bucket of the measurements"; therefore, the word "science" is to take the meaning of "the study of measurement" for the name. The word "science" is to take the meaning of "measurement of learning" for the name. Chinese traditionally all the knowledge collectively referred to as "learning", the ancient will be on the reason of natural objects known as "physical" [1], so the ancient physics that is the natural sciences, mathematical disciplines are independent of the "physical". ". The word "science" was first used by the modern Japanese academia, corresponding to the science in English and other European languages in the corresponding words, European languages in the word from the Latin scientia, meaning "knowledge", In European languages, the word comes from the Latin word scientia, meaning "knowledge" and "learning", and in modern times it focuses on learning about nature, while in China since the Ming Dynasty it has been called gezhi (格致), i.e., study of material things to achieve knowledge, to denote the learning obtained by studying the things of nature. Until the Sino-Japanese War, many scientific books published before the Sino-Japanese War were named "Gezhi" or "Gebi". After the Sino-Japanese War, China set off a study of modern Western science and technology climax, the end of the Qing Dynasty, mainly through the modernization of the road ahead of Japan to learn modern science and technology. Many people believe that the first Chinese scholar to use the word "science" was probably Kang Youwei. In his publication "Japanese Bibliography", he listed books such as "Introduction to Science" and "Principles of Science". During the period of the Xinhai Revolution, the frequency of using the word "science" by Chinese people gradually increased, and the two words "science" and "gezhi" coexisted. In the Republic of China, the word "science" replaced "gezhi" only through the scientific dissemination activities of the Chinese Science Society.

From the point of view of accuracy, verifiability and universally recognized, the term science refers to natural science. In a broader sense, science encompasses technology and sociology. In China, science is generally categorized in textbooks as natural science (or science) and social science (or liberal arts). Concepts such as psychology and philosophy (which are distinct from science) are considered to be indistinct and blurred with natural and social sciences in China. As a result, the term "science" is often used vaguely. The engineering disciplines are called engineering, science and engineering are synthesized into polytechnics, and the arts and sciences are combined into the arts and sciences.

According to the Modern Chinese Dictionary (Dictionary Editorial Office, Institute of Languages, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, 1978), science is interpreted as:

A system of knowledge in separate disciplines reflecting the objective laws of nature, society, and thought.

In keeping with science (spirit, method, etc.).

One conception of the understanding of science is that doctrines that are factual or experimentally verified as correct are called science, and that erroneous doctrines are not scientific. Another conception is that all learning is science, in the field of verifiable learning and science, there are correct and incorrect scientific views, in the process of the development of human understanding will continue to examine and determine which are correct and which are incorrect in the existing and new scientific views and doctrines, and, with the broadening and deepening of human understanding, the scientific doctrines that are built on the basis of the limitations of our understanding today are recognized as correct. some of the scientific doctrines that are recognized as correct may in the future be verified as incorrect or having elements of incorrectness.

Definition of science and related terms

Definition of science: a summary of the pattern of change of matter under certain conditions. Characteristics of science: repeatable verification, falsifiable, no contradiction in itself.

Science is short for popularization of science. The process of telling one's own arguments and conclusions and letting the reader verify for himself that this conclusion is a repeatable law (science) is called popularization of science.

Superstition is a form of communication that does not expect the listener to verify, but only to accept the narrated ideas. Acceptance without validation is also superstition.

Definition of Enlightenment: When some people, especially children, who are unaware of new theories, do not have the ability to verify scientific knowledge, they can only be simply made to memorize the results and apply the scientific knowledge, and this kind of educational method, which ignores the process of proof, is called Enlightenment. Enlightenment commonly used method of reasoning is to use some of the similar common sense known to the enlightened, to explain the reasoning, rather than tell the scientific proof process. And we know that due to different conditions, similar reasoning, and the actual may be different, so enlightenment, can not be applied to the scientific theory of the argument. Superstition is not necessarily wrong, everyone is not all-knowledgeable and is more or less superstitious about authorities and experts, and believes without empirical proof. So superstition is not scary. But if you can't distinguish between science and superstition, you may not be able to distinguish between science and pseudoscience.

Philosophy is man's thinking and knowledge of the world, and is therefore divided into subjective and objective; while science is repeatable objective laws, and therefore philosophy includes science. The subjective approach to understanding the world has been abandoned by most people because they usually just look at things from their personal perspective, and if others do not know the perspective of the expositor, they may not always get a unanimous conclusion, whereas the expositor becomes a science if he or she takes into account the perspective of the exposition and switches to an objective exposition.

Definition of objective: not looking at matters from the point of view of a particular person, that is, the attributes of the matter itself, not subject to human will.

Fields of science

Natural sciences

Space science (space science)

Archaeoastronomy

Astrobiology

Space chemistry

Aerospace dynamics

Astrometry

Astronomy

Astrophysics

Solar system Chemistry

Astronomy of galaxies

Galactic astronomy

Physical cosmology

Astrogeology

Planetology

Solar astronomy

Astronomy

[edit] Earth sciences

Biogeography

Cartography

Climatology

Coastal geography

Geodesy

Geography

Geology

Geomorphology

Geostatistics

Geophysics

Glimatology

Hydrology

Hydrogeology

Mineralogy

Meteorology

Oceanography

Paleoclimatology

Paleontology

Petrology

Lake and Marsh Science

Seismology

Land Science

Surveying and Mining

Volcanology

[edit] Environmental science

Environmental science

Environmental chemistry

Environmental geosciences

Environmental land sciences

[edit] Life sciences

Anatomy

Space biology

Biochemistry

Bioinformatics

Biology

Biophysics

Bioengineering

Botany

Cell biology

Parental branching taxonomy

Cytology

Developmental biology

Ecology

Embryology

Entomology

Epidemiology

Animal behavior

Evolution (Evolutionary biology)

Evolutionary developmental biology

Eugenics

Genetics (Population Genetics, Genomics, Proteomics)

Histology

Immunology

Marine Biology

Microbiology

Molecular Biology

Morphology

Neuroscience

Individual genesis

Algae

Genetic phylogeny

Somatic anthropology

Physical therapy

Physiology

Population dynamics

Structural biology

Biological taxonomy

Toxicology

Virology

Animal biology

[edit] Chemistry

Analytical chemistry

Chromatography

Spectroscopy

Biochemistry

Molecular biology

Environmental chemistry

Geochemistry

Inorganic chemistry

Materials science

Nanotechnology

Drug chemistry <

Nuclear Chemistry

Organic Chemistry

Organometallic Chemistry

Pharmacology

Pharmaceutics

Physical Chemistry

Electrochemistry

Quantum Chemistry

High Polymer Chemistry

Supramolecular Chemistry

Theoretical Chemistry

Computational Chemistry

Stereochemistry

Thermochemistry

[edit] Physics

Acoustics

Soil Physics

Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics

Biophysics

Computational Physics

Coalescent Physics

Low Temperature Physics

< p>Dynamics

Fluid Dynamics

Geophysics

Materials Science

Mathematical Physics

Mechanics

Atomic Nuclear Physics

Optics

Particle Physics (or High Energy Physics)

Plasma Physics

Polymolecular Physics

Thermodynamics

Statics

Solid State Physics

Vehicle Dynamics

[edit] Social sciences

[edit] Anthropology

Applied anthropology

Anthropology of religion

Archaeology

Cultural anthropology

Ethnobiology <

Ethnography

Ethnography

Ethnopoetics

Human development

Human sexuality

Experimental archaeology

Archaeology of history

Human linguistics

Human medicine

Human physics

Human psychology

Zooarchaeology

[edit] Economics

Aggregate economics

Microeconomics

Behavioral economics

Life economics

Development economics

Econometrics

Economic geography

Economic history

Economic sociology

Energy Economics

Entrepreneurial Economics

Environmental Economics

Economics of Advocating Gender Equality

Financial Economics

Greening Economics

Theory of Industrial Organization

International Economics

Institutional Economics

Economics of Islam

Labor Economics

Law and Economics

Managerial Economics

Mathematical Economics

Monetary Economics

Physical Economics

Public **** Finance

Public **** Economics

Platform Economics

Real Estate Economics

Resource Economics

Socialist Economics

Welfare Economics

Computational Economics

Econometrics

Evolutionary Economics

Experimental Economics

Social Psychology

Neuronal Economics

Political Economy

Economic Sociology

Transportation economics

[edit] Psychology

Behavior analysis

Biological psychology

Cognitive psychology

Clinical psychology

Cultural psychology

Developmental psychology

Educational psychology

Experimental psychology

Courtroom psychology

Health Psychology

Humanistic Psychology

Business and Organizational Psychology

Neuropsychology

Personality Psychology

Measurement

Psychology of Religion

Psychophysics

Material Psychology

Perception

Social psychology

[edit] Geography

[edit] Linguistics

Historical linguistics

Construction

Phonology

Phonology

Phonology

Semantics

Semiotics

Pragmatics

Etymology

[edit] Political science<

[edit] Sociology

Criminology

Demography

[edit] Applied sciences

[edit] Cognitive science

Cognitive neuroscience

Cognitive psychology

Neuroscience

Psycholinguistics

[edit] Computer science

Theory of computation

Theory of automata (formal grammars)

Theory of computability

Theory of computational complexity

Theory of coauthorship

Algorithms

Randomized algorithms

Decentralized algorithms

Parallel algorithms

Informational structure

Ultra-large scale integrated circuit design

Operating Systems

Computer Networks

Information Theory

Internet, World Wide Web

Wireless Networks (Mobile Networks)

Computer Defense and Performance

Cryptography

Error Tolerant Algorithms

Decentralized Algorithm

Decentralized Algorithm

Distributed Algorithm

Distributed Algorithm

Decentralized Computing

Grid Computing

Parallel Computing

High-Performance Algorithms

Quantum Computers

Computer Graphics

Image Processing

Scientific Imaging

Computational Geometry

Software Engineering

Formal Procedures (Formal Validation)

Formalization (Verification)

Software Engineering

Formalization and Verification

Formalization verification)

Programming languages

Programming paradigms

Object-oriented programming

Functional programming

Formal semantics

Typology

Compilers

Synchronous programming languages

Informatics

Data bases

Associative bases

Distributed databases

Object databases

Multimedia, hypermedia

Data mining

Information retrieval

Artificial intelligence

Cognitive science

Automated reasoning

Machine learning

Artificial neural nets

Natural language processing (computational linguistics) Processing (Computational Linguistics)

Computer Vision

Expert Systems

Machine Robotics

Human-Computer Interaction

Using Computers in Mathematics, Natural Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine

Numerical Analysis

Symbolic Computing

Digital Computer Theory

Mathematical Computer Science

Economic Computing

Social Computing

Financial Engineering

Digital Humanities

Information Systems

Information Technology

Information Management Systems

Medical Informatics

Computers and Society

History of the Use of Computers

Humanitarian informatics

Public informatics

[edit] Engineering

Aeronautical engineering

Aerospace engineering

Agricultural engineering

Agricultural sciences

Biomedical engineering

Chemical engineering

Civil engineering

Computer engineering

Control Engineering

Electrical Engineering

Language Engineering

Ocean Engineering

Mechanical Engineering

Manufacturing Engineering

Mining Engineering

Nuclear Engineering

Software Engineering

Transportation Engineering

[edit] Health Sciences

Environmental Medicine

Dentistry

Epidemiology

Medicine

Veterinary medicine

Physical therapy

[edit] Medicine

Internal medicine

Surgery

Gynecology

Pediatrics

Psychiatry

Neurology

Dermatology

Ophthalmology

Otorhinolaryngology

Diagnostic Imaging

Anesthesiology

Rehabilitation Science

Preventive Medicine

Anatomy

Physiology

Pathology

Pathophysiology

Immunology

Pharmacology

Toxicology