In which direction should I write my thesis on classical bookbinding?

You can write from the historical point of view, cultural point of view, write about the domestic and foreign, and the development process of bookbinding between different nationalities.

I. Understanding and Design Ideas of Classical Literature Bookbinding

The design of classical literature bookbinding requires the understanding and refinement of the content of the books being bound. China's classical books in the line of books, although it seems relatively simple and random, but from the overall study, not randomly, but after careful consideration, well-designed, from the color assignment, the application of materials, are embedded in a deep cultural heritage. Modern binding design, because of new technologies, the use of new materials, not inevitably achieve this effect. So, how can we achieve this flavor of classical books binding design? Blanket pursuit of classical, will make the whole design lack of modern aesthetic interest; Blanket pursuit of modern, and will make the classical literature book binding lack of classical literature "charm", will also deviate from the modern people on the classical literature works of the need for beauty of the binding. Nowadays, the design of classical literature books should fully absorb the essence of ancient and modern Chinese and foreign book binding design, so that the profound charm of Chinese classical literature, and modern aesthetic requirements of organic integration. In the overall design, not only do not lose the connotation and meaning of classical Chinese literature, but also to integrate the modern aesthetic requirements of book binding. The unification of ancient and modern binding aesthetics is a contemporary need for the binding design of classical Chinese literature books.

Books, as a mass media communication tool, have been playing its role more and more since the emergence of human civilization. Humans from the earliest carved bones, carved bamboo records, to modern printing technology, book binding, in the long-term practice has accumulated a wealth of experience and wisdom, and the formation of specialized disciplines. A country on the level of book binding, the number of varieties of books, the size of the publication and distribution, has become a measure of social progress and a symbol of development. Bookbinding has gone through a long and winding road, with the development and progress of human civilization, it is simple to complex, from simple book processing to today's artistic creation. Now, the book binding is no longer simply a page of paper binding, but the binding designer of the books of the second degree of artistic creation, is the crystallization of the ideas and wisdom of the binding artist. Bookbinding design development so far, has become a comprehensive art category, it is painting, photography, calligraphy, gold and other forms of art application, the need for designers with literature, art, philosophy, history, science and technology and other aspects of knowledge, with a high degree of literary cultivation, good aesthetic taste. The book binding design, in today's highly developed market economy, should also be given to the commercial nature of the binding design. Books are placed on the bookshelf, with the display at the same time, should also attract readers. Therefore, it has appreciation value at the same time, to stimulate readers to read the book.

Second, several forms of ancient Chinese book binding and the evolution of the process

1, rope string

China's book publishing has a long history, the book binding system, but also with the development of the book's production process and the materials used in the development of the changes and the constant evolution of the book.

It is generally believed that the earliest books in China were tortoise shells or animal bones inscribed in the Shang Dynasty, more than 3,000 years ago. At that time, in order to facilitate preservation, several pieces of oracle bone with related content were strung together with a rope, which was the form of binding for early books.

Beginning in the late Shang Dynasty, bronze inscriptions appeared, and rulers cast important documents on bronze. Especially by the Western Zhou Dynasty, inscriptions could accommodate a larger number of texts. Mao Gong Ding of the Western Zhou Dynasty, the inscription of up to 500 words, because people cast the ancient bronze inscription as one of the ancient "primitive books" form, so most book historians believe that it is also a form of ancient book binding.

2, bamboo < / p>

Bamboo is the most representative of the invention of paper before the book form. It can be based on the length of the article, arbitrarily determine the number of brief, a brief book of words a line, and finally with the upper and lower two rope strings, rolled and bundled for preservation, there are two kinds of reeds and silk braided, the examiner sewn into the bag with fabric. Bamboo brief about the origin of the late Western Zhou Dynasty, has been extended to the 4th century AD. In addition to bamboo made of bamboo, there are also wood called wood Jane. Parallel to the bamboo < / p >

also have wooden documents, made of rectangular pieces of wood, used to write short texts.

3, silk

Palm book

Palm book is slightly later than the bamboo briefs of a form of books, it is the text written on silk, the binding system is sewn into a volume after the storage of the material is expensive, mostly for the rulers to write official documents or paintings, the general use of fewer books.

4, Shi Jing (stone tablet)

Shi Jing is also a form of ancient books. The most representative is the "Hiping Shi Jing", which opened in the Eastern Han Dynasty Hiping four years (175 AD), the Confucian seven Confucian scriptures engraved on 46 stone tablets, a total of more than 200,000 words. It stood in front of the gate of the Imperial College in Luoyang for people to read, copy and correct, and its function exceeded that of a general book. Its shape is double-sided engraving, text vertical reading rows and columns neatly, the monument was U-shaped arrangement. Others, such as the sui dynasty open carving of fangshan yunju temple buddhist stone scripture, although the age of later than the "xiping stone scripture", but its influence is greater, the value is also high.

5, topography (scroll)

After the invention of paper, a form of topography. It can be a variety of stone text copied on paper, mounted into a scroll for easy preservation and reading. Later this method was used for the topography of bronze inscriptions and the topography of pottery. From the North and South Dynasties to the Sui Dynasty in the court collection, a variety of topographical pieces is an important category.

Paper was invented in the second century B.C.; from the second century A.D., paper is more used for writing; the second century A.D., the use of paper is more common, become the main material of the book carriers, paper writing book binding system has a variety of changes in the shape of the earliest writing the book extends the form of the Jane Cai and the book of Palmistry, that is, scroll binding. In the early Tang Dynasty, on the basis of scroll binding, there is a whirlwind binding, in the past, due to only see the record, did not see the physical, and thus the shape of the whirlwind binding of different. Song dynasty Zhang Bangji said this binding for "page by page flying, scroll to the end, still together as a volume"; Qing dynasty Ye Duhui called it "scale phase accumulation"; it is also believed that the first and last of the folding is connected to the cyclone binding. Later found the Tang Dynasty "Tang Rhyme" written book, is written page by page staggered on the bottom of the scroll paper, open the reading page by page, read the end of the scroll is still a shaft, its appearance and the same as the scroll, thus proving that the first two claims are correct.

6, by folding, cyclone and butterfly (the invention of printing, Liao and Jin Dynasty book binding)

The origins of the folding under the North and South Dynasties, the shape of the written pages in order to be mounted together, and then a positive and a negative continuous folding, and then mounted before and after the protective cover.

Before the invention of printing, the book binding system, generally only the above types. After the invention of printing, scroll binding, by folding still continue to use, but in the use of materials, the size of the book, decorative techniques, etc., there are still new developments. And with the development of printing technology, new forms of bookbinding also continue to appear, there have been butterfly binding, package back binding, wire binding and so on.

The invention of printing, marking the publication of books into a new period. As a result of changes in the means of production, so that books can be produced quickly and in large quantities, so that more people can have the opportunity to read; the increase in demand for books, but also contributed to the prosperity and development of the publishing and printing industry. Publishers of books on the binding of the shape of the book is more and more attention, from the selection of the open book, the size of the plate core, font and line grid, the form of the binding, the material used in the wrapper, etc., are embodied in a complete ancient art of bookbinding.

Printing was invented in the Sui and early Tang Dynasty, the earliest surviving print is engraved and printed in 704 AD around the Immaculate Purification and Light of the Great Dharani Sutra, Dunhuang found in the "Diamond Sutra". It was engraved and printed in 868 A.D., and both of them are scroll-bound. It can be seen that scroll binding for the invention of printing in the early stage of the most commonly used form of binding. The earliest general book to be printed was the Tang Rhyme, which was probably in the form of a spindle-bound binding, and was printed around the late Tang Dynasty.

From the Tang to the Five Dynasties, printing was not yet popularized, only Xi'an, Sichuan, Huainan, Bianjing, Wuyue and other places have printing records. To the Song Dynasty, the publishing and printing industry is gradually popularized, the government printing books, folk printing books, school printing books, temple printing books have developed, printing books in a wider geographical area. At the same time, Beijing also appeared in the publishing and printing industry. In the past, most of the books printed in Beijing during the Liao Dynasty were only found in the records, and very few of them have been handed down in kind. For example: Liao Tonghe fifteen years (AD 997) Yanjing monk line are compiled by the "Longkan hand mirror", Qiantong years

between (AD 1101 ~ 1110 years) engraved and printed medical books, "after the party", "a hundred a party", as well as the Liao dynasty engraved and printed the massive collection of Buddhist scriptures, "Qidan Tibetan" In 1974 in Shanxi Yingxian pagoda in the chest of the fourth floor of the statue of the Buddha, a number of Liao printing, most of them for Beijing, engraved and printed, which engraved and printed the date of the Buddha's death. The engraving and printing, the earliest engraving and printing is the Liao Tonghe eight years (990 AD) "Yanjing Yangshan Temple before the Yang family printing and building" of the "Tusheng Jing Shuo Ke Wen" volume, the latest for the Tianqing years (1111-1121 AD) engraved and printed the "bodhisattva precepts altar documents," a book. Other books include the Khitan Collection and 47 pieces of Liao engraved and printed scriptures, 8 pieces of Liao engraved books, and 6 pieces of engraved and printed colorful Buddha statues, which were engraved and printed between A.D. 990 and A.D. 1121. From the inscriptions of these prints, we also know a number of Liao Nanjing (now Beijing) engraving units, including "Yang family in front of Yangshan Temple in Yanjing", "Feng family in the South Cheek of Xianzhongfang in Tanzhou Street in Yanjing", "Fuhui family in Dawu Tian Temple The family of Cheng downstairs in Dawutian Temple", "Yanjing Yizhong Temple", "Yanjing Shengshou Temple", etc. It can be seen that the family in Beijing during the Liao Dynasty was very close to the Yang family. This can be seen, the printing industry in Beijing during the Liao Dynasty has been very prosperous.

The earliest books engraved and printed in the Northern Song Dynasty for the Kaibao five years (AD 972) of the "Shangshu" and the "Classic Interpretation of the text", "Kaibao Tibetan" was engraved and printed in the Kaibao four wu "AD 971" to the Taiping Xingguo eight years (AD 983). The earliest books engraved and printed in Beijing were only 18 years later than the Northern Song Dynasty, which shows that the history of publishing and printing in Beijing is also very long.

From these Liao Dynasty Beijing printing, most of the scroll binding, but also butterfly binding and folding binding. Some books were also dyed and decorated to prevent insects. Among them, "qidan collection" is the most representative of the liao dynasty Beijing prints, paper and ink, engraving, binding are very exquisite. The capital of each volume has drawings, representing the fine tradition of China's ancient books emphasizing illustrations. Existing books from the Liao dynasty engraving and printing, framing level, Beijing's history of book publishing and printing, it seems that should be moved forward.

In Yingxian wooden pagoda, also found a few pieces of engraved printing with colorful Buddha, it is the use of engraved method of printing the outline of the lines, and then hand-painted into color. This is the earliest printing and coloring found on the wall charts.

A.D. ll27 years, Jin destroyed Liao, set Yanjing (now Beijing) for the central capital, which became the northern political and cultural center. Hailing King Zhenyuanyuan year (1153 AD), the Jin government set up the Secretary Supervisor and the State Prison, specializing in the collection of books, publishing, printing. After the occupation of Bianjing by the Jin army, a large number of books and printing plates were transported to Beijing, and a number of engraving plates, printing and binding craftsmen in Bianjing also came to Beijing, so that the engraving and printing and binding force in Beijing was further expanded, and due to the importance of the Jin government, the varieties of the books published in Beijing were much more than those of the Liao Dynasty. According to statistics, the books published and printed in Beijing during the Jin Dynasty were scriptures, histories and collections. Medicine, Taoist and Buddhist collections, totaling more than 200 kinds.

Book binding form in Beijing during the Jin Dynasty, about the same as the Southern Song Dynasty, Beijing's printed materials in the scroll binding has been rarely used, the Buddhist and Taoist collections of more than one scripture folding binding, general books more butterfly binding.

Butterfly binding is a new form of book binding after the invention of printing. It has been deduced that the five generations of Feng Dao organization printing Confucian classics, the use of the butterfly, but no physical legacy, it is difficult to determine. The early years of the Northern Song Dynasty, the printed scriptures, historical writings, all with butterfly binding, and soon passed throughout the country. From the beginning of the Liao Dynasty, Beijing also used the butterfly binding, the process is generally comparable with the Central Plains. Butterfly application, is a major reform of the book binding system. Is a book from the scroll, by folding to the transformation of the booklet, thus determining the basic binding system has been extended to the present book.

7, backpack (Yuan Dynasty, Ming Dynasty book binding)

1264 AD, Yuan Shizuizu Kublai moved to Yanjing, renamed Metropolis, and since then nearly a hundred years, Beijing has become the center of the country's political and cultural. The Yuan Dynasty had outstanding achievements in publishing and printing, for example, the variety of printed books exceeded that of the previous generation; the first and application of wooden movable type, the two-color overprinting of books in vermilion and ink, as well as the implementation and wide application of backpacks, etc. The Yuan Dynasty was the first time that a book was printed in Beijing.

Yuan government attaches great importance to the collection, publication and printing of books, the editorial institute, the secretary of the supervisor, the book is mainly engaged in the publication, printing and collection of books, Xingwen Department, Arts and Culture Supervision, Guangcheng Bureau, the State Council and other institutions, but also engaged in the publication and printing of books. The government also set up a special calendar printing institutions, annual publication and printing of the calendar, small calendar, back to the calendar of three, the print volume of more than 3 million books. Because of the government's advocacy, the capital's private printing industry is also very prosperous, they are mostly printed for the opera, drama, poetry and other books.

Books published in Beijing during the Yuan Dynasty were bound in the form of butterfly bindings and sutra folding bindings, and butterfly bindings were mostly used for general books, such as the government's scriptures and history books. Scripture folding is mostly used for Buddhist scriptures. In terms of font is mostly used Zhao style, folk appear in the book, the use of more simplified characters.

Yuan butterfly books, appeared in a larger, smaller edition of the core of the book binding form, which is rare in previous generations. Such as the Yuan Dade years of engraving and printing of the book "Mengxi Bianan", the open book for the height of 416 millimeters, 280 millimeters wide, while the size of the whole plate core is only 152 millimeters high, 200 millimeters wide, the layout of the four sides left a large blank. Between the two blank sides pad a white paper, and with the two white sides glued together, to overcome the factory general butterfly binding in the reading need to turn over a blank page shortcomings. Cover with stiff paper framed with fabric. This form of binding in ancient times is rare.

Yuan dynasty began in the middle of the book more than packet back binding. Color back binding process is characterized by: this page Qi seam text folded outward, with the page, hit the flush, staple in the blank side of the book page, with paper twists through the staple and tie the flat, staple outside the cut, the back of the book brush glue, pasted on the back cover, cut up and down the mouth of the book. General books with thick paper for wrappers, court books, the paper framed with yellow damask. Printed in Beijing in the Yuan Dynasty, "Secretary Supervisor Zhi" book, recorded table back craftsman Jiao Qingan batter material recipe: yellow wax, gelatin, alum, hyacinth, quinoa basket, saponin, thatched incense one money, patchouli half a penny, white five money, half a kilogram of hard wood, charcoal, two two. This recipe, including adhesives, preservatives and aromatics three major parts, visible at that time the book binding material is very scientific, it can make the book long preservation.

Bag back binding has many advantages over the butterfly binding, one is easy to read, the second is the book is more durable. It is also an important stage in the form of book binding, it is closer to the form of book binding today.

Ming Dynasty is China's ancient publishing and printing industry is the most brilliant era, and only in the Ming Dynasty, Beijing has really become the center of the national publishing and printing.

Ming Dynasty, the central government of many institutions, are engaged in publishing and printing activities, and printing the content of the book according to its functions have their focus, Beijing, the main printing of the State Council for educational books (such as the history of the book), Qin Tianjian to print calendars, the Ministry of Rites in charge of the printing of local governments, in addition to such as the Censor Yuan, the Imperial College of Hospitals, the History Bureau, the Ministry of War, Ministry of Public Works, the Shuntianfu and other institutions, have been engaged in the printing of the book activities. Some departments also have a printing office.

Ming Dynasty in Beijing set up by the Secretary of the scripture factory, is a history of the largest printing house, its total number of 120O people. Among them, there are more than 700 craftsmen engaged in book binding. Ming Dynasty Beijing's folk printing industry is also very prosperous, distributed in the capital has more than a dozen printing workshops.

Book binding in Beijing during the Ming Dynasty, is a collection of successive generations. Books of the open book size, open book ratio form a variety of forms of book binding through the ages, are used, while the process is more elaborate.

Books printed in Beijing during the Ming Dynasty, the binding system, the most representative of the scripture factory. It is printed by the history of books, the layout of rows of sparse, regular script font, large black mouth, double fishtail, note with two lines of small letters, more back binding. Bibliophiles say "supervise the book of the world first". Printed by the factory "datong calendar", there are two forms of binding, one is package back binding, one is the folding binding, printing ink and blue printing two kinds of printing. Where the factory printed by a variety of books, cover materials have several different grades, with yellow damask paper wrapped skin, more for the use of the court; to plain damask silk wrapped skin, more for the use of officials; to thick paper wrapped skin, can be used by general officials or sold to the people. Printed and mounted by the factory, "the great collection of scriptures" (northern collection), for the scripture folding, about one foot in length, the cover with hard paper framed with yellow damask and various colors damask, its decoration is very elaborate. Beijing in the Ming dynasty, the giant post writing this book "Yongle Canon", ***11095 books, book height one foot seven inches, one foot wide, for the generations of the largest open book, but also close to the golden ratio. The book for the package back binding, cover framed with yellow damask, is the most spectacular book binding of all times.

Wire binding is a new type of book binding system emerged in the Ming Dynasty, is also the most perfect form of book binding in ancient China. Wire binding book processing process for: folding, matching pages, bumping, stapling paper twists, with

cover, three sides of the cutting, eyeleting, threading, wrapping the corner of the book, and so on. Ming Dynasty wire binding book covers, most of the paper, choose thicker paper, or several layers of paper rolled and pasted into. The more elaborate book cover, the thick paper roll

to cloth, damask, brocade, silk and other fabrics, the corner of the book is in the book of the upper and lower corners of the book cut edges pasted to the fine silk, in order to make it beautiful and sturdy. Some books also have a book root, that is, in the book under the incision by the staple written on the name of the book

and volume, in order to facilitate the reading of the search. Thread binding eye is to thread, with the book size and design requirements, there are four eyes, six eyes, eight eyes, etc.. Staple line with white silk thread through the double channel, the book to pressure

solid, the line should be pulled tight. The Ming dynasty Sun from Tim in the "collection of books," said: "Staple line with water white silk line double eyes stapled knot, to booking firmly seized deep, can not take off and tight, so booking is good also."

8, wire-bound books (Ming and Qing dynasties of book binding)

Wire-bound book cover text called the book paper, only the name of the book and volume, printed or written on a long strip of paper, affixed to the upper left corner of the cover. The title page contains more detailed content, with the title of the book, the name of the publisher and printer, the date of publication and so on. More detailed information on the publication, more printed in the back of the book. Some government-published books, but also in the first page of the book or the cover with a seal. The most representative is printed by the factory of the Daitong Calendar, not only stamped with the official seal of the government, and government notices, affirming that not privately reprinted.

Book binding in Beijing during the Ming Dynasty also includes a letter cover, so that a book of the various books packaged as a whole. Letter set with thick cardboard framed with blue cloth (also used damask brocade), with the size of the book, the thickness of the system. The form of the letter set has two kinds. One is wrapped on all sides, revealing the upper and lower mouth of the book, called the half package; another is the six sides of the book all wrapped, called the full package. In addition to the thick paper and cloth cover, there are plywood and wooden box two kinds of packaging, plywood is with two pieces of the same size as the book board, clamped on the top and bottom of the book, and then tied with a cloth. Wooden box is according to the size of a book, made of wooden box, the book will be loaded.

Beijing in the Ming Dynasty version, there is a book page lined with paper in the form of binding, which is mostly used for thinner paper, there is a kind of ribbed paper, as thin as a cicada, through the print is serious, lined with paper not only to overcome the phenomenon of through the print, but also increase the strength of the book page.

Because of the development of engraving and printing technology, the art of book binding provides good conditions, including layout art, font art, illustration art and text of multi-color printing. Before the Ming printing font, more choice of Yan, Ou, Zhao and other famous calligraphy. Since the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, the book with the word a change in the traditional style, changed to use horizontal and vertical, horizontal and vertical light heavy craftsman font, which is now commonly used in the book of Song characters. The Song font sprang up in the Song Dynasty, but it was not yet mature enough to be popularized. Chenghua years, the State Council, the version of the factory, began to use Song characters, which soon spread throughout the country, the style of the font also has a bold, bold and fine several kinds of style. The wide application of such printing-specific fonts marked a new development in the art of ancient book layout. China's ancient book illustration art, has a fine tradition. In the Tang Dynasty, the printing of Buddhist scriptures was equipped with the first picture of the volume, and there were more books with illustrations in the Song Dynasty. To the Ming Dynasty, the book illustration art reached a very high level, in the folk engraving and printing of the opera, the book, the use of more beautifully engraved illustrations; official publication of science and technology books, medical books, books, also used a greater number of illustrations, especially the court use of enlightened reading materials, appeared in a short version of the color printing of the illustrations.

Out of the great increase in the production of books, so that the lower and middle classes of society also have the opportunity to read, from the book binding form, also divided into different grades. That is, the factory book, also divided into different grades of binding, both for the use of the upper class luxury book, but also for the use of the lower and middle classes of the ordinary book. Folk workshop printing, mainly for the general public needs, from engraving and printing to binding, also strive to simple and practical, low cost, in the open book, both larger open book, also have small and medium-sized open book. The Ming dynasty Sun from Tim in the "collection of books," said: "the book binding is not in the beautiful ornamental view, but to protect the book has a way, the style of ancient elegance, appropriate thickness, delicate and upright, the first. This represents the general requirements of the Ming people on the book binding.

A.D. 1644, the Qing government in Beijing, where the capital is still the country's political and cultural center. The Qing government attaches great importance to the publication and printing of books, and the establishment of institutions specializing in book publishing and printing - Wuying Hall.

Kangxi years, focusing on a group of intellectuals, compiled the "Ancient and Modern Book Integration", and the manufacture of copper movable type 250,000, printing this large series of books. Qianlong years, the Palace of Wuying in the presidency of the Golden Jane, and carved the size of jujube wood movable type of a pair of *** counting 253,500, the Qianlong Emperor personally will be the movable type version of the name of the "Juzhen version". In addition to this set of wooden movable type typesetting and printing of the "Wuying Hall Ju Zhen Edition Series", but also printed a number of other books. In addition to the Qing government to use the living version of the book, but also with the engraved version of the printing of more books, to the "cultivation and weaving", "South Tour" and other highest quality.

Beijing in the Qing dynasty, a major feature of printing, is the prosperity of the folk printing workshop, according to statistics, there are up to more than 120, concentrated in the Longfu Temple and Liulichang two places. In these workshops, also specializing in bookbinding and painting and calligraphy framing.

The most common form of bookbinding in the Qing Dynasty is line binding, scroll binding, folding, butterfly binding and package back binding, etc., are used. Scroll mounted in the Qing dynasty is mostly used for painting and calligraphy mounting, its mounting process is very delicate and exquisite. The bottom of more than one of the best rice paper, the core of the four sides mounted in plain color damask, the shaft mounted in brocade, the head of the shaft is divided into different grades of materials. Folded in addition to the sutra and the word outside, also used for general books, the court printed "ploughing and weaving map", "South Patrol", etc., engraving is very good, the binding of the use of the folded, the difference is that the book is about one-foot square, cover with thick cardboard framed with yellow damask. Kangxi, Yongzheng years of engraving and printing of the dragon Tibetan ", ***720 books, all for the folding, book cover framed with yellow damask, 10 books a letter, the scale is huge. Butterfly in the palace printed books are also used, had a butterfly in the middle of the qing dynasty books, printed on top grade rice paper, the plate edge left a large blank, cover with cardboard framed with yellow damask, and there are before and after the ring lining page, one side mounted on the inside of the cover, framed flat, cut with the flush, belonging to the palace books framed with the top grade. Packet back in the qing dynasty also has more use, the qianlong period of compilation of the "siku quanquan" a set of ***36315 books, for the famous writing, *** copy seven, *** 254205 books, all for the packet back. The whole book cover with thick paper outside mounted damask clothing, four libraries with different colors, respectively, the library with green damask, history library with red damask, the library with blue damask, set library with gray damask, and finally with a wooden letter binding books, respectively. Line for the qing dynasty book binding the main form of books, in addition to the royal book cover with materials have special requirements, general line book is to strive to "protect the way, style elegant, appropriate thickness, delicate and upright" four major elements. The cover has a paper and market two kinds of cover more bookmarks, book this part of the thinner, a book in the letter set. Qing dynasty wire binding books in front of more than one or two white pages, followed by the title page, the contents of the book name, engraving and printing the name and date, location and so on. The letter set more half-wrapped type, the bottom of the mouth of the book more root word, written with the name of the book, volume, etc..

From the size of the book, the Qing Dynasty is a variety of government publications are larger, private publications are mostly small and medium-sized book, there is a called the booklet, is the smallest of all times, equivalent to today's 128 open, the word is very small, but the printing and binding are very delicate.

The Qing dynasty appeared a kind of continuous publication, a kind of "Jin Shen Lu", a kind of "Beijing News", "Jin Shen Lu" is published quarterly, the content of the central and local officials of the directory, with red paper for the cover, known as the red book. Beijing newspaper" is equivalent to today's newspapers, but also bound books, each two or three pages or six or seven pages, ranging from white paper, yellow paper, cover cover with red "Beijing version of the" word, there are two types of engraved and wooden movable type, due to the time limitations, printing and decorating are very rough. But as a continuous publication, in the history of publishing also occupies an important position.

From the early 18th century, the West's printing technology gradually imported into China, the modern publishing and printing industry began to rise. With the application of new printing technology, the book binding form has also undergone great changes. The basic forms used today, such as the album binding and rectangular open book, originated in China during the Song Dynasty, around the 14th century A.D., and gradually spread to the West. Although there are steps in the material, process methods and other aspects of improvement, but its basic form, still for the first time in ancient China.