What are the scientific and technological achievements in China?

Let me tell you something about ancient scientific and technological achievements first! \x0d\ 1。 Astronomy \x0d\ 1, China ancient astronomical records \x0d\ 2, China ancient astrometry achievements \x0d\ 3, soldiers and simple instruments-China ancient astronomical instruments achievements \x0d\ 4, China ancient calendar achievements \x0d\ 5. 1, decimal system, calculation and abacus \x0d\ 2, principle of complementarity in and out \x0d\ 3, cyclotomy and pi \x0d\ 4, cyclotomy of Liu Hui \x0d\ 5, China remainder theorem \x0d\ 6, numerical solution of higher order equation and astroscience \ 3. Physics \x0d\ 1, China ancient mechanics knowledge \x0d\ 2, China ancient acoustics knowledge \x0d\ 3, China compass and ancient magnetism knowledge \x0d\ 4, China ancient optics achievement \x0d\ 5, chemistry and chemical engineering \x0d\ 6, papermaking. 8. World-famous China porcelain \x0d\ 9, China ancient painting technology and lacquerware \x0d\ 10, chemical achievements in ancient alchemy \x0d\ v, geography \x0d\ 1, observation and theory of ancient weather phenomena in China \ x0d \ 3. Travel and investigation in ancient China \x0d\ 4, knowledge of ancient water conservancy engineering and hydrology in China \x0d\ 5, maps unearthed in Mawangdui and Pei Xiu's drawings \x0d\ 6, mineralogy and mining technology in ancient China \x0d\ 7, understanding of land and sea changes in ancient China \x0d\ 8, earthquake prediction and earthquake prevention and disaster reduction in ancient China \/kloc- 2. Classification of ancient animals and plants in China \x0d\ 3. Research on ancient genetics and breeding in China \x0d\ 4. Achievements in understanding and utilizing microorganisms in ancient China \x0d\ 7. Agronomy \x0d\ 1. 2. Intensive cultivation is the fine tradition of agricultural technology in China \x0d\ 3, gardening technology with a long history in China \x0d\ 4, tea \x0d\ 5, development and dissemination of sericulture technology in ancient China \x0d\ 6, achievements of animal husbandry and veterinary medicine in ancient China \x0d \ 8, and medicine \ x0d. X0d\ 2, outstanding achievement of Chinese medicine \x0d\ 3, unique acupuncture therapy in China \x0d\ 4, one of the outstanding achievements of ancient medicine in China-pulse diagnosis \x0d\ 5, achievement of ancient surgery in China \x0d\ 6, pioneer of immunity \x0d\ 7, the invention of printing, the first forensic monograph in the world. 1, China ancient spinning wheel and loom \x0d\ 2, China ancient silk and silk weaving technology \x0d\ 3, China ancient Ge and Ma textile \x0d\ 4, China ancient dyeing technology \ 1, China ancient metallurgical technology achievement \x0d\ 2, steelmaking technology \ x0d. Utilization of ancient power in China —— Further exertion of manpower and effective utilization of natural forces \x0d\ 3. Various means of transportation in ancient China, the memory of the south guide car and drum car \x0d\ 4. Water transport instrument \x0d\ x0d \ XIII. Building \x0d\ 1. The majestic Great Wall of Wan Li \ x0d. 3. World famous historical cities-Chang 'an City in Tang Dynasty \x0d\ 4, splendid Forbidden City building \x0d\ 5, Summer Palace-the precious heritage of classical garden architecture in China \x0d\ 6, China ancient high-rise masonry building-Song Yue Temple Tower \x0d\ 7, Shanxi Yingxian Wooden Tower, the world's highest existing ancient wooden structure. 1, China's achievements in ancient shipbuilding engineering \x0d\ 2, China's achievements in ancient navigation technology \x0d\ XV, military technology \x0d\ 1, China's achievements in ancient weapons \x0d\ 2, China's achievements in ancient chariots, warships and urban defense technology \x0d\ 1. D) The total expenditure was 89.6 billion yuan, accounting for 1.0% of the gross domestic product (GDP) of that year, ranking first among developing countries. At R & ampd basic research accounts for 5.2% of the total expenditure; Applied research accounts for17.0%; Experimental development accounts for 77.8%. Among them, the expenditure of various enterprises accounts for the proportion of domestic R&; 60.3% of the total expenditure is close to the level of developed countries, indicating that enterprises have gradually become the main body of R&D activities in China. \ x0d \ x0d \ At present, 2 17 national key laboratories (including 60 national defense science and technology key laboratories) and 188 national engineering centers have been built, and 294 national enterprise technology centers have been identified; International authoritative retrieval institutions have collected 44,536 scientific and technological papers in China, and the number of patents granted by local residents is 92 1, 0 1, including 3,097 invention patents. In 2000, the export of high-tech products was $24.7 billion; The total income of technology, industry and trade in 53 national high-tech zones is 677.48 billion yuan, and the industrial added value is 654.38+047.62 billion yuan. \ x0d \ \ x0d \ 2。 Breakthrough progress has been made in the reform of the science and technology system, and the phased goals set by the state for the reform of the science and technology system have basically been achieved. The strategic focus of scientific and technological work is shifting to the main battlefield of national economic construction, and the scientific and technological strength of enterprises is further enhanced. 242 state-level technology development research institutes have basically completed the transformation, and most scientific research institutions are directly oriented to market demand. The pilot of knowledge innovation has achieved initial results, the reform of university management system has been basically completed, and scientific and technological resources have been optimized. Private scientific and technological enterprises have risen rapidly and the technology market has developed rapidly; The macro-scientific and technological management system has been gradually improved, a new scientific and technological system adapted to the socialist market economy has taken shape, and the construction of a national innovation system has been gradually launched. \ x0d \ x0d \ 3。 Has made achievements in the field of basic scientific research. Great achievements have been made in human gene sequencing, carbon nanotubes and nano-new materials, CAMBRIAN life explosion research, MEMS research, South China Sea ocean drilling and so on. Emerging interdisciplinary subjects such as surface science, nonlinear science, cognitive science and earth system science have developed rapidly. The construction of eight national scientific projects, such as the China Continental Scientific Drilling Project and the large-area multi-target optical fiber spectrum astronomical telescope, has created good conditions for basic scientific research in China. \ x0d \ x0d \ 4。 Breakthroughs have been made in high-tech research and industrialization. Major breakthroughs have been made in space high technologies such as manned space technology, launch vehicle and satellite technology. Breakthroughs in two-line hybrid rice, genetic engineering drugs, transgenic animals and plants, gene sequencing and diagnosis and treatment of major diseases have brought the overall level of biotechnology in China close to that of developed countries. Great achievements such as HDTV, Shenwei computer, large-size monocrystalline silicon material and skin stem cell regeneration technology have made China leap into the world's advanced ranks in corresponding fields. The development of national defense science and technology has laid a solid foundation for strengthening national defense strength and promoted the technological progress of national defense industry. \ x0d \ x0d \ 5。 Industrial and agricultural science and technology have made progress. In agricultural science and technology, more than 600 new varieties were cultivated during the Ninth Five-Year Plan period alone, and the output per unit area increased by about 10%. Popularizing some important technologies, such as rice dry farming and sparse planting, water-saving technology, ABT plant regulator, plastic film mulching cultivation, etc. in the whole growth period of wheat dry land has effectively guaranteed the realization of China's grain yield increase goal. \ x0d \ x0d \ Some major technological breakthroughs have been made in industrial science and technology, which have improved the technical level of key industries. A series of important achievements have been made in the industrialization of digital program-controlled switches, oxygen-coal enhanced ironmaking technology, nickel-hydrogen batteries and amorphous materials. Combined with a series of major national construction projects such as the Three Gorges Project, national economic informatization, integrated circuit and Taishan Nuclear Power Station Phase II, through introduction, digestion, absorption and innovation, we have conquered a number of key technologies and mastered the design and manufacturing technologies of several major complete sets of technical equipment. The popularization and application of a number of important technologies such as computer aided design (CAD) and computer integrated manufacturing system (CIMS) have greatly improved the technological innovation ability of enterprises. The implementation of a number of major projects, such as innovative drugs, utilization and protection of water resources, well-off housing, dating projects in Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties, and the construction of the second phase of China Science and Technology Museum and a number of popular science facilities, have promoted the development of social undertakings. \x0d\\x0d\ Significant achievements in China's scientific and technological development \ x0d \ (1) Background materials \x0d\\x0d\ 1. Great achievements have been made in human genome research \ x0d \ (1) 6538.199989999986 The human genome project is one of the three major scientific projects in human history, which is as famous as the Manhattan atomic bomb project and the Apollo moon landing project, but its value and impact on human society will far exceed the first two projects. \ x0d \ \ x0d \ (2) On June 26th, 2000, the first draft of the human genome was finally drawn, and China scientists participated in and completed the task of 1% sequencing of the draft of the human genome with high quality, indicating that China scientists have the ability to rise to the forefront of international science and make important contributions. \ x0d \ \ x0d \ (3) On February 12, 2000, scientists from six countries participating in the Human Genome Project jointly published the human genome map and its analysis results, and the complete map of the human genome will be completed this year. Draw a complete human genome map and decipher all human genetic information. The implementation of this plan will continue to provide diagnosis and prevention of human diseases, bring immeasurable changes to the pharmaceutical industry, and promote the development of life science, information science and a number of high-tech industries. \ x0d \ \ x0d \ 2。 Rapid development of space technology \ x0d \ x0d \ (1) On February 2, 2000, the second Beidou navigation test satellite developed by China was successfully launched, the same day as in 2000. This indicates that China will have the first-generation satellite navigation and positioning system independently developed. After the system is completed, it will mainly provide navigation services for highway transportation, railway transportation, offshore operations and other fields, and will play a positive role in China's national economic construction. \ x0d \ x0d \ (2) 200110 "Shenzhou II" independently developed by China was launched from Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center in China and successfully entered the scheduled orbit. On June 65438+1October16th, the "Shenzhou II" unmanned spacecraft returned accurately and landed successfully. This is the first launch of China space flight in the new century and the second flight test of China's manned spaceflight project, which marks an important step for China to realize manned flight. \x0d\\x0d\ 3。 China scientists are at the forefront of international science and technology in nanotechnology research. Recently, scientists in China have directly discovered the "peculiar" property of nano-metals-superplastic ductility for the first time in the world. Nano-copper can be stretched more than 50 times at room temperature, which is known as "a breakthrough in this field, and it shows people for the first time how void-free nano-materials are deformed". Generally speaking, China ranks fourth in the world in the total number of nano-papers, and has occupied a place in the international research of nano-materials. \ x0d \ \ x0d \ 4。 Supercomputer Intelligentization \ x0d \ x0d \ 2000165438+1On October 29th, the first humanoid robot independently developed by China, which has human appearance characteristics and can simulate human walking and basic operation functions, made its debut in Changsha University of National Defense Technology. The appearance of humanoid robot indicates that China robot technology has entered the international advanced ranks. \ x0d \ \ x0d \ 5。 The National "863" Plan15th Anniversary Achievement Exhibition was held \ x0d \ x0d \ 200 1 year. In March, the National "863" Plan15th Anniversary Achievement Exhibition was held in Beijing Exhibition Hall. Since the implementation of1986 "863" project in March, * * * has obtained more than 2,000 patents at home and abroad, published more than 47,000 papers, created a cumulative new output value of more than 56 billion yuan, and generated indirect economic benefits of more than 200 billion yuan. The overall gap between the R&D level of high-tech fields supported by the 863 Program and the world advanced level has obviously narrowed, and it has begun to occupy a place in the world high-tech fields. More than 60% of the technology has grown from scratch, and now it has entered or approached the international advanced level, and 25% still lags behind the international advanced level, but it has also made great progress on the original basis. \x0d\\x0d\ (2) Analysis of the combination point with teaching materials \ x0d \ x0d \ 1. From the common sense of economics, science and technology are the primary productive forces. Nowadays, science and technology play a decisive role in the development of productive forces; The competition in today's world is, in the final analysis, the competition between science and technology and talents. \ x0d \ x0d \ (2) The great role of finance. Economic development depends on science, scientific progress depends on talents, and talent training depends on education. The development of these institutions must rely on financial support, and a large number of scientific and technological achievements listed in the background materials are inseparable from financial support. \x0d\\x0d\ (3) In today's world, the internationalization of the international economy is one of the important manifestations. The draft human genome was an international cooperation project from the very beginning, initiated by the United States, with the participation of scientists from Britain, Japan, France, Germany and China. \ x0d \ \ x0d \ 2。 From the philosophical common sense: \ x0d \ x0d \ (1) The relationship between objective laws and people's subjective initiative. A series of scientific and technological achievements have been achieved on the one hand because scientists respect objective laws, and on the other hand, they are the result of tenacious struggle, pioneering and enterprising, and giving full play to their subjective initiative. \x0d\\x0d\ (2) Everything is divided into two parts, so we should adhere to the two-point theory and dichotomy. For example, a breakthrough in human genetic research will certainly promote the development of life science, information science and a number of high-tech industries. At the same time, people are also facing new problems such as gene monopoly and excessive use of gene results in pursuit of commercial interests. \ x0d \ x0d \ (3) Understand the viewpoint of deepening development. People should deepen and expand their understanding on the basis of practice and push it forward. The research process of human gene technology and the development of space technology in China are the inevitable results of deepening and developing understanding. \ x0d \ \ x0d \ 3。 From the political common sense: \ x0d \ x0d \ (1) The essence of international competition. The essence of today's world competition is the contest of comprehensive national strength based on economic and scientific and technological strength. Whether we can gain advantages in the development of science and technology and enhance the comprehensive national strength based on economy and science and technology will ultimately determine China's position in the international arena. \x0d\\x0d\ (2) The function of the state to lead and organize socialist modernization and socialist spiritual civilization \x0d\\x0d\. The state vigorously develops high and new technologies and applies them to economic construction to promote economic development. Agree 199| Comment