Patterns on official uniforms in Qing Dynasty and their symbolic significance.

The costumes of the emperors in Qing Dynasty included imperial clothes, auspicious clothes, regular clothes and travelling clothes. The emperor's robes are mainly bright yellow, such as bright yellow, golden yellow or apricot yellow, with nine dragons embroidered on them, but there are only eight dragons in the real thing. In fact, they are all embroidered in skirts, which are generally not easy to see. In this way, each dragon robe is actually Kowloon. From the front or back, you can see five dragons, which coincides with the figures in the Ninth Five-Year Plan. The hem of the dragon robe is embroidered with many curved lines called water feet. Under the water, the waves are rolling. Above the waves, there are rock treasures, commonly known as "seawater river courtyard". In addition to expressing endless auspicious meaning, there are also the meanings of "unifying mountains and rivers" and "keeping peace forever": one crane, two golden pheasants, three peacocks, four silver pheasants and six silver pheasants.

Military attache: unicorn, lion, leopard, tiger, bear, tiger, rhinoceros and seahorse. \(vY%

Besides, censors and exhorters are arrogant.

In addition to birds and animals, the patchwork is embroidered with patterns of seawater and rocks, which means that "the seawater is on the cliff and the mountains and rivers are forever solid". The make-up clothes are all made in Suzhou and Hangzhou, Nanjing, that is, three systems in the south of the Yangtze River, with exquisite materials and excellent workmanship. There are strict regulations on the size and style, and officials are not allowed to change the official uniforms corresponding to their grades without permission.

Mang cannon in Qing dynasty

There are many kinds of headscarves, and the dragon robe worn by the emperor is only one of them The emperor's robes are five-claw dragons, and the headscarves of generals, princes or heroes are generally four-claw dragons. In the Qing Dynasty, there were strict restrictions on the number of dragons on mang robes, including nine emperors and eight grades.

In the Qing dynasty, civil servants only used a bird to supplement their children, and military officers used a beast, which basically followed the Ming system.

First, the establishment of civil servants.

Civil servants are elegant and quiet, and official uniforms are supplemented by birds, showing their virtue.

Yipin: Crane. Crane is beautiful and detached, elegant and holy, and has a long life span, which can reach 60 or 70 years old. In ancient times, it became a symbol of sage like style and longevity. In the lucky bird series, it is second only to Phoenix. The phoenix becomes the symbol of the queen, while the crane is the official residence. "Xianghe Jing" says: "Crane, life cannot be measured." The Book of Songs? 6? 1 Xiaoya said, "The crane listens in the sky", and the official supplemented his son with the design of the crane, meaning to play it for the son of heaven.

The second product: golden pheasant. Golden rooster, also known as "Golden Rooster", "Jade Chicken" and "Blue Chicken", is a symbol of good luck. Golden pheasant has the demeanor of a king. Its brightly colored feathers are said to ward off evil spirits. The ancients loved to use it as the decoration of clothes, such as the crown inserted behind the clothes of military commanders and embroidered on the emperor's dress. It is also called "Hua Chong", which means dignity and nobility. Triple product: peacock. Peacock has not only beautiful feathers, but also personality. The Gain Sutra says that peacocks have "nine virtues", and its text is as follows: "One is correct in appearance, the other is correct in voice, the three steps are orderly, the governor is at four o'clock, eating and drinking at five o'clock, being satisfied at six o'clock, staying at seven o'clock, being upright in eight products, and the governor is repeated at nine o'clock." In the eyes of the ancients, peacock is a "literary bird" with great virtue and civilized quality, and it is a symbol of auspiciousness, civilization and wealth.

Four products: clouds and smoke. Interpretation of Shuowen: "Wild geese, wild birds." Flying geese, flying geese, parallel or ahead. The word "wild goose" is the line that geese line up when flying. When geese fly, they often form a "one" or "human" shape, so the clouds are cloudy. Wild geese also have auspicious meanings. The law of flying geese extends to the order of etiquette. Such as "Yili? 6? 1 Shi Hunli "stipulates:" Nasenaji, please use goose. " "Yili? 6? 1 the ceremony of scholars stipulates: "the doctor will meet the goose. "This also refers to the arrangement of officials. Therefore, the symbolic significance of Goose as an official supplement lies in: flying in an orderly way, going to Qiu Lai in spring, and assisting the emperor in four seasons.

Five products: silver pheasant. The body is like a pheasant, with white feathers, thin black stripes, reddish cheeks, silky blue hair on the neck and long tail feathers. Silver pheasant is native to the south and has been regarded as a mascot since ancient times. The silver pheasant spreads its wings, symbolizing abandoning dust and pollution, welcoming the new and welcoming the blessing. Drinking water symbolizes that life is as sweet as spring water. In addition, it can drive away disasters and pray for a bumper harvest. In short, it is a symbol of the people's pursuit of a better life. Silver pheasant is also a loyal "righteous bird". Legend has it that Zhao Min, the young emperor of the Song Dynasty, got a silver pheasant when he was on the cliff, and he personally fed it on the boat. After the little emperor died in the sea, the silver pheasant screamed and jumped in the cage and finally fell into the sea with the cage. Later, people called silver pheasant a "righteous bird". Therefore, the image of the silver pheasant, as a supplement to the five officials, is regarded as a way to stop at elegance, and it is not anxious or impetuous to the officials, and it is good luck and loyalty.

Six products: Egret. Egret is also called Bai Niao, and Lu Ji's poem "Sparse" says: "Egret waterfowl is also good and white, so it is called Bai Niao." Egrets are auspicious birds. "Records of the Wei Family": "The official is the official who takes care of him", and he looked at it from a distance. In addition, because of the orderly flight of herons, the number of officials is compared. For example, Bird Classic: Preface of Liao's Nest and Hongyan Heron. Yuan Qu Xuan: "Jade bamboo shoots are combined with herons in small classes, and the red sandalwood spring hall is opposite to the dragon face."

Seven products: Yuanyang. In ancient times, it was called "bird". It is said that mandarin ducks are in pairs, singing in harmony with each other, left male and right female, both flying, and sleeping with male and female wings covering their necks. If you accidentally lose it, it will never be worthy. The Book of Songs? 6? 1 Xiaoya: "Yuanyang flies, never put off till tomorrow what you can." A gentleman should live a long life, which embodies the beautiful relationship between husband and wife in the ancient "five ethics" and is an auspicious bird. As a supplement to officials, it is to shrug their feathers to symbolize firmness and loyalty; If there is a law to sleep, it means that you are conscientious.

Baping: Quail. In ancient times, "quail" and "quail" were originally two kinds of birds. Compendium of Materia Medica records: "Quails are similar to quails, and those without spots are quails." After the evolution of language, they are called one thing. Quail's "safety" is the homonym of "peace", so it has the symbolic meaning of "everything is safe" and "living and working in peace". Quails are used to indicate the rank of officials. In addition to the above meanings, according to Shan Hai Jing, "its birds and feathers are the best clothes for the emperor", which means that officials represent the image of the emperor and reflect the rules and dignity of the emperor.

Do: practice finches. Also known as practicing magpie and ribbon bird. Ribbon is an ornament worn by ancient emperors and officials, and it is a long strip woven with colorful silk brocade. The color and length of the ribbon vary according to the rank of the official. The emperor and the king used four colors, which were two feet long. The prime minister is green and the general is purple. Ancient emperors, governors and literati all wore jade, and the silk tied with jade was called "group belt". Therefore, all kinds of ribbons become symbols of power and wealth. However, the tail feathers of the sparrows are similar to those of the sparrows, so there is a ribbon bird name. Ribbon birds therefore have the above symbolic significance. In addition, "Rhyme Society" said: "It is called sexual happiness", which means that a ribbon bird can give good news and can be used as an official supplement.

Imperial history: embarrassment. In addition to civil servants, Shi Yu's official position is also supplemented, and his image is arrogant. Avenger is a kind of god beast in ancient legends. "Xu Yi Lu" said: "An angry man is a sheep in the corner. Crime of knowing others by sex. Hao Tao ruled the prison, and those suspected of committing crimes let the sheep touch it. " Song Shi? 6? 1 "Jade Fu Zhi" describes that a hat is made into the shape of a horn, which is worn by the suggestion and is called a "crown". In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, as a supplementary pattern of imperial official clothes, it showed that the symbolic significance of law enforcement and protection ran through the whole feudal society.

Second, the supplement of the military attache] X? 7Z I^

The military attache is brave and dignified, taking wild animals as official uniforms, which complement each other with patterns to show his dignity.

Yipin: Kirin. It is a mythical beast in ancient legends. "Dai Li" said: "The caterpillar is 360, and the forest is the longest." It is one of the Four Spirits of Dragon, Phoenix, Forest and Turtle. The appearance of Kirin is "Holy King Jia Rui". The explanation of Shuowen is: "Qi, benevolent beast also. Elk body oxtail, a corner. Lin, you too. " "Kirin is armed and harmless." "Kick with feet, top with forehead, and touch with horns. Otherwise, it is benevolence. " Therefore, the official rank image with Kirin as the first-class military attache not only symbolizes the kindness and auspiciousness of the emperor, but also symbolizes the image of the emperor "preparing for war without harming others."

Second product: sister-in-law. It is a kind of beast similar to a lion, which was directly interpreted as a lion by Guo Pu in Jin Dynasty. "Two ya? 6? 1 "release the beast" said: "you can be a tiger. "According to the ninth volume of Yang Shen's Collection Outside the Mountaineering Temple in the Ming Dynasty:" It is said that the dragon gives birth to nine children, but not Jackie Chan, and each has its own interests ... eight times, they are like lions and good fireworks, so they stand in the incense burner. "Visible scorpion is a kind of dragon. Since "a tiger can lurk", it should be regarded as brave.

Triple product: leopard print. The explanation of Shuowen: "A leopard is like a tiger." Shan Hai Jing? 6? 1 description of Nanshan Jing: "There are many fierce leopards in Nanshan." The Book of Songs? 6? Zheng Feng (1) said: "Awesome". The military attache's supplementary order shows that the leopard is under the sister-in-law and above the tiger. It can be seen that the status of the ancient leopard as a beast is higher than that of the tiger and lower than that of the eldest sister-in-law, which is also based on its bravery.

Four products: tiger. Shuowen said that "the king of mountain beasts" is a great metaphor. Uncle Song? 6? 1 Fu Ruizhi said: "White tiger, the king is not tyrannical, then the white tiger is benevolent and does not harm things." Therefore, the tiger is the king of all animals, with the wisdom of the king and the model of "benevolence, wisdom and faith", so people regard it as an auspicious animal. It's auspicious to be able to keep faith and exorcise evil spirits. The symbol of the ancient emperor's military strength was the "tiger symbol". The gates of the emperor and the maharaja were painted with tigers, so they were called "Humen". Tigers have been worshipped by generals since ancient times because they are brave and good at fighting. The general's camp is called "Tiger Account", and the brave are called "Tiger Ben", "Tiger Fu" and "Tiger Man". The list of martial arts champions in the Qing Dynasty is the "Tiger List".

Five products: bear. Shuowen explains: "Bears and beasts are like jackals, but they live in different places." Xiong Huchou, son's dog. The explanation of "Er Ya": "You are like a bear, Huang Baiwen." It can be seen that there are two kinds of descriptions of bears in ancient times: one is a bear and the other is a bear. According to "Mandarin? 6? 1 Today, it is recorded: "Yellow can enter the bedroom door. "Huang Neng", or "Yellow Bear", is bigger and braver than a bear. As an image of the rank of military attache, just like the Book of Songs? 6? 1 Xiaoya said: "Only bears are unique, just like people", taking its masculine meaning.

Six products: watches. "Yangtze River Law" says: "The tiger is quiet and written, moving in virtue, and also coming out with its loyalty." Zhou Mi's "Return to the Heart and Miscellaneous Knowledge" in the Song Dynasty records: "As the saying goes, if a tiger gives birth to three children, there must be a tiger." Biao is the most vicious and can't eat anything. It can be seen that the tiger is different from the benevolent tiger and is a fierce and cruel animal. As a military attache, the rank image means that he is cruel to the enemy.

Seven products and eight products: rhinoceros. Interpretation of Shuowen: Rhinoceros, Nanwai cattle, with a corner in the nose and a corner on the top, like a tapir, from the cow to the tail. The skin of rhinoceros can be used as armor, but only the skin of water rhinoceros can be used. 6? Yuyue (1) is called "water rhinoceros". The annotation of his book says: "There are mountain rhinoceros and water rhinoceros sent from outside today. The skin of the water rhinoceros has pearl armor, but the mountain rhinoceros does not. " The image of rhinoceros as a military attache means that its skin can be used to make armor, and its horns can be used to make spears with sharp weapons.

Do: hippocampus. The seahorse here is not a sea animal with a head like a horse, a single tail tilted backwards and a body length of more than ten centimeters, but a mythical sea animal with the same shape as a horse grazing on land and two wings on its back. Can fly in the sky, but also can cross the stormy waves. The origin of hippocampus is mysterious, and there is no information about its details and symbolic significance. When explaining tonic, it is only a few simple words: "Water beasts, like horses, can go both ways, which means that both land and water can attack and kill." Although its words are short, its meaning is clear. It turns out that ancient times had high requirements for the lowest-ranking officers, who could command both infantry and naval water warfare. With such brave officers, the combat effectiveness of the army will certainly be extremely strong, and with such an army, the country will certainly be stable. The emperor can rest easy.

The twelve chapters of the emperor's robes include: sun, moon, stars, mountains, dragons, China insects, Zong Yi, seaweed, fire, pink rice, flounder and salamander. Each chapter of the twelve chapters has a moral. The sun, the moon and the stars shine on behalf of the three lights, symbolizing the majesty of the emperor and shining everywhere; Mountain represents a steady character, symbolizing the emperor's governance of the four sides of water and soil; Dragon is a kind of beast, changeable, symbolizing that emperors are good at handling state affairs and educating people according to the situation; Hua chong, usually a pheasant, symbolizes that the king wants to "be virtuous and carry things"; Zong Yi, an ancient sacrifice, is usually a pair of embroidered tiger patterns and bo patterns, symbolizing the emperor's loyalty and filial piety; Seaweed symbolizes the emperor's character, pure and flawless; Fire symbolizes the emperor's aboveboard handling of government affairs, and flame also has the significance of guiding soldiers to life; Pink rice, that is, white rice, symbolizes that the emperor supports the people, protects the country and attaches importance to agriculture and mulberry; The axe-shaped symbol symbolizes the emperor's ability and courage; Nuo, as two opposite words, represents the virtue that the emperor can distinguish right from wrong and correct mistakes when he knows them.

Servicing is an extension of the twelve chapters of the imperial robe, forming a hierarchical system. The auxiliary service that truly represents the official position was formed in the Ming Dynasty. According to Ming History? 6? According to 1 yufuzhi, in the twenty-fourth year of Hongwu (139 1), the official uniform was a big robe with a square patch on the chest, and the animals used in the first to ninth grades were different to distinguish the official products. In addition, there are two kinds of gifts that the emperor gave to specific people as gifts, namely bullfighting and flying fish.

In the Qing dynasty, civil servants only used a bird to supplement their children, and military officers used a beast, which basically followed the Ming system.