What are the second generation space stations in the former Soviet Union-Salute 6 and Salute 7?

The first practical space station in the former Soviet Union was1Salute 6 launched on September 29th, 977. It has two docking ports, which can dock with two spacecraft at the same time to form an orbital complex. If the first five Salute Space Stations are the low-level forms of the former Soviet orbital stations, then Salute 6 Space Station can be regarded as an improved version of this generation of space stations. Salute 6 is the main part of the space station, which is used for scientific investigation and experiment with or without manned. It can dock with two manned or unmanned spacecraft at the same time to form a spacecraft consortium.

Salute Space Station 6 consists of three sealed pressure chambers: transition chamber, working chamber and intermediate chamber, as well as an instrument chamber with scientific experimental instruments and two unsealed chambers. It is different from the previous salute space station in the following aspects:

It has two docking parts, which enhances the vitality and maneuverability of the space station. It can dock two spacecraft simultaneously; If one pair of interface devices fails, the other pair of interfaces can still be used.

In addition, some space experiments need more people to participate. If the two spacecraft can be docked, the working astronauts can reach 4-6 people.

The engine installation of Salute 6 Space Station can accept aerial refueling, which is a great progress.

The former Soviet Union installed a variable orbit engine on the salute of the space station for orbit orientation. If necessary, the orbital height of the space station can be changed, thus greatly prolonging the service life of the space station. However, the engine must be replenished with fuel, and it is very dangerous to replenish volatile and corrosive rocket fuels such as hydrazine and nitrogen tetroxide, even on the ground. 1 978 65438+1On October 20th, the former Soviet Union launched the automatic cargo ship "Progress1". On 22nd Moscow time 13 12, "Progress 1" docked with "Salute No.6" and successfully completed the space refueling mission. It is considered a great thing for scientists in the former Soviet Union to improve the engine of the "Salute 6" space station and complete the fuel supply in space. Thanks to this improvement and the successful test of the cargo spacecraft "Progress" with a payload of 2300kg( 1.300kg of materials and 1.000kg of fuel), the space station has a reliable logistics support.

The third improvement of "Salute" space station is to add a lot of new equipment and equipment, which can ensure astronauts to go out of the space station and directly carry out operation and maintenance work. In addition, the space station has also improved the living environment and working conditions of astronauts. With the cargo ship "Progress", space station astronauts can live comfortably in space for a long time.

Salute 6 went on sale in September, 1977. At that time, I carried a set of comprehensive investigation equipment weighing 1.5 tons, including more than 50 instruments. On this space station, astronauts engaged in and completed a large number of scientific experiments. There are mainly the following aspects:

Salute 6 is equipped with a wide-angle cosmic camera and weighs 170 kg. With this camera, astronauts took tens of thousands of photos. According to these photos, the map of the salinization area of Mangeshlak Peninsula and the underwater topographic map of the thin ice area of the Black Sea were drawn. The discovery of glaciers not previously discovered in Altai Mountain area is helpful to correct some sections of Beia Railway under construction, prevent forest pests from harming the forest in time, and provide information on the drought degree of forest, atmosphere and soil, as well as the direction and speed of air flow. These photos can also be used to find underground mineral deposits.

A 650kg submillimeter-wave telescope was installed on Salute 6, and its main lens diameter was1.5m. With it, astronauts' vision of observing the earth and the universe was greatly expanded. 1On June 28th, 979, the cargo ship "Progress 7" sent the world's first space radio telescope to the space station "Salute 6". It can be observed synchronously with a radio telescope with a diameter of 70 meters installed in Crimea, the former Soviet Union.

In the past, the distance between two telescopes could not be greater than the diameter of the earth. Now this distance has been broken, and the observation resolution is stronger, which provides good conditions for measuring and observing star groups such as galaxies and quasars.

With the help of quantum accelerator, radio telescope can detect extremely weak rays, and its sensitivity is hundreds or even thousands of times stronger than that of optical telescope. The radio telescope on "Salute 6" is like an umbrella that opens automatically. The umbrella handle consists of three pillars, on which a ray receiver is installed. The console of the radio telescope is installed in the cabin of the space station, and the parabolic antenna with a diameter of 10 meter extends out of the space station. With it, no matter day or night, no matter whether the weather is good or bad, astronauts can measure all kinds of meteorological data and ocean change data on the surface of the earth.

The electric heating furnace on "Salute No.6" is bottle-shaped and has many uses. It can automatically control the temperature and time, and heat, keep warm or cool the studied substance. Using this electric furnace and semiconductor crystal furnace, single crystals, metal alloys and compounds of semiconductor materials can be obtained under weightless conditions. Astronauts studied the production technology of materials that cannot be made on earth. In addition, considering the production of the space factory and the construction of the permanent space station, the astronauts also carried out technological tests such as welding and cutting.

Astronauts on the "Salute 6" space station cultivated tulips in space. Astronauts planted tulip bulbs in a small centrifuge that can produce artificial gravity and grew well. Astronauts also conduct experiments on small animals. Tadpoles brought from the ground to the space station rolled up and down in space, seemingly losing their way. All these indicate that the weightlessness of the universe has a certain influence on the growth of animals and plants, but through repeated experiments, we can find a suitable growth environment.

New information has been obtained mainly in evolutionary biology, genetics and outer space biology. For a long time, the medical community has always had different views on human flight in orbit. Weightlessness has a great influence on human body. In weightlessness, the heart beat, metabolism and oxygen consumption in human body are slightly slower than normal people. In addition, because the human skeleton does not bear the load of the body, calcium salt will be reduced; The reduction of muscle activity will make muscles atrophy; Changes in the blood circulation system will reduce blood and plasma.

Astronauts report that there is an adaptation process from normal pressure to weightlessness, which usually takes two weeks to a month to fully adapt to life on the orbital station. On the contrary, when they return to normal pressure from weightlessness, it is also an extremely uncomfortable process. It seems that there is a force that presses their bodies on the ground, making it inconvenient to stand and walk, and they need to adapt again. The length of this adaptation process varies from person to person. Generally, the longer you stay in the universe, the more difficult it is to readjust. Both American astronauts and Soviet astronauts have reactions such as "nausea" and "feeling uncomfortable" when traveling in space. But generally, the situation will be slightly better after crossing the five-day flight mark. Although they generally complain, people spend more and more time in space.

According to the data, the life of the former Soviet astronauts on the "Salute 6" space station is regular and colorful. In space flight, the concepts of day and night are completely different from those on the ground. Because "Salute 6" circled the earth for more than 90 minutes, every 90 minutes there was a night arrival. Therefore, the astronauts' schedule is based on the laws of life on earth.

The space food on "Salute 6" is already rich. Experts increased the dietary calories of astronauts to 365,438+000 calories, which is 300 calories higher than the food of Salute 4. Astronauts' food is not much different from that on earth. The staple bread is baked by a professional bakery dedicated to astronauts. In order to prevent crumbs from "floating" everywhere when biting, the bread is made into squares, each weighing 4.5 grams. Every 10 piece is packed in a plastic bag. Take a bite when eating and chew it slowly in your mouth. There are about 70 kinds of food on Salute 6 for astronauts to choose from. The kitchen equipment on the space station enables astronauts to eat delicious hot food, which is a "farewell" to the days when they only ate monotonous mud food in toothpaste tubes.

So far, whether it is the former Soviet Union or the United States, frying, frying, steaming and cooking food in space like on the ground need further research.

What is the daily life of the astronauts in the "Salute 6" space station? At 7 o'clock every morning, the automatic device will wake up the astronauts. After getting up, they choose breakfast from the cupboard, fill it with water and put it in the electric heater. During the hot breakfast, they shave with an electric razor. This razor comes with a small box, and all the short shavings are sucked in this box. You don't need a toothbrush or toothpaste to brush your teeth. Instead, you chew a kind of chewing gum, similar to chewing gum, so that dirt can stick to your gums to clean your teeth. Sanitary napkins for washing your face. This sanitary towel is made of skin care vacuoles. Just wipe your face and hands with it. Stick this sanitary towel and comb together and you can "wash your hair". There is a movable table in the middle of the "Salute 6" working cabin, which usually leans against the bulkhead and can be put down when necessary. There are rubber buttons on the table to hold heated food.

In addition, the astronauts on the "Salute 6" have to clean once a week, vacuum, replace the filter of the ventilator and wipe the bulkhead with a wet cloth. This is a very important job, because all kinds of experiments in the space capsule will "produce" a lot of dirty things, and if they are not cleaned up, they will pollute the spacecraft.

In order to overcome the loneliness of astronauts in long-term flight and change their monotonous life, a two-way TV was installed on the "Salute 6" space station, which can not only send astronauts' life and work back to the ground, but also broadcast the situation on the ground to the orbital station, so that astronauts can meet and talk with their families. Besides, there are videos and stereo music on the space station, as well as reading novels, playing chess and playing poker. Radio stations also broadcast special programs for them. Under normal circumstances, astronauts who enter the space station will lose weight when they return to the ground. However, with the continuous improvement of space conditions, there are exceptions. Astronaut Valery Liu Ming worked on "Salute 6" for more than 65,438+000 days and nights. When he returned to the ground, his weight actually increased by 700 grams. Medical biologists in the former Soviet Union believe that this is because the living conditions of the salute space station are close to the life style inherent on the ground, and the most important thing is nutritious food.

Of course, Salute 6 in orbit is not all safe. 1in June, 976, two astronauts of the former Soviet Union discovered nearly 200 "micro-explosions" on the film recording micrometeorite. This is left by dust and particles in the universe after they hit the spacecraft. This invisible dust contains the so-called micrometeorite. Its diameter should be measured in thousandths of a millimeter. Because its moving speed is close to 80 kilometers per second, it is tantamount to a deadly bullet for people who are active in the universe. However, the spacecraft into space has been designed with this in mind, and the outside has been covered with a "meteorite protective screen", so micrometeorite didn't have any choice. However, the risk of spacecraft being hit in orbit exists after all. According to statistics, an American satellite and a former Soviet satellite have crashed so far.

Salute No.6 of the former Soviet Union's space station entered orbit on September 29th, 1977, and burned when it re-entered the atmosphere on July 29th, 1982. It has been running in the sky for four years and 0 10 months. During this period, * * * has 3 1 spacecraft docked with it, of which 12 is a cargo spacecraft. It received 33 astronauts from the former Soviet Union and Eastern European countries 16, and actually occupied a total flight time of 676 days. Astronauts completed more than 120 scientific experiments including meteorology, biology, medicine, space processing and other disciplines on "Salute 6" and obtained a lot of valuable data.

The success of "Salute 6" space station shows that the former Soviet Union has reached a fairly high level in launching and applying the space system centered on the space station. Popov and Liu Ming, astronauts of the former Soviet Union, worked in the space station 185 days and circled the earth 3000 times, thus accumulating rich long-term manned space flight experience.

1April 1982 19 was launched into orbit. Salute 7 is more advanced than the previous space station in terms of performance and flight time.

Salute 7 space station "Salute 7" has received 1 1 batch of 28 astronauts. Among the crew of the space station, the first mixed crew, including the female astronaut Savikaya, appeared, which also set a record of three astronauts flying in space for 237 days in 1984. The structure of the new space station is basically the same as that of Salute 6. It also provides astronauts with new spacesuits and special repair tools so that astronauts can repair and replace parts anywhere on the space station. For example, two astronauts repaired the on-board motor to keep it running normally. The manned spacecraft operated by astronauts successfully docked with Salute 7, which could no longer work, and then entered the space station to troubleshoot and make it work again. This incident caused a great shock in the world aerospace industry, and its operational complexity and risk were unprecedented in the history of aerospace. During the manned operation of 1250 days, Salute 7 cooperated with unmanned cargo spacecraft "Cosmos-1686", "Cosmos-1443", manned spacecraft "Alliance T9" and "Alliance T 15" successively.

1April, 982, salute 7 was launched. 1983 In March, the new unmanned cargo spacecraft "Cosmos-1443" was launched. Soon, this large spaceship successfully docked automatically. On June 27th of the same year, the manned spacecraft Soyuz T9 was launched into orbit, ready to complete a "trinity" space docking with Salute 7 and Cosmos-1443. After a day's flight around the earth, the docking preparation is completed. The most important action of docking is to ensure that the running trajectory is exactly the same first. Then, extremely high accuracy is required. When the Soyuz T9 astronaut catches up with the space station with a distance of 1 10 meters, it will be automatically approached by the autopilot at a speed of 90cm per second. When they were nearly completely together, the ground command center issued an instruction: "Dock!" The two spacecraft began to "soft contact" slowly. Gently insert the directional rod into the groove of the docking frame, and the shock absorber starts to work. It took only 15 minutes to complete all docking procedures. The "trinity" docking of "Salute 7" provides important experience for the composition of multi-element complex in the future.

Salute 7 stopped manned flight in August 1986, and formed a "two-in-one" orbital complex with unmanned cargo spacecraft Cosmos-1686 to fly to a higher orbit, and continued to automatically collect and send back the working data of various systems of the space station, providing a basis for the development of future cosmic complexes and orbital platforms. Salute 7 space station set a record with its final working life of 8 years. Salute No.7 was launched from April 1982 to February 7 199 1, and crashed in the Andes of Argentina. * * * flew for 32 14 days (8 years 10 months), which not only created

The technical improvement of Salute 7 is mainly: the control system has been greatly improved, all kinds of engines use the same fuel, and the number of fuel tanks has also increased, so that fuel can be used and the fuel carrying capacity can be reduced.

The scale is huge. The shape of the space station has been enlarged. The space station weighs nearly 20 tons, and its total length exceeds 15 meters. If the spacecraft is connected back and forth, the total length can reach more than 30 meters and the weight can reach more than 32 tons. We can imagine this behemoth wandering in space.

The environment is reasonable and comfortable. The layout of internal instruments and equipment has been improved and updated, which reduces the interference of cabin noise to astronauts and increases the space sports ground, making astronauts feel more comfortable in their work and life.

The docking mechanism has been updated. This design further improves the reliability of docking.

Other improvements: handles are added to the outer shell of the space station to facilitate astronauts' extravehicular activities; Solar panels increase the area and further improve the power supply capacity; The nuclear protective layer is thickened to reduce the radiation in the cabin; The number of scientific instruments is increasing and their performance is getting better and better.

The first task of Salute 7 Space Station after it was put into orbit was to dock with the unmanned spacecraft named Cosmos-1443 and carry out the expansion test of the space station.

During the on-orbit operation of Salute 7 Space Station, the former Soviet female astronaut Savikaya boarded Salute 7 Space Station twice on Soyuz T-7 and Soyuz T- 12. At the same time, she went out for a spacewalk and became the first female astronaut in the world.

Astronauts carried out six extravehicular activities on Salute 7 space station, including extravehicular maintenance of the space station; Astronauts also carried out two extravehicular activities in one mission for the first time and successfully installed spare solar panels for the space station; Release two amateur radio satellites; 120 experiments were carried out and a large number of space pictures were taken.

The success of the second generation space station proves that it has made great progress compared with the first generation space station, and the running time and working ability of the space station have been greatly improved. However, it still lags behind the rapid development of space science and technology. In the process of long-term operation, people have also seen its limitations. Salute series space station is a relatively simple single mission aircraft, with small scale, limited potential and low reliability, and there are also great problems in the communication system between the ground and the sky. Although its achievements are worthy of recognition, the shortage of this generation of space stations determines that it cannot meet the needs of human development in space, which determines that it is necessary to develop larger and more advanced space stations, and so must human beings.