The most comprehensive summary of junior high school geography knowledge points

Persistence is perseverance, persistence is the soul, and persistence is like the nectar of tea when you are tired, which makes people intoxicate after excitement; Persistence is like a rainbow after rain, which makes people feel the sweetness after countless storms. The following are the knowledge points of junior high school geography that I have compiled for you, hoping to help you.

Summary of junior high school geography knowledge 1

Understand the provincial area

1. Beijing is the political and cultural center of the whole country and the center of international exchanges. The Great Hall of the People is the seat of the NPC Standing Committee, and Zhongnanhai is the seat of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council.

2. The urban pattern of the Forbidden City in Beijing is "convex", which is the representative work of the planning and construction of China's historical capitals.

There are countless places of interest in Beijing, including the Great Wall, the Summer Palace, the Temple of Heaven and Zhoukoudian Peking Man Site ... Among them, the Forbidden City in Beijing is the largest and most well-preserved palace complex in the world.

4. In order to enhance international competitiveness and service functions, on the one hand, Beijing has intensified infrastructure construction, and planned and built key functional areas including the Central Business District and the International Media Avenue, as well as urban rapid rail transit and expressways; On the other hand, actively develop high-tech industries, improve urban management efficiency and service quality, and build a harmonious urban environment between people and the environment.

5. Hong Kong consists of Hong Kong Island, Kowloon Peninsula, New Territories and more than 200 surrounding islands, while Macao consists of Macao Peninsula, Taipa Island and Coloane Island. Hong Kong and Macao are among the regions with the highest population density in the world.

6. Hongkong and Macau are two special administrative regions of China. Our government has formulated the policy of "one country, two systems", and China's mainland implements the socialist system, while Hong Kong and Macao implement the capitalist system.

7. Hong Kong has a large population but a small population. "Going to heaven"-building tall buildings and "going to sea"-reclaiming land from the sea have become two important ways for Hong Kong to expand its urban construction land.

8. The tertiary industry in Hong Kong and Macao is very developed. Hong Kong is an international trade center, transportation center, financial center, information service center and tourism center. Gambling tourism is an important pillar industry of Macao's economic development.

9. For a long time, Hong Kong and Macau have maintained close economic ties with the mainland of China, especially Hong Kong. Mainland China is rich in natural and labor resources, and Hong Kong is rich in capital, technology, talents and management experience. The economic cooperation between Hong Kong and the mainland of China is complementary and mutually beneficial.

10, entrepot trade refers to the form of trade in which goods purchased from one country are sold directly to other countries instead of being sold locally. Mainland China is Hong Kong's largest entrepot trading partner.

1 1. Taiwan Province Province includes Taiwan Province Island, and many small islands such as Penghu Islands and Diaoyu Islands nearby. Taiwan Province Island is the largest island in China, bordering the East China Sea in the north, the Pacific Ocean in the east, the South China Sea in the south and Fujian Province across the Taiwan Province Strait in the west.

12, Taiwan Province Island is a rich treasure island, known as "the pearl of the southeast sea of the motherland". About half of the land on the island is covered with dense forests and has the reputation of "Asian Natural Botanical Garden". Cinnamomum camphora is the most famous tree species in Taiwan Province Province, and its camphor production ranks first in the world.

13. Before the 1960s, the economy of Taiwan Province Province was dominated by agriculture and agricultural products, exporting cane sugar, pineapple, rice and camphor. Since 1960s, Taiwan Province Province has focused on developing export processing industry, forming an "import-processing-export" economy.

14, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region is the largest province in China. The mountains and basins in Xinjiang are distributed alternately, forming the topographical features of "three mountains and two basins". The majestic Tianshan Mountains span the central part of Xinjiang, with Tarim Basin and Junggar Basin on the north and south sides respectively.

15. There are thousands of oases in Xinjiang, which is the most important agricultural production base. Wheat, corn and sorghum are the main crops here, and cotton, sugar beet and various melons and fruits have become the characteristic agricultural products of Xinjiang Oasis. Karez is an ancient water diversion project, which has been used by oasis residents in Xinjiang for a long time.

16, the predicted oil and gas reserves in Xinjiang account for about 1/3 of the total land reserves in China. With the gradual implementation of the national energy strategic decision of "stabilizing the east and vigorously developing the west", Xinjiang is expected to become an important oil and gas industrial base in China. The implementation of the West-to-East Gas Transmission Project will rapidly increase the local fiscal revenue and alleviate the energy shortage in the eastern region.

Summary of junior high school geography knowledge points II

Continent and ocean

1, ocean and land: People often use "seven points (7 1%) ocean (four oceans) and three points (29%) land (seven continents)" to summarize the land and sea distribution of the earth.

7 continents: The vast land is called the mainland. Smaller land areas are called islands. The mainland and its nearby islands form a continent. There are seven continents in the world, in descending order: Asia, Africa, North America, South America, Antarctica, Europe and Oceania (see Figure 2.6 on page 29). Antarctica and the Arctic Ocean are the continents with the longest longitude span. Latin America: America south of the United States refers to Mexico and other South American countries. Continental borders: Asia and Europe: Ural Mountains; Great Caucasus mountains; Turkey Strait (connecting the Black Sea and the Mediterranean Sea); Black sea; Caspian sea; Ural river. Asia and Africa: Suez Canal (connecting the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea). Asia and North America: Bering Strait. North and South America: Panama Canal (connecting the Pacific Ocean and the Atlantic Ocean).

3. Four oceans: from big to small: Pacific Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean and Arctic Ocean.

Land and sea changes

Continental drift hypothesis: the primitive earth had a whole continent and became "pan-continent"

Plate tectonic theory (the most popular and scientific theory at present) holds that the earth is composed of six plates, namely, Asia-Europe plate, America plate, Africa plate, Pacific plate, Indian Ocean plate and Antarctica plate. The Pacific plate is almost entirely ocean. The crust inside the plate is relatively stable, and the crust at the junction between plates is relatively active (with tension and collision). Volcanoes and seismic zones: the connection of plates. There are two series of volcanic seismic belts in the world: the Pacific Rim volcanic seismic belt and the Mediterranean-Himalayan volcanic seismic belt. Two mountain systems: Alps-Himalayas; Cordillera mountains.

Summary of junior high school geography knowledge points 3

map

First, the basic elements of the map

(1) Legend and notes: introduce the signs of each geographical thing. 2 direction: used to identify the direction; There are coordinates: n is north, s is south, e is east, and w is west; No coordinates: up north and down south, left west and right east; The direction is determined by the (north-south) latitude (east-west) network. ③ Scale: the ratio of the distance on the map to the actual distance. Expression: a. Numbers B. Words C. Line segments. Nature: large denominator, small scale, large scope and simple content; On the contrary, the opposite is true.

Second, the interpretation of topographic map

1, which is usually expressed by contour lines. The vertical distance above the altitude of a place on the ground is called altitude (absolute height). The vertical distance from one place to another is called relative height. Connecting points with the same depth in the ocean into lines on the map is called isobath. The denser the contour, the steeper the slope; The thinner the contour, the slower the slope. Five different forms of mountains: peaks, ridges, valleys, saddles and steep cliffs.

2. Types of topographic maps: contour topographic maps, layered color topographic maps and topographic profiles.

3. land topography: The ups and downs of the surface are called topography.

Topographic types: plains, plateaus, mountains, hills and basins. On topographic maps, elevation is used to represent the ups and downs of the ground. Green represents plains, blue represents oceans, yellow represents alpine plateaus, and white represents glaciers.

4. Topographic features: the common feature of plains and plateaus is that the ground fluctuates slightly; The difference is that the plain has a low altitude, generally below 200 meters, while the plateau has a high altitude and steep edges. The same feature of mountains and hills is that the ground is rugged; The difference is that the mountains are relatively high, with an altitude of more than 500 meters, steep slopes and deep valleys, while the hills are relatively low, and the relative height is generally within 200 meters. Most of the basin is surrounded by mountains or plateaus, and the middle part is relatively low and flat.

5. Submarine topography: continental shelf: the natural extension of land to the ocean, with a gentle slope and a water depth of less than 200 meters. Continental slope: A steep slope in which the continental shelf inclines outward and the water depth increases sharply to several kilometers. Mid-ocean ridge: the place where the seabed was born in the ocean, where volcanic activity is relatively strong. Trench: the deepest part of the sea floor. The maximum water depth can reach more than 1 10,000 meters.

Third, get information from the map.

Only by applying what you have learned and choosing a map correctly according to the purpose of use can you get useful information in time and accurately.

Summary of junior high school geography knowledge points 4

Geographical differences in China

1, there are many different types of geographical areas, some are natural areas, such as the Pearl River Delta; Some are economic zones, such as industrial zones; Some are administrative districts, such as Xizang Autonomous Region. The same geographical area may have multiple identities at the same time.

2. According to the different geographical location, natural and human geographical features, China can be divided into four geographical regions, namely, northern region, southern region, northwest region and Qinghai-Tibet region. Among them, Qinling Mountain and Huaihe River are the dividing lines between the northern region and the southern region.

3. There are obvious differences in topography, climate, river flow and vegetation types between the north and the south of China. Affected by the natural environment, people in the north and the south also have great differences in production methods, living habits and cultural traditions.

Comparison of differences between south and north of China:

Qinling-North of Huaihe River-Qinling-South of Huaihe River Comparison Project

1 (higher/lower than 0) The monthly average temperature is lower than 0 and higher than 0.

The annual precipitation is small.

The main terrain is dominated by plains and plateaus, and plains, basins, plateaus and hills crisscross.

Vegetation type temperate deciduous broad-leaved forest subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest

The river flow is small and large.

Farming system: one crop a year or three crops a year or two crops a year.

Cultivated upland paddy field

Cereal crops wheat and rice

Traditional means of transportation, carriages and boats

Traditional sports include skiing, skating, dragon boat racing and swimming.

4. The topography of northwest China is mainly plateaus and basins. The eastern part is dominated by grassland and desert landscape; There is a large area of desert in the western basin; Only rare oases appear at the edge of the basin. All these show that the northwest region is a region with drought as its main natural feature.

5. Qinghai-Tibet region is a unique region because of its high terrain, and another obvious natural feature that comes with "high" is "cold".

6. Northwest China and Qinghai-Tibet are the main pastoral areas in China. Inner Mongolia is mainly temperate grassland pasture; Xinjiang is mainly mountainous pasture; Qinghai and Tibet are mainly alpine pastures. Three rivers and three cows in Inner Mongolia, fine wool sheep in Xinjiang, yak in Qinghai-Tibet, Tibetan sheep and Tan sheep in Ningxia are all famous livestock breeds.

7. In addition to animal husbandry, people in northwest China also use river water and meltwater from alpine snow and ice to develop irrigated agriculture.

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