What policies were implemented in foreign trade in Qing Dynasty?

After the development of Song, Yuan and Ming Dynasties, the economy of Qing Dynasty became more and more mature and perfect in foreign commodity trade.

Waterway traffic or land traffic

The traffic in Qing dynasty was also perfect;

The Qing dynasty has a vast territory, a large population and a huge domestic market, which

Infrastructure and commodity trade

The development of experience promoted the development of domestic market in Qing Dynasty to some extent.

Although there is already a huge domestic market, it does not mean that there is no need to explore the international market. Extensive domestic trade is beneficial to supply the shortage of domestic commodity transactions.

For example, it is necessary to transport goods abroad.

transport

Therefore, in order to serve international trade, the transportation system of the Qing Dynasty was also improved to some extent.

However, what the Qing government did was extremely inconsistent with the times at that time.

Do everything possible to intervene in foreign trade,

However, foreign trade is also the general trend, so how did the Qing Dynasty conduct international trade when foreign trade was prohibited?

First, the Qing intervention in foreign trade measures

1, tax intervention

During the Qing dynasty, the tariffs on bulk trade were very low, and the tariffs were mainly levied on domestic trade. Tariffs have always been the government's way of managing trade in China, and no dynasty will completely abolish tariffs at any time.

As a part of the national fiscal revenue,

foreign trade

It was not an important part of the Qing government's fiscal revenue, because for the Qing dynasty, domestic tariffs were already a large part. But after the Opium War, foreign trade began to be levied.

Tea tax

And continue to collect after the war.

2. Qing officials intervened in economic affairs.

Qing government officials

For economic and trade activities are

administration authority/privilege

This will not only ensure that the local commodity trade is under our control, but also gain some benefits from it. Therefore, officials of the Qing Dynasty

There is no reason to refuse.

The exercise of this power.

When government officials are involved in commodity trade and various economic activities, they form cooperative relations with businessmen. Even so, the status of businessmen and officials is different.

inequality

Businessmen are comparing.

shortcomings

On the other side.

So in this context, even at that time,

The economic center has begun to move south.

But Beijing, the political center of the Qing Dynasty, still played an important economic role.

Part of the closed-door policy will be retained.

London in the Qing Dynasty has become the political and economic center of Britain, and at this time London is also very concerned about the economy.

But at this time of the Qing dynasty

Do not attach importance to trade interests.

Because in

Unknown waters

The closed door policy that has been implemented is still being partially implemented.

The Qing government never thought

, the British government

In order to ensure the interests of businessmen, the war was suddenly launched. The Qing government and businessmen also realized the importance of government rule in the constant trade friction.

Second, the trade mode between the Qing Dynasty and the West.

1. Concentrate the trade activities with Guangdong, which is convenient for management.

The rulers of the Qing Dynasty vividly demonstrated the idea that "heaven is superior to the country" in international exchanges. First of all, the Qing government paid special attention to its subjects and the West.

"barbarian"

The communication between the two sides is trying to reduce the communication between the two sides, or even strictly prohibit it.

Therefore, when dealing with the foreign trade of the Qing Dynasty, there was also such an idea, trying to control most commercial activities.

Guangzhou area

with regard to

The choice of active objects is also very strict.

However, there were still many problems in the commodity trade activities of the Qing Dynasty.

2. Take tea as a pilot and concentrate on the same port for trade.

It is not surprising for foreign countries that the Qing government concentrated commodity trade in the same place, just as Spain and Portugal once had similar behaviors.

When the export product is mainly tea,

It is very important to choose a port closer to the tea producing area.

Taking Guangzhou as a trading port for southeast foreign exchanges actually had a negative impact on the economy of the Qing Dynasty, and it can even be said that it was

Early Qing dynasty

The implementation of this trade policy is impossible.

Third, how high was the social status of merchants in the Qing Dynasty?

1, a businessman from western countries

Although China's ancient thought of "China" has always been particularly obvious, in the face of the actual economic and trade integration, the Qing government's means are relatively rational.

This is for those who come to China to do business.

alien merchant

It can be reflected. What was the status of these overseas businessmen in China at that time

very high

Due to the status of merchants in the Qing Dynasty, the management of the Qing government was also very low.

2. Businessmen in Qing Dynasty were controlled by government officials.

Officials in the Qing dynasty had a strong

A tendency to compromise

This is because business activities are serious.

Relying on government policies,

Very fragile,

Not an official's partner.

, but the subordinates of officials, may be suppressed by officials at any time and place.

It can be said that these businessmen in the Qing dynasty were related to western businessmen in the Qing government.

Double inhibition

Compared with western merchants, the trade activities of merchants in Qing Dynasty were restricted.

Qing dynasty's "

China went to the countryside. "

Thought made the Qing dynasty always hold a arrogant attitude when facing neighboring countries, but with the entry of foreign invaders, this phenomenon began to change.

International trade policy has also changed.

The first is to tax international trade.

Officials manage economic activities, a certain form of closed door policy, and adopt policies to concentrate the port's trade activities in Guangzhou Port.

Under this background, merchants in Qing Dynasty had different social status. First, the status of western businessmen staying in China is very high, but the businessmen from China are really poor, struggling to survive in the cracks.