Folk cultural heritage in Japanese cultural heritage

Abstract: Cultural heritage is the precious spiritual wealth of human beings. It records the historical changes of a country, inherits the cultural genes of a nation, and is a cultural symbol that distinguishes a country and a nation from other countries and nations. The cultural heritage of all countries and nations in the world has become a colorful and brilliant human civilization. As one of the few economically developed countries in the world, the Japanese government and society have devoted great enthusiasm to the protection of their cultural heritage in recent years, and invested huge manpower, material resources and financial resources, and achieved good results. As far as China is concerned, neighboring Japan has taken many measures to protect its cultural heritage.

The effective protection and rational utilization of cultural heritage has become an important topic in our society, especially in relevant academic circles and local governments at all levels. Japan, a neighbor of East Asia, is a country that recognized the importance of cultural heritage protection earlier in the world and institutionalized and systematized the protection work in the form of national legislation. Some practices in Japan's cultural heritage protection are worth learning and learning from.

I. Overview of Japanese cultural heritage

Japanese cultural heritage, called "cultural property" in Japanese, is a standard set by Japan for the protection of cultural and natural heritage, and its qualification is determined according to Japan's Cultural Property Protection Law. "Cultural heritage" is the corresponding translation here, literally translated as "cultural wealth", which actually covers not only cultural, historical, academic and other humanities fields, but also "natural heritage" such as animals, plants and landscapes, and Japanese is "natural commemoration". Japanese cultural heritage is regulated by Japan's Law on the Protection of Cultural Property, which stipulates the methods of identification, management and protection of Japanese cultural heritage. The law also divides and defines Japanese cultural heritage. Includes the following eight aspects:

First, the material and cultural heritage. Japanese is "tangible cultural wealth", including architecture and arts and crafts (i.e. painting, sculpture, handicrafts, books and classics, ancient documents, archaeological materials, historical materials, etc. ). It is also divided into: important cultural relics, Japanese is "important cultural wealth", that is, a particularly important part of material cultural heritage; National treasure, Japanese is "national treasure", that is, the part of important cultural relics with particularly high cultural value. Registered cultural relics, Japanese for "registered tangible cultural property", refer to the material cultural heritage that has not been recognized by the Japanese government or local public organizations. These are mainly modern cultural relics that need to be preserved or effectively used from Meiji Restoration to World War II.

Second, intangible cultural heritage. Japanese is "intangible cultural wealth", including drama, music, technology and so on. Important intangible cultural heritage, Japanese is "important intangible cultural wealth", which refers to a particularly important part of intangible cultural heritage. Among them, individuals with officially recognized skills and technologies are usually called "national treasures" in Japan and "national treasures on earth" in Japan.

Third, the inheritance of folk culture. Japan is a "treasure house of folk culture", including folk costumes, food, houses, beliefs, festivals, production, lifestyle and other related customs, folk arts and crafts. , can be divided into: important material folk cultural heritage (an important part of material folk cultural heritage), important intangible folk cultural heritage (an important part of intangible folk cultural heritage), and registered material folk cultural heritage (the first three items that have not been registered by the Japanese government or on March 15, 2006 are: "Ruoxiaのぅ (agate). | Making utensils "and" Yunzhou そろばん (abacus) making utensils ".

Fourth, scenic spots. Japanese is "memorial", which can be divided into: historical sites, such as shells, ancient graves, relics and so on. Special historical sites, that is, particularly important parts of historical sites. Places of interest, such as gardens, valleys, mountains, caves and springs. Special scenic spots, that is, a particularly important part of the scenic spots. Natural landscape, namely animals, plants, minerals, etc. Special natural landscape, that is, a particularly important part of natural landscape. Registered scenic spots, that is, scenic spots that are not recognized by the Japanese government or local public organizations, especially those that need to be preserved and effectively used.

Fifth, cultural landscape. Japanese is "cultural scene?" Q "refers to the unique life and production of people in various regions of Japan and the landscape formed by one side's soil and water climate, such as terraces and mountains, which is the original cultural feature of Japan." In order to implement the cultural landscape protection and survival plan, the Japan Cultural Landscape Protection and Restoration Audit Committee designated the 180 important area in the third survey. In Japan, important cultural landscapes are selected as landscape areas in administrative regions at all levels where protection measures are taken. The four important cultural landscapes selected are "near the river mouth" in Hekou City, Shiga County. _ (Bazhanshui Village by the River) "(selected on June 26th, 2006 +65438)" A? What is the pastoral scenery of this temple? Q (Temple Pastoral Scenery Level 1) "(selected on July 28th, 2006)," ァィヌの "in Hiramachi, Liu Sha Prefecture, Hokkaido? Huang changyi? What is the cultural landscape of Shaliuchuan Basin? Q (Cultural Landscape of Shaliuchuan River Basin Caused by Ainu People's Traditional Development) (selected on July 26th, 2007), section of "Youzishui Hepu" in Yuhedao City, Ehime Prefecture? X (Youzishui Hepu Terrace) "(selected on July 26th, 2007).

Sixth, ancient buildings. Japanese is "? Where is the car? Refers to towns and villages that are integrated with the surrounding environment and constitute historical customs. Important ancient buildings, that is, particularly important ancient buildings selected by the Japanese government.

Seventh, cultural heritage protection technology. Japanese is a "cultural wealth preservation technology", which refers to the production and restoration technology necessary in the process of protecting cultural heritage. Selected protection technology, Japanese is "selected preservation technology", that is, the protection technology selected by the Japanese government.

Eighth, the underground heritage. Japanese is "Bury? I cultural wealth ",this cultural heritage is different from the above cultural heritage, it is still buried underground.

Second, the development process and successful experience of Japanese cultural heritage protection

First of all, Japan's cultural heritage protection legislation is perfect. Japan's protection of cultural heritage began in the early Meiji period of19th century. Japan's traditional cultural heritage was almost intact until the edo shogunate era. After the Meiji Restoration, the development of capitalism strongly impacted Japanese traditional culture, but Japan did not forget to protect traditional culture while developing its economy. 187 1 In May, the Japanese government's Palace Office promulgated the Antiquities Preservation Law to protect arts and crafts, which was the first time that the Japanese government promulgated the Cultural Heritage Protection Law by decree. Later, the Law on the Protection of Gushe Temple (1897), the Law on the Protection of Scenic Sites and Natural Monuments (19 19), the Law on the Preservation of National Treasures (1929) and the Law on the Preservation of Important Art Films (/kloc- World War II caused great damage to Japanese cultural heritage. After 1945, in the early stage of Japan's national reconstruction from the ruins and national rejuvenation, the government widely adopted the strong demands of social enlightened people and academic circles and implemented the strategic policy of reviving Japanese national culture. 1949 65438+1On October 26th, a fire broke out in Jintang, Horyuji, Nara, which destroyed the oldest murals painted on wooden buildings in Japan, arousing people's awareness of the protection of cultural heritage, thus giving birth to the promulgation and implementation of Japan's Cultural Property Protection Law in 1950. 1954 has been significantly revised, and the designation system of important intangible cultural wealth has been established, and laws and regulations such as the designation criteria of important intangible cultural property and the identification criteria of important intangible cultural property owners have been added. At present, this protection law has become a very perfect national cultural protection code. The Law on the Protection of Cultural Property clearly stipulates that the state protects material and intangible cultural heritage, and the state establishes a cultural property protection committee to protect traditional culture and art. These measures show Japan's respect and care for its traditional culture. It is worth mentioning that 1974 The Law on Revitalizing Traditional Handicrafts promulgated and implemented in Japan is a law formulated by the Japanese government to further revitalize traditional handicrafts, and it is also a law of great significance for the inheritance and development of arts and crafts and related traditions after the Law on the Protection of Cultural Property. According to this law, the Implementation Committee of Traditional Craft Technology Investigation, which is composed of Japan Industrial Technology Liaison Association, Institute of Product Science of Industrial Technology Institute and Traditional Handicraft Promotion Association, conducted a national handicraft industry survey twice in 1975 and published a survey report in 1976, which played an important role in guiding and promoting the development of arts and crafts in various places. In addition, the law clearly stipulates that the holder of cultural property should also be the heir of cultural property. If the holder of cultural property keeps his skills secret, no matter how high his skills are, he will not be designated as a "national treasure on earth" or an "important intangible cultural property holder" by the government. The introduction of this series of operational measures has played a good role in promoting the protection of intangible cultural property.

Secondly, in the process of protecting cultural heritage, the state not only gives necessary material and spiritual rewards, but also attaches great importance to the participation of local governments at all levels, non-governmental organizations and even individuals, and clearly stipulates the rights and obligations of all parties. For example, Japan has established professional associations covering the whole country to protect important intangible cultural property from counties and cities to villages, and gathered thousands of folk culture and art descendants to engage in inheritance activities. For the inheritance of this folk intangible cultural property, in addition to the necessary financial support from the state, social organizations and local governments have also given some sponsorship. This emphasizes the importance of social groups in the process of protecting cultural property, improves the national protection awareness of Japanese nationals and cultivates talents in cultural property protection.

Thirdly, pay attention to the concern and protection of "people". In the process of protecting cultural heritage, Japan has seen the importance of traditional cultural holders and paid attention to the concern and protection of "people". Japan's recognition of "national treasure on earth" is a very typical example. "National treasure on earth" mainly refers to the holders of important intangible cultural property who have unique skills in technology or performing arts. Once their superb skills are officially affirmed by the government, they will be listed as objects of inheritance and protection. The state will allocate considerable special funds to preserve their works, subsidize their skills, cultivate their descendants and improve their living and artistic conditions.

Finally, Japan also emphasizes the flexible use of cultural heritage, which is not just a simple "protection", but to give full play to the role of cultural heritage, that is, while properly keeping it, we should also strive to make use of these cultural wealth. For example, the Japanese cherish traditional handicrafts very much and hold craft exhibitions at home and abroad. In the process of public display, they give full play to the cognitive and educational functions of these cultural heritages, so that people can understand their own history and culture through the flexible use of cultural heritages.

Thirdly, the enlightenment of Japanese cultural heritage protection.

(1) Handle the relationship between law and education, and pay equal attention to legislation and education.

Legislation is the basic guarantee for the protection of cultural heritage. The Japanese government attaches great importance to the normative management role of law and has formulated a comprehensive and systematic cultural property protection law. At the same time, the Japanese government attaches great importance to the cultivation and education of national cultural heritage protection awareness. In addition to organizing activities on various publicity days, the government has also made great efforts to pay attention to the education of young people, including the introduction and protection of Japanese historical and cultural heritage into the curriculum of primary and secondary schools from childhood and school. Every year, the school organizes students to visit cultural heritage and let them feel it on the spot. Everywhere the delegation went, they met students visiting groups, from kindergarten children to primary school and junior high school students, and they really felt the Japanese government's educational concept of "starting with children". At present, the main relevant laws implemented in China are the Law on the Protection of Cultural Relics in People's Republic of China (PRC) and the recently promulgated Law on Intangible Cultural Heritage, which provide legal protection for the protection of cultural heritage in China. On the premise that there are laws to follow, we should further strengthen education and publicity in various ways, improve the quality of the people, start from an early age, and make the concept of protecting cultural heritage deeply rooted in people's hearts and become a natural consciousness and behavior.

(two) to deal with the relationship between the protection and utilization of cultural heritage.

The Japanese government does not simply "protect" cultural heritage, which is the foundation and is also developed and utilized on this basis. However, this kind of utilization is more inclined to tap its cultural value and educate the public, and its economic color is lighter. When there is a contradiction between protection and utilization, the balance will tend to protect. At present, there is a passage in the introduction of Japan's Mount Fuji application that left a deep impression on everyone: "Success in applying for the world heritage is not the goal. It is our responsibility and our purpose to pass on Mount Fuji as the property of mankind to future generations and preserve it well. " The 5,000-year civilization history of the Chinese nation has left a very rich cultural heritage, and protecting the cultural heritage is the cultural basis for protecting the survival, development and future of the Chinese nation. The rational development and utilization of cultural heritage is conducive to the promotion of culture and economic development. But at present, many places attach importance to economic benefits, immediate interests, overall protection and cultural connotation mining, which is really worrying. The government should earnestly raise the awareness of cultural heritage protection of the main responsible persons in various places, implement their responsibilities, strengthen legal and public opinion supervision, and investigate their legal responsibilities according to law if serious consequences are caused.

(C) handle the relationship between tangible cultural heritage and intangible cultural heritage

Japan started early in the protection of cultural heritage. In addition to attaching importance to the protection of tangible cultural heritage, it also puts forward the concept of intangible cultural heritage, that is, intangible cultural property, and puts forward many specific protection measures in the Cultural Property Protection Law promulgated by 1950. For the inheritors of intangible cultural heritage designated by the state, the government not only gives certain economic subsidies every year, but also invests in purchasing works, shooting promotional films and holding exhibitions at home and abroad to help them cultivate inheritors. More importantly, once an artist is recognized as a "national treasure on earth", it will be greatly respected by the country, people and society. It is through laws and these intangible incentive mechanisms that the Japanese government encourages and preserves a large number of excellent skills, which greatly promotes the inheritance of culture. In the past, China paid little attention to the protection of intangible cultural heritage. This year, the intangible cultural heritage law was promulgated and implemented, and the situation began to improve. However, there are still some problems, such as the relevant measures can't keep up, and the local governments pay insufficient attention to it. We should improve the identification, registration and protection measures as soon as possible, improve the top-down understanding of intangible cultural heritage protection, and take practical measures to support the inheritors of intangible cultural heritage in terms of funds, publicity and training, so as to truly realize the sustainable development of cultural heritage protection.

In addition, in the protection of historical sites, Japan started early on the issue of urban landscape, attached great importance to it, had strict planning control, and had a complete system of laws and regulations. Take Kyoto as an example. Kyoto insists on not building tall buildings, and strictly stipulates that the height of all buildings in the city should not exceed 45 meters. As far as possible, no demolition will be carried out, and the government will give financial subsidies to families with living difficulties in old houses. Although many streets are narrow, they have never been widened at will. Moreover, it not only pays attention to the space of ancient buildings, but also pays special attention to the protection of natural landscape and ecological environment around the city, and takes mountain landscape as the background map of urban architecture and urban beauty. The protection of mountain vegetation and topography is extremely strict. In Nara, walking along Dengda Road from Nara subway station seems to have crossed just visiting and gradually entered the "primeval forest in spring" of several square kilometers in Fiona Fang. There are lush trees and vast grasslands, and historical heritages such as Dongda Temple, Horyuji and Chunri Dashe are distributed among them. Deer, once regarded as gods, do nothing around forests and temples, or graze leisurely or play with tourists. At the same time, it emphasizes that the protection of intangible cultural heritage should pay attention to the original ecology. For example, awa odori in Tokushima Prefecture, Wind Bang Bang Dance in Toyama Prefecture, Esa Dance in Okinawa Prefecture, and the folk song "Chasing the Zoning River" in Hokkaido are all famous. The government gives great financial and human support to make it inherit and develop.

Four. conclusion

The success of Japan's cultural heritage protection, to a considerable extent, not only benefits from the perfection of its cultural heritage-related laws, regulations and systems, but also benefits from the strong national legal system and protection consciousness, and also benefits from the tradition of mutual cooperation and full cooperation among all walks of life in Japan. Understanding or learning from the relevant experience of Japanese cultural heritage protection may enlighten us.