Foreign wine knowledge

Foreign wine is the general term for imported wine. Not only whisky, brandy, Odek and other spirits, but also beer, wine, liqueur and other drinks with different alcohol contents. Our ordinary things such as remy martin, Napoleon, Chivas Regal, Heineken, champagne and absinthe can all be called foreign wine.

As we all know, fermentation is the technological basis of all wines. It decomposes sugar into ethanol and carbon dioxide through the action of yeast. What we call "wine" is a drinkable liquid containing ethanol. The content of ethanol is between 0.5% and 75.5%, and it also contains certain nutrients and flavor components. According to historical records, wine is the earliest wine enjoyed by human beings. At that time, it was the product of natural fermentation and was discovered by accident.

There are tens of thousands of kinds of wines all over the world, and the raw materials used in brewing and the alcohol content of wines are also very different. In order to make it easier to understand and remember, people classify it in different ways. According to the classification of raw materials, wine can be roughly divided into seven categories: grain wine, spice and herbal wine, fruit wine, milk and egg wine, plant pulp wine, honey wine and mixed wine. If wine is divided by drinking time, there are pre-dinner wine (or aperitif wine), after-dinner wine, after-dinner wine and special wine; If the alcohol content is different, there are low, moderate and high levels. But according to the nature of wine, it can be divided into three categories: (1) fermented wine, including wine, beer, yellow wine and cider. (2) Distilled liquor, including Viguji, Brandy, Ouedec, Rum, Tequila and China Liquor. (3) Refining and comprehensive reproduction of alcoholic beverages, including gin, liqueur, absinthe (or absinthe), bitter wine, bamboo leaf green wine, ginseng wine, etc. Usually, the last wine classification method is more popular and widely used.

The following kinds of foreign wines and their related knowledge are part of the sea of foreign wines in Wang Yang, but they are the essence that must be understood.

There are several foreign wines here:

Wine, brandy and mint wine.

Whiskey, Vermeer, champagne.

Gin, vodka and rum

Weimeisi sherry port wine

Tejila wine

Introduction of foreign wines

Foreign wine is customarily called foreign wine, and many countries in the world have their own history and culture of producing wine. At present, there are many kinds of wines abroad, and the wine brands are even more varied. Famous wine producers are France, Britain, Germany, Italy, the United States, Russia, Switzerland, Spain and so on. One of the most famous is France. Brandy, champagne, red and white wine and various liqueurs produced in France are second to none. Followed by Britain, where gin and whisky are very popular. The unique smoky smell of scotch whisky makes it the best in the whisky family. German beer is famous for its long history. There are also vodka from the former Soviet Union and northern Europe, and Roman wine from Jamaica, which are famous far and near. Although the brewing industry in the United States started late, it also has famous bourbon.

The production processes of various liquors are different, but they can generally be divided into two categories: distilled liquor and brewed liquor. Distilled liquor is a kind of liquor which concentrates alcohol by distillation and improves the alcohol content in the brewing process. Alcohol is often 40% (often recorded as 40? ) above, so it is also called ghosts and gods. Before introducing foreign wine, it is necessary to introduce some common expressions of alcohol content. At present, there are three ways to express alcohol content in the world: the first way: alcohol by volume percentage. The standard alcohol content was invented by the famous French chemist Guy Lusaka. Refers to how many milliliters of alcohol are contained in every 100 milliliter of liquor at 20℃. This representation is easy to understand, so it is widely used. The standard alcohol content, also known as Gay-Lussac alcohol content, is usually expressed by percentage or abbreviation GL; The second type; Proof degree of VK. British alcohol content is a method to calculate alcohol content, which was created by an Englishman Clark in the18th century. The third type: the degree of proof. The alcohol content in the United States is expressed by alcohol purity, and an alcohol purity is equivalent to 0.5% alcohol content.

The invention of British alcohol degree and American alcohol degree preceded the appearance of standard alcohol degree, both of which were expressed by "proof" of alcohol purity. However, you can switch between three alcohol degrees. So, if you know the alcohol content in Britain and want to calculate its American alcohol content or standard alcohol content, you can calculate it as long as you have the following formula:

Standard alcohol content x 1.75 = British alcohol content.

Standard alcohol x2 = American alcohol

English wine x8/7 = American wine.

In restaurants, bars and sales departments, spirits are usually divided into six categories: gin, whisky, brandy, vodka, rum and tequila.

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Chivas regal 12 years:

Chivas regal 12 is an excellent wine, which has become a recognized standard to measure high-quality scotch whisky. Its noble silver foil carton decoration is well known. Twelve-year Chivas Regal has always maintained the standard of quality, becoming the most famous Scottish premium whisky in history. Today, the name of Chivas Regal's twelve-year whisky means "extraordinary". Chivas regal is also one of the best-selling foreign wines in bars all over the world. A popular drinking method is to add green tea or black tea and ice cubes.

Remarks: Alcohol content: 43% net content: 70CL Origin: Scotland

Bourbon in Jack Daniels:

Jack Denny Winery, located in Lianzhibao, Tennessee, is the oldest registered winery in the United States. Select the best all-natural grains such as corn, rye and malt, and brew them with mountain spring water without artificial ingredients. Using a unique maple filtration method, the wine is stored in a newly fired American white oak barrel, which makes the wine emit a natural and unique fragrance. This product has been the American whiskey champion for many years in a row.

Remarks: Alcohol content: 43% Net content: 75CL Origin: USA

Jim Liang bourbon:

The characteristic of Jambian whisky is that besides Yushu, it is also strongly barbecued and brewed in a distillation barrel, and its taste is rich and unique. The first and most popular bourbon in the United States, each bottle has been aged for at least four years, far exceeding the legal two years of bourbon. The popularity of Jambian whisky is mainly due to its rich flavor and various drinking methods. It can be drunk directly or with ice, or mixed with mineral water, soda water, orange juice or cola, and each drinking method has its own flavor. Today, it is a must-have cocktail whisky for bartenders.

Remarks: Alcohol content: 43% Net content: 75CL Origin: USA

The famous grouse:

Witch Whiskey Whenever the British royal family goes to Scotland to hunt grouse, they should bring Gloag Whiskey as a celebration of keeping out the cold and the success of hunting. By the third generation of Gloag family (about the end of 19), the family authorities decided to use "Grouse" as their whisky brand. 1842, canary scotch whisky was designated as the royal banquet wine by Queen Victoria. This wine is produced in the heart of the "water of life", with a balanced wood flavor and vanilla flavor.

Remarks: Alcohol content: 43% Net content: 75 degrees Origin: Scotland

Johnnie walker red label:

Red [Red Card] is the highest-selling scotch whisky in the world, and its sales volume is almost one million cases more than that of its nearest competitor every year. [Red Card] About 40 different single malt whiskies and grain whiskies are mixed, and the blending technology is exquisite, and the original formula of 1999 is used. Each bottle of "red card" has its own unique taste, so it is famous all over the world. 1996, the most authoritative international wine competition in the world, [red card] even won the gold medal with scotch whisky.

Remarks: Alcohol content: 43% net content: 70CL Origin: Scotland

Johnnie walker black label:

[black card] is the world's leading high-quality whisky, which is brewed from 40 kinds of high-quality whiskies. It has been stored in a strictly controlled environment for at least 12 years. [Black Card] is a high-grade whisky with high sales volume in duty-free shops all over the world, and has won many awards in the world. 1994, 1996 [Black Card] won the gold medal in the most authoritative international wine competition in the world, so [Black Card] is really a unique wine with mellow fragrance, which deserves careful tasting.

Remarks: Alcohol content: 43% net content: 70CL Origin: Scotland

Blue (johnnie walker Blue):

Blue Square is the top alcohol brewing in the johnnie walker series, which is carefully selected from the oldest whiskies in many parts of Scotland, including those that are 60 years old. This wine is unique in quality and mellow, which is the choice of whisky connoisseurs.

Remarks: Alcohol content: 43% net content: 70CL Origin: Scotland

Ballantine:

Bailingtan scotch whisky is the best, which is blended with a variety of high-quality single malt whiskies. The wine is crystal clear and fragrant, and it can give full play to the charm of whisky with any soft drink.

Remarks: Alcohol content: 43% net content: 70CL Origin: Scotland

Royal Salute (Royal Salute 2 1 year Scotch Whiskey):

1953, Chivas Brothers specially brewed [Royal Salute] to pay tribute to the coronation ceremony of Queen Elizabeth. The name of "Royal Salute" comes from the custom of saluting visiting royal personnel with 2 1. This precious 2 1 year whisky is packed in red, green, blue and brown porcelain bottles, which is more elegant.

Remarks: Alcohol content: 43% net content: 70CL Origin: Scotland

XO (Martell Supreme XO:

Martell XO comes from the vineyard owned by Martell family and is an original mixed wine. They have been stored in two wine cellars named "Purgatoire" and "Paradis" for many years. These two wine cellars are Martell's two cellars for storing its best quality "Water of Life". The unique cognac is an excellent choice for special occasions, and it is also an ideal choice for giving good products. The average brewing year is between 35 and 40 years. Unique selling point: Martell series wine cellars are selected from the carefully prepared precious "water of life". The famous glass wine bottle and the silver belt decoration at the waist show the supreme quality of the boutique cognac and become a gift to show noble status.

Remarks: Alcohol content: 40% net content: 70CL Origin: France

Hennessy XO (Hennessy XO):

Founded in 1870, Hennessy XO is the first cognac named after X.O. It was originally a private collection of Hennessy family for entertaining close friends. /kloc-0 was introduced to China in 872, and it has been deeply loved by Chinese people since then. Hennessy X.O is mellow and noble, which is indispensable for any important festival or festive banquet.

Remarks: Alcohol content: 40% net content: 70CL Origin: France

Remy Martin Louis XIII:

The excellent taste of Louis XIII, the king of spirits in Louis XIII, is the eternal pride of the remy martin family with a long history. Louis XIII is a crystal amber remy martin, 100% made of thousands of "water of life" in champagne and stored in ancient oak barrels for 50 to 100 years. Didi wine is packed in a famous baccarat handmade crystal bottle engraved with the emblem of lily, and the bottleneck is carved with 24K pure gold, which is transformed into a highly collectible work of art. Louis XIII in remy martin is a classic and precious collection, and it is also an excellent choice for important friends. Drinking remy martin's Louis XIII is like having a wonderful sensory journey. At first, you can feel the fruity aroma of wine, walnut, narcissus, jasmine, passion fruit and litchi. And immediately revealed the fragrance of vanilla; When alcohol gradually volatilizes, the fragrance of iris, violet, rose and resin is more memorable. Generally, the aftertaste of brandy can only last 15 to 20 minutes. This fragrant and delicious famous wine has a aftertaste of more than an hour.

Remarks: Alcohol content: 40% net content: 70CL Origin: France

Hennessy Richard Cognac:

Hennessy Richard Cognac is the soul of this family. Time is closely related to Hennessy's technique. Hennessy Richard Cognac symbolizes the eternal connection between a rich past and a bright future. This is a high respect for our predecessors and a source of inspiration for our future generations. Yan Felvo is the descendant of the chief wine cellar artist. Seven generations of his family have been tirelessly pursuing the ideal of reunification. In endless creation, we have preserved a precious heritage, enriched it with constant passion and creativity, and let us see the essence of Hennessy spirit. Richard Cognac of Hennessy embodies the modernity, authenticity, luxury and sensibility of Hennessy family. 1996 The spread of Hennessy Richard Cognac fully explains the soul of Hennessy for experienced connoisseurs who care about Hennessy.

Remarks: Alcohol content: 40% net content: 70CL Origin: France

Smirnoff vodka:

Crown vodka is produced in the United States and is the largest selling vodka in the world. Pierre Smirnoff Fils was founded in Moscow on 18 18 during the Russian Empire. 19 17 After the October Revolution, it was still a family business. 1930, its formula was brought to the United States, and the Crown Vodka Factory was established in the United States.

Swedish vodka (absolute vodka):

The history of Swedish vodka can be traced back to15th century. /kloc-In Sweden in the 0/5th century, the brewing of vodka was very developed. Almost every Swedish family has a unique way to brew vodka to resist the harsh winter in northern Europe. Swedish vodka has not been purified, but it still retains the best original ingredients in the world: pure Swedish water and nutritious Swedish wheat. However, the brewing process of Swedish vodka is quite rough, and the equipment of home brewing workshops is not complete. Even how to remove impurities from wine by distillation is little known.

Cabernet Sauvignon

Alias: Cabernet Sauvignon, which originated in France, is a traditional fine wine variety brewed in Bordeaux, France, and is widely planted in various wine-producing countries all over the world. China was first introduced by Yantai Changyu Company on 1892, then introduced from the former Soviet Union on 196 1, and introduced from France, the United States and Australia many times after 1980. It is the largest cultivated red grape variety in China.

This variety is regarded as the main variety of dry red wine by wine producing countries all over the world because of its strong adaptability and high quality, but it must be blended with other varieties (such as Merlot) and stored in oak barrels to obtain high-quality wine. In China, it is also called "Three Beads" with Pinlizhu and Snake Dragon Ball. In recent years, wineries all over China are vigorously developing planting bases, especially in Changli, Hebei Province, which has the largest planting area and the best performance of grapes.

Cabernet-Fran

Alias: Carmenette, formerly Cabernet Sauvignon, originated in France, is an ancient French wine-making variety, cultivated all over the world, and is a sister variety of Cabernet Sauvignon and Cabernet Sauvignon. China was first introduced from western Europe to Yantai, Shandong Province on 1892, and is now cultivated in the main producing areas. This variety is a world-famous ancient red wine variety. Its wine quality is not as good as Cabernet Sauvignon, and its adaptability is not as good as Cabernet Sauvignon. Its popularity is limited to some extent. In recent years, the newly introduced "Pinlizhu" nutritional system has greatly improved its cultivation characteristics, which deserves attention.

Merlot (Merlot)

Alias: Merlot, originally from France, produces high-quality dry red wine in Bordeaux, France, together with other famous varieties (such as Cabernet Sauvignon). China was first introduced into Yantai, Shandong Province from Western Europe in 1892. After 1970s, it was introduced from France, America and Australia for many times, and now it has been planted in major producing areas.

This variety is an ancient French wine-making variety. In recent years, causal dry red has been very popular as a mixed wine to improve the fruit taste and color of wine. Especially after the first success of Merlot 1978 in the United States, its planting area has developed rapidly. Although it was introduced in China for nearly a hundred years, it has not been popularized. In recent years, influenced by the outside world, it has been vigorously promoted and developed in major producing areas.

Carignane e

Alias: Kerry wine, French red, Cabernet Sauvignon, fine wine. Originated in Spain, it is one of the ancient high-quality wine-making varieties in western European countries. It is cultivated all over the world. China was first introduced into Yantai, Shandong Province from Western Europe in 1892. At present, Shandong, Hebei, Henan and other producing areas are planted in large areas.

This variety is one of the oldest red wine brewing varieties in the world. The brewed wine is ruby red, with positive taste and good aroma, and should be blended with other varieties. Peeling can make white wine or pink wine. Although China has a cultivation history of nearly a hundred years and was once the main variety, it is difficult to brew high-quality dry red wine independently due to the poor quality of wine, which has also decreased in recent years. However, it has the advantages of easy cultivation and high yield, and is very popular with growers, so it still has a certain area in production, and can be used as red wine to mix wine and make brandy, so it still has certain popularization significance and development prospects in production.

Black Pi Nuo wine

Alias: Pinot Noir, Pinot Noir, Black Pi Nuo, etc. , originated in France, is an ancient wine-making famous species, which is cultivated in all wine-producing countries in the world. China first introduced Yantai, Shandong Province from Western Europe in l892, Changli, Hebei Province from Japan in 1936, and introduced it from France many times after 1980s. At present, it is cultivated in Shandong, Hebei, Henan, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Anhui and other places. This variety is the main raw material of famous French champagne and pink wine, and it has strict requirements on soil and microclimate. Because of its early maturity, it can avoid the rainy season, reduce pests and diseases, and advance the processing period of wineries in North China. Dry white or champagne can be fermented without peeling.

Sila (Sila)

Sila, originally from France, likes mild climate and has excellent planting performance in volcanic hillside areas. The wine is dark in color and rich in aroma. There are aromas of black berries and violets when you are young, and ripe aromas of pepper, tar and leather when you are old. The taste is firm and rich, the tannin content is amazing, and the antioxidant capacity is strong, which is very suitable for long-term aging in oak barrels.

Jiebaina snake dragon ball

Cabernet Sauvignon, a sister variety of Cabernet Sauvignon and Cabernet Sauvignon, is produced in France. Its fruit is purple-black, thick and fleshy. The wine brewed by it has the typical characteristics of Cabernet Sauvignon, which is deep ruby red, crystal clear, full-bodied, mellow and harmonious with oak aroma, mellow taste, full-bodied and full-bodied.

Ruby Cabernet Sauvignon

Alias Magala Gem, ruby red, originated in the United States. It is a hybrid variety of Cabernet Sauvignon and Jialiniang, and has strong adaptability to the environment. Its skin is blue-black, and the brewed wine is of good quality, deep ruby red and full-bodied.

Chardonnay (Chardonnay)

Originated in Burgundy, it is the most popular white wine variety in the world at present. Because of its strong cold tolerance, strong adaptability and stable yield.

Riesling grape

Its origin has always been a mystery, belonging to late-maturing type. Suitable for continental climate, high yield, and planted in sandy soil on sunny slope.

Endless longing

Originated in Bordeaux, France, the dry white wine brewed has a strong sour taste, spicy taste and unique flavor.

Related information website

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/news/BigClass.asp？ BigClassID=20 Foreign wine price reference

Some foreign wine prices in the market (unit: Yuan Tianjin as an example)

Remy martin VSOP remy Martin VSOP 268

Hennessy VSOP 338

Gold Martell 295

Chivas regal 12 228

Jack Denny 268

Crown vodka 95

Royal salute 940

Finnish vodka 1 10

Swedish Vodka 128

Remy martin XO 908

Hennessy XO 980

Martell XO 858

The price of some foreign wines in the market (yuan/bar Chongqing as an example)

Hennessy VSOP/XO 580/ 1280

Remy martin VSOP/XO 580/ 1280

Martell VSOP/XO 580/ 1280

Royal salute/Jack Danny 1 180/398

Chivas regal 12/ red 428/288

Crown Vodka/Soviet Red Card 298/298

/alickshen/blog/

52-degree Wuliangye 348 yuan/bottle: 39-degree Wuliangye 265 yuan/bottle:: Smooth sailing Wuliangye 920 yuan/bottle: Wuliangye takes the lead in 780 yuan/bottle.

52 degrees Fang Shuijing 356 yuan/bottle: 38 degrees Fang Shuijing 280 yuan/bottle:

/kloc-38-degree maotai in 680 yuan in 0/5 years/bottle;

38 degrees Jian Nanchun 146 yuan/bottle: 52 degrees Jian Nanchun 158 yuan/bottle: 38 degrees Jin Jiannan 260 yuan/bottle: 52 degrees Yinjiannan (for sale) 36 yuan/bottle: 38 degrees Yinjiannan (silver card) 24 yuan/bottle.