On the Traditional Opera of Shaanxi Opera

Peking Opera, once called Pingju, is one of the five major dramas in China, with Xipi and Huanger as the main accents, accompanied by huqin and gongs and drums. It is regarded as the quintessence of China and the "top spot" of China's opera Sandingjia.

Anhui Opera is the predecessor of Beijing Opera. Since the 55th year of Qing Qianlong (1790), four Huizhou classes, Sanqing, Sixi, Chuntai and Hechun, which had performed in the south, have successively entered Beijing. They cooperated with artists in Hubei, accepted some plays, tunes and performance methods of Kunqu Opera and Shaanxi Opera, and absorbed some local folk tunes. Through constant communication and integration, Peking Opera was finally formed. After the formation of Peking Opera, it began to develop rapidly in the Qing court until the Republic of China.

Features and manifestations:

Through the long-term stage practice of countless artists, the stage art of Peking Opera has formed a set of standardized and standardized programs, which restrict and complement each other in literature, performance, music, singing, gongs and drums, makeup and facial makeup. As an artistic means to create a stage image, it is very rich and its usage is very strict. If you can't master these programs, you can't complete the creation of Peking Opera stage art. Just as Peking Opera entered the court at the beginning of its formation, its development and growth are different from local operas. It is required to show a wider range of life, create more types of characters, be more comprehensive and complete in skills, and have higher aesthetic requirements for its stage image. Of course, it also weakens its folk local flavor, and its simple and rude style is relatively weak. Therefore, its performing arts tend to combine reality with reality, which goes beyond the limitation of stage space and time to the maximum extent, thus achieving the artistic realm of "expressing the spirit with form and having both form and spirit". The performance requires exquisiteness and exquisiteness, and it is everywhere; It is required to sing melodiously and euphemistically, and the voice is full of emotion; Martial arts is not won by bravery, but by "singing martial arts".

The four artistic skills of Beijing opera performance: singing, reading, doing and playing are also the four basic skills of Beijing opera performance.

Singing refers to singing, while reciting refers to musical chanting, which complement each other and form a "song", which is one of the two major elements of the performing arts of singing, dancing and Peking Opera. Doing refers to the body movements, fighting and tumbling skills of dance, which are combined with each other to form a "dance", which is one of the two major elements of the performing arts of song, dance and Beijing opera.

Opera actors should be trained from these four aspects since childhood, although some actors are good at singing (singing to the old age), some are mainly engaged in work (Hua Dan), and some are mainly engaged in martial arts (Jason Wu). But every actor must have four basic skills: singing, reading, doing and acting. Only in this way can we give full play to the artistic characteristics of Beijing opera. Better express and portray all kinds of characters in the play.

Beijing opera is a highly comprehensive art, with singing, dancing, dialogue, martial arts and various symbolic movements.

Sichuan Opera is one of the Han operas in China, which is popular in eastern and central Sichuan, Chongqing and parts of Guizhou and Yunnan. The facial makeup of Sichuan Opera is an important part of the performing arts of Sichuan Opera, and it is an artistic treasure created and inherited by Sichuan Opera artists in past dynasties. The traditional Chinese opera is composed of five kinds of tunes: Kunqu Opera, Gaoqiang Opera, Huqin Opera, Tanxi Opera and Dengdiao Opera. Sichuan Opera is a bright pearl in the treasure house of China Opera. It has a long history and has preserved many excellent traditional plays, rich music and exquisite performing arts. It is a folk art loved by people in southwest provinces such as Sichuan, Yunnan and Guizhou. In the aspect of opera vocal cavity, Sichuan opera is composed of four major vocal cavities: high cavity, Kunqu cavity, Huqin cavity and weak cavity, plus a folk lantern opera in this province. These five categories, except Lantern Opera, were introduced to Sichuan in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties. Sichuan Opera has research and cognitive value in Bashu culture, art, history and folk customs, and has a very unique position in the history of China opera and the development of Bashu culture.

Features and manifestations:

The performing arts of Sichuan Opera have a deep foundation of life and form a perfect performance program. The script is of high literary value, real and delicate performance, humorous and full of life flavor, which is deeply loved by the masses. Some actors also created many stunts, such as lifting, opening eyes, changing face, drilling fire rings, hiding knives and so on. They are good at using special effects to shape characters, which is amazing. In the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties, due to the immigrants from all over the country and the establishment of local guildhall, many kinds of North-South tune operas have spread all over Sichuan, and in the long-term development and evolution, they have merged with Sichuan dialect, folk customs, folk music, dance, rap and folk songs, and gradually formed the tune art with Sichuan characteristics, thus promoting the development of Sichuan local opera-Sichuan Opera. Sichuan opera singing

Sichuan Opera consists of Kunqu Opera, Gaoqiang Opera, Huqin Opera, Tanxi Opera and Dengdiao. Among them, except for the local lights, all the lights in other places are imported. These five kinds of vocal music and the music forms such as gongs and drums, suona music cards, piano and flute music that accompany these five kinds of vocal music. Sichuan opera music is eclectic. It absorbed the nutrition of the big cavity system of Chinese opera, merged with Sichuan local language, phonology and music, and evolved into local opera music with diverse forms, rich tunes, rigorous structure and different styles.

Shaanxi Opera is one of the oldest operas of Han nationality in China, which originated in the Western Zhou Dynasty and Xifu (the core areas are Qishan (Xiqi) and Fengxiang (Yongcheng) in Baoji City, Shaanxi Province). Mature in the Qin dynasty.

Shaanxi Opera, also known as random play, is popular in Shaanxi, Gansu, Qinghai, Ningxia and Xinjiang in the northwest of China. Among them, the Xifu Qin Opera in Baoji is the oldest, and it retains many ancient sounds. Because it uses jujube bangzi as a percussion instrument, it is also called "Bangzi tune", commonly known as "Bangzi" (because Bangzi makes a "dreamy" sound when clapping).

Features and manifestations:

Xianyang Qin Opera is divided into two parts: plate and color, and each part is composed of two parts: bitter tone and happy tone (also known as Huayin). Bitter tune is the most distinctive singing method of Shaanxi Opera. It is intense, solemn and stirring, deep and high-pitched, showing feelings of sadness, hatred, nostalgia and desolation. Yin Huan Qiang is cheerful, bright and vigorous, and is good at expressing joy and happy feelings. There are four types of Shaanxi opera discs: one with three eyes, one with one eye, one without eyes and one without eyes. The names of the board cavity are adagio, stop board, first hammer board, negative board, second and sixth board, second and sixth hammer board, belt board, sharp board, rolling board, second guide board and double hammer board. Generally known as the six big plate heads, adagio, ribbon plate, backing plate, second guide plate and coil plate. Qinqiang Qupai can be divided into six categories: strings, percussion instruments, suona, sheng pipe, sea flute and divertimento. In the early days, the band was composed of six people, divided into two parts: nothing and martial arts.

Henan Opera: Originated in the Central Plains (Henan), Henan Opera is one of the five major operas in China and the largest local opera in China. In recent years, Henan Opera has followed Henan Satellite TV, Henan Opera Academy, Taiwan Province Henan Opera Troupe and other performing groups to perform in many countries in the world, such as Australia, Italy, France, Canada, Venezuela, New Zealand, Germany, Britain, the United States, Thailand and Pakistan, and has been praised as "Oriental Aria" and "China Opera" by westerners.

Henan Opera has been continuously inherited, reformed and innovated on the basis of Henan Bangzi. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, Henan was called Henan Opera for short. From the late Qing Dynasty to the present, Henan Opera has formed four major tunes, namely, Xiangfu tune (centered on Kaifeng), Eastern Henan tune (centered on Shangqiu), Western Henan tune (centered on Luoyang) and Shahe tune (centered on Shahe Valley, namely, southeast Henan and northern Anhui).

Features and manifestations:

Due to the differences of pronunciation in different places, Henan opera has formed an artistic school with regional characteristics in music. At the end of the Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China, Henan operas in Luoyang and other places mostly used the lower five tones, while those in Kaifeng and other places used the upper five tones, which formed a sharp contrast. In order to distinguish, Henan opera artists call the vocals in Luoyang and other places the Western Henan Tune (also known as Xifu Tune), and Kaifeng's vocals the Eastern Henan Tune (also known as Xiangfu Tune). After the founding of New China, Henan Opera experts subdivided the Eastern Henan Opera into Xiangfu Opera, Eastern Henan Opera and Sha Hetiao Opera. This division has been widely recognized, that is, the auspicious sound centered on Kaifeng; Eastern Henan tune centered on Shangqiu; The western Henan transfer is centered on Luoyang; Sha Hetiao, also known as "Tubang", is popular in the Shahe region of southeast Henan. Among them, Xiangfu Tone, Shahe Tone and Eastern Henan Tone mostly adopt the upper five tones, while Western Henan Tone mostly adopts the lower five tones; Nowadays, the harmony between auspicious symbols and Sha Hetiao has declined, but the tunes in eastern and western Henan have shown tenacious vitality.

During the prosperous period of Henan Opera, not only Han people, but also Hui, Manchu, Korean, Mongolian, Gaoshan, Jewish and other ethnic minorities engaged in Henan Opera. Henan Opera, rooted in the Central Plains, is full of great boldness of vision, aesthetic effect of appealing to both refined and popular tastes, high-pitched, vigorous, concise and lively singing, performance style of Xian Yi, young and old, humorous and optimistic language interest, easy-to-understand Zhongzhou phonology, unpretentious, generous and noble cultural characteristics, and realistic, close to life, flesh-and-blood mass pattern.

The art of Henan Opera combines ancient and modern, combines rigidity with softness, is open-minded and generous, and has the beauty of "neutralization". First of all, the singing of Henan Opera is forceful, dignified and restrained, passionate and masculine, with great emotional power. Secondly, Henan Opera has full melody, clear articulation, natural colors, flesh and blood, and is good at expressing the inner feelings of characters. Moreover, Henan Opera has a clear and strong rhythm, sharp contradictions and conflicts, a story that begins and ends, and humorous and cheerful tunes. It is not only suitable for performing relaxed comedies, but also suitable for performing large-scale scenes of emperors and princes. The western Henan tune is euphemistic and melodious, and its singing is sad, which is very suitable for performing tragedies. In the key plots of Henan opera, there are generally large-scale vocals, which are smooth, rhythmic and challenging. Generally speaking, the text is clear and easy to be heard by the audience.

The vocal structure of Henan Opera belongs to plate variation, which mainly includes four vocal boards: Balban, Adagio, Runban and Sanban.

Among the four boards of Henan Opera, Baer Board has the strongest expressive force and the richest variety. In addition to Baer's basic board, it can also be divided into slow 28 board, medium 28 board, 28 board, fast 28 board, tight 28 board, tight 28 board and slow singing. It got its name because it used to be composed of two eight boards (eight bars) that were reused. With the continuous enrichment of performance content, this fixed and rigid program has been broken through. At present, Erbaban combines the singing methods of two major schools, namely, Eastern Henan Tune and Western Henan Tune. One board can form hundreds of big aria, which are mainly used for narration. It can also change according to the plot and the feelings of the characters, which can not only show bright, lively and happy, but also show anxious, nervous, angry and sad scenes. In addition, Balban can also be derived from big mouth, dog bite, kicking, folding boards, moving benches and so on.

Flexible board includes flexible board, gold hook, anti-gold hook, windward board and other boards, which are generally three-eye boards. The upper and lower lines of the aria start from the middle eye and fall on the chessboard. The desensitization of the former sentence is free, and the desensitization of the latter sentence is different from that of western Henan. Adagio is one of the commonly used plates in the singing of Henan Opera. Its opening prelude has many forms, among which the most commonly used ones are six rings, four rings, four rings and one ring against the wind. Adagio can be divided into two types: whole board and scattered board. The whole board is called the first sentence cavity, and the scattered board is to sing the last sentence or the big board, and enter the adagio from the next sentence. The basic structure of ordinary sentences in adagio is to divide an aria into two clauses with a small door in the middle; After the whole sentence is sung, there is an eight-ring heel cavity at the end of the sentence (it can also be reduced to four rings or omitted completely). In addition to the above-mentioned basic structural forms, there are many kinds of flower cavities caused by local changes. The first sentence has three cavities, and the next sentence has a single board and a double board. The chamber closing of adagio, also called lock board, has the same basic structure as the ordinary next sentence, except that the speed of chamber closing is mostly gradually slow, with a short door and a closing sound. The speed of adagio is flexible. According to the content and mood, we can use fast, medium and slow three speeds.

Running board is also one of the boards commonly used in Henan opera, which is divided into running board, jogging board, running board and running board. Singing is generally in the form of attracting attention and attracting attention. You can change different speeds as needed. The melody is free and flexible, the melody is smooth, and the rhythm jumps, which is suitable for both cheerful and lively scenes and depressing sad emotions. It also derived cribbing, two gong drills and so on. Its main feature is that there are a lot of syncopation rhythms across bars in the melody. Whether it is the ups and downs of singing or the ups and downs of singing melody, most of them appear in the eye position. The sentence above the water board falls off freely, and the sentence below falls off with the sound of "5" or "1". In the ordinary upper and lower sentence structure, as the last sentence of the aria falls off, there is generally a voice following the door. Its introduction prelude is basically the same as [28 board], but the understanding of leaf spring head is different. There are many forms for opening and closing the cavity of the running water tray. The key subsidiary boards of the running board mainly include the running board and two gongs.

Flying board is also a non-board, without board and eyes, with free rhythm. It is an enduring singing method and belongs to the category of pine board. In addition, there are white rolling, board planting and challenges. There are also three formats: crying rhyme, line rhyme and unique rhyme. Crying rhymes express sadness and plaintive feelings; Rhyme is mostly used for narration, while rhyme is suitable for expressing decisive and passionate emotions. Generally speaking, the aria of flying board is relatively short, and four, six and eight sentences are transferred to other boards.

Huangmei opera, formerly known as Huangmei tune or tea-picking opera, originated in Huangmei, Hubei Province and developed in Anqing, Anhui Province.

Huangmei Opera is one of the five major operas in China and the main one in Anhui Province. Hubei, Jiangxi, Fujian, Zhejiang, Jiangsu, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region and Taiwan Province Province also have professional or amateur Huangmei Opera performance groups, which are widely welcomed.

Features and manifestations:

Huangmei Opera is simple and fluent in singing, good at lively lyricism and rich in expressive force. The performance is simple and meticulous, and it is famous for its truthfulness and vividness.

Huangmei opera is euphemistic and fresh, which can be divided into two categories: coloratura and Pingci. The coloratura is dominated by small plays, full of rich flavor of life and folk songs, and commonly used such as "Hu She" and "Hu Que", such as "lovers watching lights", "Blue Bridge Club" and "playing pig grass". Pingci, the most important aria in the original drama, is often used for long narration and lyricism, which sounds euphemistic and melodious, including butterfly lovers and The Fairy Couple.