What are the general knowledge of Manchu civilization and etiquette?

The Manchu people have the virtues of honoring their superiors, respecting the elderly, being hospitable and keeping faith. In terms of hospitality, the Manchu people also have strict etiquette requirements. The Manchu is a hospitable people, really "guests from afar, not happy". If there are guests to the home, the whole family should be fully dressed, to the door to meet. Even now some of the Manchu are not used to wearing pajamas or clothes are not neat to receive guests, because it is regarded as a guest of neglect or impoliteness. Since ancient times, the Manchu people have the custom of not avoiding foreign guests within the family, especially for the first time guests, the host will also take the initiative to introduce the guests to the family, as a sign of respect. Guests stay at home to eat, but also very rules, "wine should be poured full, tea poured half a bowl," because there is "full of wine to honor people, tea full of deception," said, and the guests do not put chopsticks, the host can not be the first to put down chopsticks. Between hosts and guests eat while talking, juniors are absolutely not allowed to interrupt, but Gege (unmarried girl) exception. When you go out as a guest, elders and juniors can not be the same seat, father and son different tables. The younger generation are generally another table.

There are also some Manchu taboos, still retained. Such as the Manchu still have the custom of releasing the dog, the family dog, but do not kill the dog, do not eat dog meat, do not wear a dog skin hat, do not pave the dog skin mattress, do not use the dog skin products. The Manchu people are not allowed to shoot Uya, magpies, also had a "magpie to save the Lord" legend. In the courtyard of the Manchu people's homes, like to plant willow trees, and not allowed to bolt horses under the willow tree, feed poultry.

The Chinese language has become an important communication tool for the Manchu people, so when friends and relatives meet, greetings have long used the Chinese language, such as "Hello", "Good luck", "Good day to your old man! "...... in the correspondence, the end of the favorite "wish your family good luck," "Shunzhi Daan" and so on.

Manchu festivals and activities "awarded gold festival" is the main traditional festival of the Manchu people, the festival in the lunar calendar on October 13, is the name of the Manchu commemorative activities day. Legend has it that it is the commemorative day when Huang taiji, the original name of the female real people renamed the Manchurian race. Traditional festivals include the Spring Festival, Lantern Festival, February 2nd, Dragon Boat Festival and Mid-Autumn Festival. Festivals are generally held during the "pearl ball", horse jumping, jumping camel and ice skating and other traditional sports activities.

Presentation of gold festival "Presentation of gold" is the Manchu language, meaning the day of the name of the Manchu. Ming Chongzhen eight years (October 13, 1635), after the Jin Khan King Nurhachu's son Aixinjueluo? Huang taiji abolished the old name of the female true (also translated as Zhu Shen), the name of the tribe as Manchuria. This marks the formation of a new national ****same body. Huang taiji officially declared that from then on, the Manchu people to commemorate this day, as a holiday for a grand celebration. Xinjiang Manchu in October 13 this day, have gathered together, singing and dancing to celebrate their own holiday, many Manchu compatriots wear cheongsam and other national costumes, dancing folk traditional dance, singing folk songs, a variety of celebratory activities. At the same time, also prepare milk tea, saqima, cake, gold cake and other food for everyone to taste. 1989 October, in Dandong, "the first symposium on Manchu culture", the official December 3 every year designated as "Gold Award Festival".

The Qingming Festival on the graves of ancestors, unlike the Han Chinese paper money after the top of the grave on the pressure of money, but in the graves of the insertion of "Fodor's". "Fodor's" is a Manchu word, translated into Chinese as "willow" or "willow branches". According to Manchu beliefs, the willow is the ancestor of man, man is the descendant of the willow, in order to show that there will be a successor, to insert the willow on the grave.

Mid-Autumn Festival, Manchu people also eat Mid-Autumn Festival "reunion dinner". In addition, when the moon rises, but also for the moon. That is, in the courtyard of the west side to the east of a wooden screen, screen hanging on the cockle flower, bean branches, fresh lotus root, etc., for the moon rabbit. Before the screen set up a table, the table for a big moon cake. At the time of the festival, incense is burned and heads are bowed, women first and men second.

Manchu wedding customs Manchu is a member of China's multi-ethnic family, in the long-term historical development, and gradually formed their own wedding customs. With the development of time and society, the Manchu in the process of intermingling with the Han and other ethnic groups, marriage customs are also changing, and gradually formed a set of complicated and detailed Manchu wedding etiquette, which is through the matchmaker, a small fixed, worship the female family, under the tea, open the cut, picking him ha, welcome, sitting tent, fm radio, sub-size, back to the door, live in the month of the program.

Matchmaking. At the end of the Qing Dynasty, Manchu boys could discuss and solemnize their marriage at the age of ten or above. The specific process of concluding a marriage contract is still mostly a man's initiative to choose a woman. There is a son of the family in the parents for the son to choose a spouse after the goal, that is, please matchmaker and the female family, the female family agreed to the matchmaker to the male family news, and then exchanged the gateway post. Post, that is, a piece of red paper, written when the wedding belongs to a flag and great-grandfather, ancestor, father of three generations of the name, occupation, address, and when the wedding name, occupation, age, phases, birthdays. Through the matchmaker both sides of the exchange, to see whether the offending phase.

Small fixed. After the matchmaking, the man's mother went to see the girl to determine the choice. If the man agrees, he will choose a date for the wedding ceremony. The jewelry will be given to the girl by the mother of the man to wear. This is the first people of the Manchu people when the "male feathers into the head of the female" to show love for each other evolved from the ancient style.

Worship female family, also known as the big decision. Choose an auspicious day, the male family gathered clan relatives and friends with the new son-in-law to the female family to ask the name, the female family also gathered relatives and friends to meet. When the man enters the right seat, the older man delivers a speech expressing his intention to hire him. The woman's family gives a humble speech to thank her. The new son-in-law pays homage to the god of the woman's family, and then to her relatives. Finally, the woman's family tea, the guest of honor, the man's family into the left seat, set up a banquet to congratulate.

The gift of tea is agreed upon, and the man goes to the woman's house on a certain day. The type of bride price, how much depends on the status, rich and poor. Generally have saddle horses, pigs and sheep, money, jewelry and so on. The bride-price on a high table with red felt, carried to the woman's home, displayed in front of the ancestors on the west side of the bed, two relatives and kneeling, pouring wine to each other ancestor, commonly referred to as "changing cups".

Opening the cut is also called "Na Cai" refers to the male family in the month before the wedding, the wedding day will be notified in advance of the female family, so-called "send the day". The male family will give the female colored cloth, clothing sent to the female family, so-called "dowry". They also invite a woman who is blessed with both children to cut the girl's clothes for her, which is called "opening and cutting".

The picking of taha is a special ceremony in Manchu marriage customs. The woman in the month before the wedding, must choose an auspicious day to hold "pick his ha" ceremony. In the "picking his ha", to first clean up indoor and outdoor sanitation, will be on the ancestral board of the mother's pockets in the rope line out, one end of the bolt in the ancestral board slanting frame, one end of the pull in the house outside the willow tree branches for rituals. The shaman presides over the ceremony, the married girl and the whole family kowtow to the ancestors, and the officiating priest removes the taha patch that was bolted to the cord at the girl's birth and throws it in the river or on the street as a sign of a long life.

Welcoming is the most important part of the Manchu wedding customs. The traditional Manchu wedding is generally "three-day wedding", the first day called "ringing shed". This day the male family to participate in the wedding of friends and relatives to prepare a feast, to be in their own courtyard with the seat or cloth shack. Scaffolding more hanging and sticking happy words, couplets, men, women and children to help. Because this day not only to move the drums and music, but also to build stoves, chopping wood, so it is called "loud shed". The next day called "acting sedan chair", this day to kill pigs, run oil, set the table. Manchu custom is the groom riding a horse, the bride sat on the corrections. Groom and marrying people in this day to follow the drums along the street performance away. The third day is the wedding ceremony, this day to hold a series of ceremonial activities: playing the next place, insert the car, hold sex, hang the bronze mirror, Mai fire pot, shooting three arrows, across the saddle, pick the cover, worship the Big Dipper, embracing the bottle of firewood, sitting in the tent, into the bridal chamber, and so on.

Hitting the next place. Women's homes in the day before the main day, the bride to their own ancestors God salute goodbye, and bow to the "Buddha much mother" to ask for her blessings. Then accompanied by the bride, pro brother escort, ride the colorful car, the girl will be sent to a pre-selected friends and relatives home accommodation. It is said that "playing the next place". Commonly determined that the mother can not send relatives. The next place is generally selected from the male home closer to the place, but also can not see the male house as a standard.

Plug in the car. Bride and bridegrooming team from the morning of the day "under the place", before leaving to leave some money to the owner of the house, to show appreciation for the intention of lodging, commonly known as "pressure bed money. When the bridegroom and bride procession meet on the way, the car and sedan chair stop by mistake, and the bride's brother carries the bride from the family car to the groom's sedan chair. Thereafter, welcome to send the family team converge to the male family traveling. This custom is called "insert car".

Holding sex is also called "persuasion". This refers to the welcome to send the family team to the male home in front of the gate, the bride is not allowed to get off the sedan chair, meaning that the bride is a trigger when the girl's temper, so that after the marriage of life is more beautiful. Of course the time to hold back sex can not be too long.

May fire pot is the bride before the sedan chair to put on the "step on the hall shoes", stirrups with a small red bench to walk down the wedding sedan chair. Follow the red felt into the courtyard. The bride has to cross a fire pit on the road, meaning that the days after the wedding is red-hot.

The groom in the bride down the wedding sedan chair, to symbolize the bride to shoot three arrows in vain, to expel the evil with the bride. It is also said to be from the old custom of "robbing the wedding".

The next ceremony is the "sitting tent" also known as "sitting blessing". According to some Manchu old man's statement, in the early years of Manchu men with the Eight Banners Army to go out to war, the wedding, more than the bride sent to the barracks to get married, and therefore passed down this custom. The so-called "tent" is in the main room in front of the window of the temporary set up, rich people with felt, the general family with a mat. In the old days, it took a long time to sit in the tent, sometimes a day, but now it takes only one or two hours. Before the end of the sitting tent, the female elders to the bride open face, combing hair. The so-called "open face", is a fine line will be strung off the bride's face hair, marking her as a married woman. "Comb" is the bride's girl's hair style into the Manchu married women's "two head" or "big pull wings".

Then comes the "worship of the Big Dipper," when it's nearly noon. In the courtyard, there is a table of heaven and earth, on which there is a table for the gods and offerings. The bride and groom worship heaven and earth, Manchu called "worship Beidou". Manchu elders often say, we are from Changbai Mountain, rushing Beidou worship is to worship Changbai Mountain, is to worship ancestors. A pair of newlyweds sitting on their knees around the low table, by taking the bride for the vibration of the wine, the two exchange drink three times. Shaman to the newcomer in Manchu read the toast, known as the "Achabumi" song, the song is divided into three sections. Each read a section, with a knife cut off a piece of meat thrown phase in the air, pour a cup of white wine sprinkled on the ground, people are smiling, *** with the blessing of the newcomers, "fm fm radio" into the fm radio.

Some places do not give the bride until this time to uncover the head, the groom to use a scale to the bride hooded head pick down, and then put the eaves high. Here is still borrowed from the harmonies, meaning that "heart to heart", "step by step". Bride into the bridal chamber before the two girls with a bronze mirror on the bride to shine a little, and then the two copper mirror hanging on the bride's shoulders to ward off evil spirits.

The bride and groom, the bride's entrance, but also took over the firewood and vase, to take its "embrace the treasure" meaning. Across the saddle is also a popular custom in Manchu weddings. That is, the bride into the bridal chamber, to be located in the house doorway on the saddle across the past. This is also a harmonic, take "flat saddle into the door" meaning. "All the people" led to the bed, to the auspicious side of the seat, the mattress under an axe, said "sitting in the blessing (axe). Women's home to prepare sugar-filled dumplings, so that the bridegroom, the bride with food, said "children and grandchildren meat and potatoes", but also the question: birth is not born? After eating, the bride dressed out to worship ancestors, in-laws, and male elders, said "sub-size".

Then the wedding banquet began. Generally affluent families to do a very Manchu characteristics of the "three sets of bowls seat", the groom to "worship", to thank friends and relatives. On the wedding night, the young people will naturally make trouble in the bridal chamber. The groom, the bride are sitting on the edge of the kang, bin phase of the fruit plate of jujube, peanuts, chestnuts to the tent, and read some blessings:

A sprinkle of glory and wealth, two sprinkle of gold and jade full of pond, three sprinkle of the three yuan and the first early, four sprinkle of the dragon wind with the Xiang, five sprinkle of five children to worship the prime minister, six sprinkle of the six contract spring, seven sprinkle of the husband and wife to carry the will of the eight sprinkle of the eight horse turn to return to the countryside, nine sprinkle of the nine nine more longevity, ten sprinkle of the 10 gold great good luck.

Three days after the wedding, seven days and a month, the groom should accompany the bride back to the bride's family, said "back to the door. Before leaving, the mother-in-law to prepare "four-color gift" to take. A month later, the new daughter-in-law to go back to her mother's home to live a month, called "live on the month", that is, in-laws, the mother's home to live for a month.

Manchu etiquette Manchu interpersonal etiquette customs, both respect for the elderly, respect, hospitality and other good manners, but also by the Han Chinese influence, absorbing some Confucianism, "Three Principles and Five Constants" feudal morality, of course, also preserved some of the remnants of the clan tribal system.

(a) "respect for the elderly" is the center of Manchu etiquette.

After the entry of Kangxi, Emperor Qianlong several times held a "thousand old man feast", to promote respect for the elderly. Therefore, the Manchu people, whether they are officials and gentry, or common people, respect for the elderly as a virtue, an important part of the family law.

On weekdays, the cohabitation of the younger generation every morning and evening to the old man. The teachings of the elders should be listened to and not contradicted. When traveling with the elders, one must follow them. When going out of the house, one should open the door for the elders a few steps ahead and ask them to go first. In the house, elders should sit first. When elders are talking, they should not interrupt unless they are allowed to do so. When elders go out on a long trip, they should be sent out the front door, and when they return, they should be welcomed at the front door. When young people return from a trip, they must first greet their parents and then return to their own rooms.

When we meet on the road, the younger generation should stand by the roadside and let the elder generation go first. When eating, the elder must sit down and eat first before he or she can sit down and move the chopsticks. After eating, the elder first put down the chopsticks, the younger generation to be able to leave the table. In the past, the Manchu were "father and son different seat", has changed.

The daughter-in-law is the most polite and respectful to her husband and mother-in-law. Such as every day to get up early to cook, but also loaded with cigarettes, playing the wash water, greetings, and so on. Three meals a day to stand and serve, can not and in-laws at the same table. The unmarried girls have a special status, "can eat on the side of the aunt".

(2) the Manchu people are very "trustworthy".

Manchu people are good guests, believe in friends, heavy feelings. The Manchu people still follow this custom after entering the customs. The family came to the guests, must set up a kang table, set the wine hospitality. Banquet dishes are even number, drinking must be a big cup, as much as happy and stop. The Manchus keep their word and promise their friends that they will do everything they can.

Manchu family in the mountains, rare guests to come, more hospitable. Masters go out or work in the field, the door is not locked, passers-by or guests can feel free to enter, drink, eat, just before leaving the door in front of the box of sticks pointing in the direction of their own can be, this put the sticks of the small box called "guest Ming box".

(C) the main and most common Manchu etiquette are:

Meeting ceremony to meet the main rituals of kowtow, top of the head, hold to see the rituals, hand rituals, bowing, rubbing the shoulders, etc.; kowtow is a junior to see the elders, in the past, commoners to see the princes and noblemen, the slaves to see the master of the meeting of the great rituals. There are four kinds of kowtow. One is "one kneeling three kowtow", generally to parents, masters or elders; another is "two kneeling six kowtow", generally also to parents, grandparents and elders; and then one is "three kneeling nine kowtow "mainly used in the worship of God, ancestor, see the emperor; there is also a "one kneeling four kowtow", generally used in the New Year's children to see the elders.

The head-topping ceremony is the etiquette for old couples who meet after a long time. The woman puts her head on the man's chest, the man holds his partner with his left hand and strokes the back of his head with his right hand.

Hugging to see the salute, this is a long time did not meet between the closest friends and relatives when meeting the great gift. If it is between peers, regardless of gender, the two sides hold shoulders face; if the elders and elders meet, the elders with both hands to hold the elders of the waist, the elders leaned down with the elders to stick to the face, and then straighten up to caress the elders with their hands on the back. This is also known as the "waist-holding and face-folding ceremony".

Hand-holding ceremony is widely used, between young and old, between peers, between friends, between relatives can be used. The old saying that the Manchus "do not bow to play the ritual, want to see the apartment hand in hand". The two sides of the meeting each stretched out their right hand to each other, virtual close but not grip, like the current handshake.

Bowing, which is usually between friends and relatives to meet the etiquette. If it is between the eldest and youngest, the younger generation should bow to the elder, or between the peers, the pair performs this salute.

Rubbing shoulders, this is a common courtesy between hosts and guests. Manchu family often gratuitous hospitality passing guests, guests on the way out, guests and hosts with a shoulder rubbing each other a few times. This shows the guest's gratitude to the host. Friends who have not seen each other for many days also perform this ritual.

The main rituals for inviting the guest to a good night's rest are: playing the Ch'ien-er salute, kneeling down, squatting down, and stroking the temples.

The "Chiruri" salute is a common salute used by men to invite people to settle down. It is also called "kneeling on one leg" and "carrying the head on the shoulder". Salute, any wear arrow dress or robe, to first pop down the sleeve head, and then the left foot forward half a step in front of the bent shape, the right leg back half a step in a semi-crouching shape, the left hand on the left knee, the right hand down, the head and neck and the upper body tilted slightly forward, the mouth said, "please ama an" "please aunt an" and so on. etc. After the salute, return to the upright position.

Kneeling ceremony is also known as "kneeling ceremony", which is a man's invitation. The kneeler comes to the recipient with his hands down and his head bowed, holds his knees with both hands, kneels on the ground and says, "Please give so-and-so peace," and then rises with the sound of his voice and walks to the side to stand.

Squatting, also known as half-squatting, is a woman's greeting to her elders. The performer stands in front of the recipient, feet parallel to each other, hands on the knees, and then bows her back and bends her knees slightly as if she were half-squatting, chanting, "Please, so-and-so, be at peace.

Fondling the sideburns is a ritual for women of the same generation to greet each other when they see each other on a daily basis. The woman touches her forehead three times with her right hand, nods her head a few times, and looks at the other woman with her eyes as a sign of greeting. The recipient returns the greeting with the same sideburn-fondling salute.

Farewell etiquette is an important element of social etiquette, mainly hitting across, hugging each other, kissing the face, holding hands, bowing and other etiquette.

Playing horizontal, also known as the step back to play horizontal, is the guest to the host of the departure of the farewell ceremony. Generally speaking, when the guests leave, the host should send to the courtyard door, the guests and the host when the farewell, back to step back, hands on the body horizontal walk one or two steps, and then nod to the host, said with the host farewell, the host held hands and nodded to say goodbye.

Farewell etiquette in the embrace, kissing the face, holding hands, bowing and other etiquette is similar to the meeting etiquette.