Small knowledge points of western music history

1. I want to learn some simple music theory knowledge in western classical music, such as tone and timbre.

Speaking of classical music, after I went to college, I did not hesitate to sign up for the elective course of western music appreciation, but I didn't expect to sign up again when I was a graduate student.

At first, I only knew Beethoven, Mozart and Tchaikovsky. Later, through the study of elective courses, I learned about great musicians such as Strauss, Chopin, Vivaldi, Britten and dvorak. I think the appreciation of classical music is not only the appreciation of the music itself, but also the appreciation and exploration of the connotation expressed by the music. Through the style and characteristics of classical music, we can understand the inner world and personal character of musicians.

Therefore, it is impossible for musicians without profound connotation to write great works, and they can only be excellent at most. I think this is what the musician wants to achieve, to express his understanding of life, society and art to the audience through the expression of music.

Great works will be born when composing music for themselves, not to cater to nobles and audiences, although no one may care at that time. Because of this, in the process of listening to classical music, I must first look at the background and origin of this piece.

Otherwise, if you just appreciate its melody, you may get nothing. The Biography of Mozart is the one that touched me the most, and it deserves to be an Oscar-winning film.

This film highlights Mozart's genius and salieri's jealousy (the film vilifies salieri for its distinctive personality and contradiction). Mozart has a great talent for music. Salieri was shocked when he saw his manuscript. Mozart didn't make any changes, and none of them can be changed because of perfection.

Salieri thought that Mozart was not creating music, all he had to do was to copy the music notation in his mind, and he also lamented why God had not given himself such a gift. Salieri was jealous of Mozart not only because of his talent, but also because of Mozart's arrogance and self-confidence, and his contempt for the traditional system in the palace, because he always thought he was the best composer in the world, and he was not bound and controlled by anyone.

There is Mozart's Requiem, which is really a great work that shakes the soul. It vividly shows Mozart's psychological state before his death.

There are helplessness, frustration and sadness, and the complicated psychological situation makes the listener feel sorry for it. No wonder some people say that there is such a sad melody in the world! It can be said that Beethoven has always been a man who fought against fate.

Because he was ugly, he was rejected by his beloved woman several times, which was also a big blow to him, and his later deafness also showed that he was not the darling of God. Under such difficulties, he can also create works such as the Ninth Symphony, which further embodies Beethoven's greatness.

You know what deafness means to composers. Just as a chef loses his sense of taste, a painter loses his eyes.

It was this Beethoven who created the peak of symphony that later generations could not surpass. So Beethoven's music can not be ignored.

I invited him to the computer for his pastoral, fate and ninth place. Then there is the waltz master Strauss. His Blue Danube, Vienna Forest, Waltz of the Emperor and Waltz of the Voice of Spring can be said to be classic works. I listened to these songs repeatedly at that time.

It was also at this time that I heard dvorak's New World, which I thought was the best symphony. Especially the magnificent fourth movement, I never get tired of listening to it.

In a word, I'm glad that I can get in touch with classical music, and I'm also grateful for the happiness it brings me. I hope more people can share these happiness with me. Do you also like classical music? Want to call a friend with you! ~。

2. Knowledge points of Chinese and foreign music history and art history

Here is a little history of Chinese and western development. Let's see if I can help you a little!

Differentiation and Integration of "Concept of Form and Spirit" in Chinese and Western Art History

Eternal Enemies-"Form" and "God"

"Similarity in form" and "likeness in spirit", one is to treat the object rationally; One is to treat the object emotionally. It is an eternal topic in the field of painting. In the face of this kind of problem, it is impossible to cling to it. The problem of size is the key to avoid getting lost; Dialectical analysis is the only way out of the theoretical maze. In this paper, I have no intention or ability to comment on this eternal theoretical unsolved case, but I just want to sort out various viewpoints into a context. Form, as the name implies, is similar in appearance. But this meaning is different in different environments (Chinese and Western, ancient and modern ...). In Western Europe, in ancient Greece and the Renaissance, the status of likeness is related to the success or failure of painting. In ancient China, the status of likeness was more subtle. Gu Kaizhi is an advocate of both form and spirit. He: "The vivid portrayal is in front of us." Be quoted by future generations through the ages. Later, Xu Beihong was included in the "New Six Laws". This tradition was successfully maintained in the Song Dynasty Painting Academy. However, at that time, just as literati painting rose, the way of dealing with similar shapes also changed subtly. Under the advocacy of Su Shi, painting pays attention to self-expression and pursues artistic conception and likeness, which has been widely recognized by scholars. Wen Tong, Li, Zhao Lingrang and Mi Fei went with the flow and put them into practice. Spirit likeness has become synonymous with painting taste (the spirit likeness here is different from Gu Kaizhi's. That is, the difference between the god of images and the god of pictures-the author. )

Therefore, the spirit is far from simple in appearance. First of all, we should not only grasp the charm of the object, but also add our own feelings to the works of art, so that the works of art can have their own ideas.

I'm afraid the topic is getting bigger and bigger, so let's stop here. Enter the upper part.

The first part: a meaningful historical track

-A comparison of ancient (modern) Chinese and western "outlook on form and spirit".

It is always interesting to compare Chinese and western art history, and it is more meaningful to explore the reasons for their differences.

As mentioned above, images are processed differently in different regions. But one thing, China and the West happen to coincide. The first painting in Chinese and western art is a figure.

After the development of Qin and Han Dynasties, China figure painting finally reached a peak in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties. Gu, Lu and Zhang's concern for figure painting has influenced the development of figure painting in China.

Gu Kaizhi (346-407), a native of Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, is a frequent visitor to Yixi Sanda. He is a precocious painter. The murals of tile coffin temple in Jiangning, who is in his twenties, actually "take a look at a temple, and the giver fills his throat, and he gets millions of dollars" (Zhang Yanyuan's "Famous Paintings of Past Dynasties" quoted "The Story of Shi Jing Temple"), and the paintings became famous from then on. His position is the highest among the three wonders: "If you like a person's beauty, you can get his flesh, his bones and his god. His miracle is unparalleled and his care is precious." Obviously, in the Wei and Jin Dynasties, China's painting concept has deeply established that the expression of "God" is more important than the expression of "shape".

Gu Kaizhi, the first person to see China's figure painting. Look at the first peak of western figure art-ancient Greek art, and you will know that sculpture is the most important part of Greek art, which embodies the Greek ideal of beauty, extraordinary artistic talent and profound research on the human body. Many of the best sculptures are unparalleled because of their majestic, perfect image and refined style; For thousands of years, countless painters and craftsmen have been inspired and influenced by it; Its unique internal vitality and artistic charm still radiate brilliant brilliance.

Sculpture in ancient Greece went through three periods.

Antique period.

As an ancient sculpture, it usually began in the 7th century. Portrait sculptures at this time are mostly upright images. Generally speaking, they didn't break the rigid form, and modelling technique was rather stiff. Until the 6th century, the artistic skills of sculpture had made obvious progress, and it was more free and full of vitality in human body and dynamic expression.

Second, the classical period.

The classical period of Greek art began 490 years ago. Strong physique, high-spirited spirit, elegant and graceful modeling are the same features carved in the classical period, and they are the embodiment of the heroic ideals of the people in the era when the Greek city-state defeated the invasion of foreign enemies and established its own powerful country; At the same time, it also formed the corresponding beauty norms.

Third, the Hellenistic period.

After the peak of development in the classical period, the center of Greek sculpture moved to the west of Asia Minor and some islands in the Aegean Sea during the Hellenistic period. During this period, magnificent temples were rarely built, and the solemn and lofty atmosphere gradually faded in sculpture, while the tendency of secularization developed. However, in some excellent works, the spirit of classical atmosphere is still maintained. But in the later period (represented by laocoon), sculpture has lost its lofty spirit.

Look at the sculpture art in ancient Greece. Although it also emphasizes human spirit and anger. But it clearly embodies the scientific spirit. Accurately grasping the proportion of human body (represented by the golden section law) obviously brings European art to the road of realism. This difference can be clearly seen by juxtaposing the above-mentioned representative paintings of China and the West.

Who can help me introduce the history of western music?

/kloc-was born in Florence, Italy at the end of 0/6 and the beginning of 0/7. Born by Vincenzo Galilei, a member of the camerata Club (meaning a club or a small group) in Buddy's court, and Mei, a Florentine scholar, on the basis of a lot of research on ancient Greek tragedies.

The specific content of western music history teaching mainly includes three aspects:

First, the historical development and evolution of western music. For example, the evolution history of western music content and form, western music theory and the origin and development process of various music schools; The artistic career, style characteristics and influence of major composers and performers;

Secondly, the political, economic and cultural history of western society has influenced the development of western music, reflecting the historical process of western civilization and the characteristics of its humanistic spirit from the unique perspective of music.

Third, the performance of music and the aesthetic method of music. For example, the basic knowledge of music appreciation, the elements of music, various theories and schools, etc.

Help us introduce the knowledge about music.

Classical music, Chinese translation is "classical music".

Some people think that "classical" gives people an antique and stuffy taste, so it was renamed "classical music". According to the definition of classicism in the Oxford English Dictionary, some people call it "serious music" in a traditional and serious style.

Romantic music is the continuation and development of classical music and a musical style or era in the history of European music. Romantic music pays attention to the expression of emotion and content, breaking the various forms of constraints in the classical music period.

Baroque Music The original meaning of the word Baroque refers to an irregular pearl, which was derogatory at that time. At that time, people thought that its gorgeous and ostentatious style belittled the Renaissance style, but now, people have realized that Baroque is a great artistic style in Europe. The name country music appeared in the United States in the 1920s, and it has a wide origin.

At that time, the content of songs, in addition to expressing work and life, hated lonely and wandering life, yearned for a warm and peaceful home, and sang sweet love and the pain of lovelorn. Jazz Jazz is developed from folk songs, and its sources are many, so it is not easy to study it carefully.

During the19th century, music was an important means for black slaves to express their lives and feelings on plantations in the southern United States. From the end of 19, jazz was based on traditional British and American music, and it was a product of "mixed blood", combining blues, ragtime and other music types.

The purest form of rock and roll, the so-called rock and roll, is to strengthen the hard and continuous drums and melody in the mouth. Rock and roll is not only a form of music, but also a "life attitude and philosophy", which is why rock and roll is different from pop music.

The real rock culture can at least extract such a miniature panorama: hippie culture, art rock, punk music, pioneer music, heavy metal and so on. Heavy metal, in short, is to play rock music with a little extraordinary strength.

Guitar, as the main element of this kind of music, is louder than usual and has a sense of revenge. Punk Punk is an anti-rock music force that rose in1970s.

Punk is translated as "punk" in Chinese mainland; Translated as "punk" in Taiwan Province province, it is called "crash" in Hongkong. In the west, punk in the dictionary means (slang) hooligans, rubbish, * * *, child molestation, inferiority complex and so on (although its meaning has changed to some extent now).

Soul music. Soul music is the fusion of the gospel in the south and the rhythm and blues in the midwest, and the revival of worship music is brought into the Bujiwu world of rhythm and blues.

From this fertile foundation, soul music was born. Soul music is characterized by clear secular trends and solid rhythm of religious music.

Guitar often gives way to Hammond B-3 organ, using some wind music. However, almost all soul music is marked by enthusiasm and high-pitched voice, and occasionally some improvisation is added.

The full name of R & ampb is rhythm &；; Blues, commonly known as "rhythm and blues". R &； in a broad sense; B can be regarded as "black pop music", which originated from black blues music and is the basis of western pop and rock. Billboard magazine once defined R& B as all black music, except jazz and blues, which can be classified as R&; B, visible R &；; How wide is the scope of B.

Hip Hop and Rap, which are very popular in black music circles in recent years, both originated from R&; Save a lot of research and development expenses during research and development. Component B. HOUSE is a dance music developed by DISCO in 1980s.

This is music played by DJ in Chicago. They mixed a record of German electronic band Power Plant Orchestra with the regular rhythm of drum machine and black blues songs, and House came into being ~ generally translated as "Shi Hao" dance music, which is the most basic form of electronic dance music, with a rhythm of 4/4 beat, drums and simple melody. There are often high-pitched female voices singing. After disco became popular, some DJs changed it and deliberately made disco less commercial. Bass and drums are getting deeper and deeper, and many times they become pure music works. Even if there is a singing part, it is mostly short sentences sung by singers, and there are often no clear lyrics. Although BritPop has the word "Pop", it is actually a kind of rock, which originated in Britain in the 1990s. Chinese can be translated as "British Rock", which is a response of British music circles to the American junk music trend, mainly in the form of bands.

However, the styles of BritPop are actually very extensive. For example, Oasis is a guitar rock band, Blur has many POPs, and Pulp is close to Glam Rook and dance style, but they all belong to Britpop. Jumping is an English/European dance music. Its name comes from "trip+hip hop" = trip-hop. Because it originated in Bristol, England, it was originally called "Bristol Hip-hop".

Gangsta Rap is a kind of rap, which is mostly related to urban crime, full of violence and emotion, and it is a music direction that reflects reality. Gangsta Rap rose in the United States in the late 1980s. The strong and sharp genre of music rap was very popular in the United States, and the record sales were very good.

Synth Pop's "Synth", that is, synthesizer, is "popular music concocted by synthesizers" as its name implies. Of course, computers, drums and other electronic musical instruments will be used in addition to synthesizers. Synth Pop became popular in the early 1980s, but it became silent in the mid-1980s, when there was a boom in Hong Kong.

Synth Pop is characterized by a strong sense of science and technology, and sometimes it is quite cold. Most songs are "three-minute pop", and many times Synth pop musicians will dress up in fashion. The orchestra is an orchestra, divided into four groups: 1 string, including violin and cello, 2 brass, 3 woodwind and 4 percussion.

Each instrument in the string group is played by many people (except the harp), and the four groups of players are coordinated and conducted by one person, who is the conductor of the orchestra. Indoor pop music refers to classical music.

5. How to apply for primary school music teachers to review the written test and professional basic knowledge, mainly western music.

I just got the high school teacher qualification certificate last year, and I haven't reviewed the professional theory yet, because this thing can't be reviewed, and it depends on the usual accumulation. The proportion of western music history and alto history is not too large, and it only appears in multiple-choice questions. The most important thing is the writing of the last big topic, the teaching plan.

Speaking of which, why did I say I couldn't review? If you look at the real questions in previous years, you will find that there are too many points to test this basic knowledge, and there is nothing to examine repeatedly. Some basic knowledge such as "Who is the composer of the Yellow River Chorus" will not be tested at all, so my suggestion is to focus on the big questions. Just buy a book and browse the knowledge of music history.

For example, a topic that impressed me deeply this year is called String Quartet. Yes Who is the author of Ode? Options include Tan Dun, Guo Wenjing and other contemporary composers in China. How to review this kind of topic? So these mainly rely on accumulation, and the latter role is really not big. Input is not directly proportional to return.

6. History of Western Music Development

1. Ancient Greek and Roman music: We know very little about the music of this period, because there are few scores left.

The origin of ancient Greek music is related to the worship of gods and myths and legends. The word "music" comes from "muse", which is the goddess in charge of art in ancient Greek mythology.

The famous gods Apollo, Athena and Dionysus are all gods of art, and it is said that they created music. Ancient Greek music is widely used in religious activities and also plays an important role.

In ancient Greece, the harp and violin were the main musical instruments. They are invented and owned by different gods, so they are often associated with the worship of different gods. The lyre is a stringed instrument, which is often used for solo accompaniment, epic performance and singing, and is often associated with Apollo worship. It is the main instrument in the ceremony of offering sacrifices to Apollo.

Aphrodite is a wind instrument, which is often used to worship Dionysus Dionysus. In modern western cultural concepts, lyre music and worship of Apollo, as well as Aphrodite music and worship of Dionysus, have become the symbols of two kinds of music with opposite personalities.

The former is calm and restrained Apollo style, while the latter is indulgent and romantic Dionysian style. Often combined with poetry, dance and drama, sometimes accompanied by musical instruments when singing.

2. Medieval music, from the 5th century to the 4th century, is the longest period in the history of western music. Medieval music is mainly Christian religious music, and secular folk music is not valued.

The power of the church is higher than that of the state and other social groups, and all social ideologies, including various arts and philosophies, should serve the church. During this period, hymns and hymns were widely spread in church worship.

The concept of "new art" comes from a paper by French bishop, poet and musician Philippe Vitri.

This concept was widely used soon, indicating that a new music trend appeared at that time, which was different from the old "ancient art" in13rd century. The main feature of "new art" is the unprecedented secularization of music creation. Composers combine religious polyphony with secular music vocabulary to explore various new possibilities of music form creation.

The notation of shorter note duration is adopted, and the rhythm notation is systematic. The most important representative of Art Nouveau is Ma Xiao (1300- 1377), and the Italian representative is Lantini (1325- 1397).

The "Middle Ages" in the history of western civilization was once considered as a dark age of ignorance, but today we tend to judge this history with a more objective attitude. From the perspective of music, although the influence of the church on music has its negative side, it also has its positive side.

The importance attached by the church to music, the efforts made to unify musical instruments, and the large amount of manpower and material resources invested in the development of music all promoted the development of European music in the Middle Ages, and also kept the music materials relatively well. The appearance of polyphonic music and organ laid a solid foundation for the development of professional music later.

Third, the word Renaissance is French, which means "rebirth". This period lasted from 1300 to 1650 in western history.

This word reflects thinkers' doubts and denials of the Middle Ages and their admiration for ancient culture. They are very interested in reviving the cultural heritage of ancient Greece and Rome. However, this kind of revival is not a simple reproduction, but a new culture and tradition is built by reviving the essence of ancient times, and its achievements soon surpassed the influence of ancient Greece and Rome.

In this movement, "humanism" is the most influential ideological trend and the core of this change. Humanists advocate people-oriented, encourage people to publicize human nature, get rid of the bondage of divinity, and emphasize that people are the masters of society rather than gods.

They sing praises of human love for life and human wisdom, and believe that human strength can overcome everything. Renaissance generally refers to the period from 1430 to 1600, and the changes in the field of music are after literature, painting and other fields.

On the one hand, the music of Renaissance has obvious secularization tendency, on the other hand, it still keeps close contact with religion. 1, Nederland Music School.

Dutch music school refers to a group of musicians from low-lying countries in 15 and 16 centuries, mainly distributed in northern Europe such as France, Belgium and the Netherlands. 2./kloc-secular music of the 0/6th century.

/kloc-in the 6th century, some new trends appeared in western European music. A number of music with national styles have emerged in various countries, which are mainly vocal music, mainly including Italian pastoral, French champion, German Lied, Spanish pastoral and romance, English pastoral and root song.

3. The music of religious reform corresponds to the development of secular music, and the religious reform in16th century also brought profound changes to church music. Fourth, the music of the Baroque period The Baroque period usually refers to the range of 150 years 1600 to 1750 years.

The word "baroque" comes from Portuguese, which means irregular pearl. It was originally a term used in the field of architecture and art, and later it was gradually used in the field of art and music. The birth of opera is a kind of drama expressed by music. Its predecessor can be traced back to ancient Greek tragedies, medieval ritual dramas and mysterious dramas. 2. The development of instrumental music During the Baroque period, instrumental music rose to a new prominent position, forming a three-legged situation of vocal music, instrumental music and opera, and instrumental music was on an equal footing with vocal music for the first time.

One of the most important features of the Baroque period is the extensive use of "basso continuo", which is a main melody and harmony texture different from the polyphonic texture of the Renaissance, and basically consists of melody and harmony accompaniment. There is an independent bass that runs through the work, and a high-pitched voice with gorgeous decoration above it. The midrange is not written, and the performer improvises.

During the Baroque period, the system of major and minor sounds and functional music were gradually established. The notation is also constantly improving; The theory of "Emotion Theory" came into being, which holds that the main purpose of music is to arouse people's emotions. They use a musical genre to express the feelings of lyrics, such as high notes for light.

7. The development of western music history is divided into several periods and the representative works of the previous periods.

/kloc-was born in Florence, Italy at the end of 0/6 and the beginning of 0/7. Born by Vincenzo Galilei, a member of the camerata Club (meaning a club or a small group) in Buddy's court, and Mei, a Florentine scholar, on the basis of a lot of research on ancient Greek tragedies. The specific content of the teaching of western music history mainly includes three aspects: First, the historical development and evolution of western music. For example, the evolution history of western music content and form, western music theory and the origin and development process of various music schools; The artistic career, style characteristics and influence of major composers and performers; Secondly, the political, economic and cultural history of western society has influenced the development of western music, reflecting the historical process of western civilization and the characteristics of its humanistic spirit from the unique perspective of music. Third, the performance of music and the aesthetic method of music. For example, the basic knowledge of music appreciation, the elements of music and various theories and schools. The development experience of this period is as follows: the development of western music history and music schools has mainly experienced the following stages:

First of all, the origin of western music can be traced back to the ancient Mesopotamian plain. Music in the origin period is mainly used for temple sacrifices and festivals, with obvious religious color. Sumerians, Egyptians, Hebrews and ancient Greeks promoted the development of music.

Second, the early Middle Ages and the prosperous period.

This period is mainly the period of monophonic music, which is roughly from 600 AD to 1300.

Third, the "new art" period.

1300~ 1450 is the transitional stage from the middle ages to the Renaissance.

Fourth, the Renaissance.

1450- 1600, the center of the Renaissance was in Italy, but the music centers were in Burgundy and Flanders, France. During this period, the rise of German and English music, the reform of Roman church music and the activity of Venice music school made the musical achievements of this period not inferior to other arts.

Verb (abbreviation for verb) baroque period

1600~ 1750, starting from Monteverdi and ending with Bach and Handel. Baroque era is a very important era in the history of western music and even the whole art history. Baroque music is noble and moving, and its content is richer and more dramatic than that of the Renaissance. At this stage, many important schools of European music were initially formed, such as opera, suite, sonata, concerto, oratorio, oratorio (large vocal suite) and so on. Music giants Bach and Handel pushed baroque music to * * *.

Sixth, the period of classicism

Classical music with the aim of restoring the classical style of Greece and Rome and the pursuit of objective beauty as the main content has formed a climate in Vienna, and the outstanding works of Haydn, Mozart and Beethoven have inspired the history of music. This period became the golden age of instrumental music, and the creation of piano music and violin concertos emerged one after another. The establishment of sonata form is considered as the representative of the achievements in this period.

Seven, the romantic period.

Romantic music school is a "treasure house" in the history of human art. This period not only produced great musicians, but also the range of music schools was unprecedented, including wordless songs, nocturnes, art songs, narrative songs, symphonic poems and other novel and unique forms. This music genre, which pays more attention to music content, makes some non-music factors become the masters of music. Romantic music was perfected by Mendelssohn, Schumann, Chopin and Verdi, and reached its peak in the era of Tchaikovsky, Liszt and Wagner.

Eight, new music

This is the floorboard of 20th century music. Music, like other arts, has begun to blossom in many schools. Conservative and innovative schools of music creation compete with each other in Germany, Russia, Britain, the United States and other places with developed music culture, which promotes the prosperity of music to some extent. However, after 1950s, with the appearance of electronic music and computers and other high technologies, musicians all hope to find similarities in the development of the new generation of music language and rhythm, and reshape the role of composers and the essence of music art. ..