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An analysis of urban hardscape design and development?
1, related concepts
1.1 Landscape
The development of the concept of landscape has gone through three stages, from the concept of aesthetics to the concept of geography to the concept of ecology.
Toward the end of the 16th century, the term "landscape" was mainly used as a pictorial art, which referred to the natural scenery on the land. Later, the term "landscape design" was first used by Gilbert Meason, and in 1899, the American Society of Landscape Architects (ASLA) was founded, marking the formal emergence of landscape design in the modern sense. The third stage of landscape is the ecological concept of landscape - a heterogeneous terrestrial area composed of a set of interacting ecosystems that recur in similar ways.
In short, the geography and ecology of the world of "landscape" generally still belongs to the scope of a natural science, and landscape design is a natural and humanities cross disciplines. It should be at the same time with the landscape morphology research, landscape ecology research and landscape humanization research at three levels.
1.2 HardLandscape
HardLandscape (HardLandscape) is the British M. Gage (Michael Gage) and M. Vandenberg (MaritzVandenberg) in his book "Urban Hard Landscape Design" created and first put forward, meaning that relative to the soft landscape of plants. That is, the urban landscape is divided into two parts: the soft landscape, which is dominated by plants and water bodies, and the hard landscape, which is dominated by road paving and sketches and facilities treated with artificial materials. Combined with Wang Chunmu's definition of hard landscape in residential areas, this paper argues that urban hard landscape is the landscape dominated by road environment, activity places, landscape facilities and so on in places in the city where recreation, use and viewing are the main functions. Broadly speaking, in addition to urban greening, water bodies and buildings other than tangible objects, can be considered as hard landscape. Its content includes walking environment (including ground paving, treads, ramps, retaining walls, fences, railings, walls and barriers) landscape facilities (including lighting, seating, garbage cans, sculpture vignettes, telephone booths, information signs, bollards, planting containers, bicycle parking lots) activity venues (playgrounds, recreation plazas, sports fields) vehicular environment of the four major parts.
2, hardscape classification
Hardscape classification there are many kinds, such as according to aesthetic principles can be divided into points, lines, surface three types of hardscape; according to the design elements can be divided into walking environment, vehicular environment, street vignettes of three types. There are also according to the use of hard landscape is divided into categories formed by the road, barge, pavement, vignettes four categories. In this paper, mainly from the landscape function of the hard landscape, it is divided into practical, decorative and comprehensive functional landscape three categories, and then divided on this basis.
2.1 Practical hardscape
Practical hardscape includes three categories of road environment, activity places and facilities vignettes. Among them, the road environment is composed of walking environment and vehicular environment, mainly including sidewalks, tour roads, driveways, parking lots, etc.; activity places including playgrounds, sports fields, leisure plazas, etc.; facility vignettes that is, lighting fixtures, resting chairs, pavilions, public **** stop, garbage bins, telephone booths, hand-washing sinks, etc.. This type of landscape is designed with application function as the main focus, highlighting the use of hard landscape features such as powerful and durable.
2.2 Decorative hardscape
Decorative hardscape to street vignettes, which is divided into sculpture vignettes and gardening vignettes two categories. Modern sculpture is very wide range of types, materials, subjects, has gradually become an important part of landscape design. Horticultural vignettes that is, gardening in the rockery, landscape walls, flower racks, flower pots and so on. This kind of landscape is to decorate the needs of the main and set up, have beautified the environment, pleasing to the eye, reflecting the beautification function of hard landscape.
2.3 Comprehensive function of hardscape
Some hardscape at the same time with practical and decorative features. Such as facilities vignettes in the lamps, sinks, benches, pavilions, etc., both with the use of function, but also with the role of beautification and decoration; decorative vignettes in the wigwam, trellis, fountains, etc., not only the object of the ornamental beauty, but also a good place for people to rest and play. This kind of hard landscape design with integrated function embodies the harmonization of form and function, and is widely used in modern landscape design.
3 modern hard landscape design of new ideas
After the 1970s, with the post-modernism into the field of art and design, also enriched the vocabulary of contemporary landscape design. The progress of modern technological means, the abundance of gardening materials and the continuous innovation of landscape design thinking, so that the hardscape materials and design thinking have undergone great changes and continue to improve in new directions. Many in they just appeared when people incredible expression, now has appeared in the landscape works, and received the majority of people welcome.
3.1 Postmodernist Semiotics Interpretation of the New Landscape
"Semiotics" is initially the study of linguistic signs or symbols (Sign) or symbols (Symbol), and later applied to the field of psychology, philosophy, and art research, and then appeared in architectural symbols and the semiotics of urban space. The semiotics of architectural symbols and urban space emerged later. "Landscape as Symbol" is the postmodernist view of landscape, postmodernist landscape symbols are divided into three types of symbols: image symbols, indicator symbols, symbols.
Modern hardscape due to its rich materials, plasticity, functionality and other characteristics, can fully reflect and carry forward the post-modernism symbolic landscape design trend. Utilizing the "shape" of landscape symbols, users can experience the "meaning" of the design works, and then convey the "God" of modern design, so to speak, gathering the "shape" and extending the "meaning" of the design works.
Post-conceptualization of the design work, the user to experience the "meaning" of the design work, and then convey the "God" of modern design, as the so-called "shape", "meaning", "God", so-called gathering "shape", "meaning", "God", aesthetic and connotation of the aesthetic and connotations of the two aspects of the transcendence.
Post-modernist designers are also constantly exploring the application of landscape symbols. Venturi in the design of the Franklin courtyard, the use of stainless steel skeleton simulation of the original building to create a historical effect. Charles. Charles Moore's New Orleans Square, with its historical fragments, exaggerated detailing and staged scenes, gives the place a "cluttered and frantic landscape".
3.2 Material color to create a "soft" texture color "to a large extent converge into a national cultural identity: color is a rich and vivid theme, he is a symbol, a form, a symbol, and a culture. " In many developed countries, colors are planned for the overall cityscape, streets and neighborhoods. The city's iconic color and by the overall color (mainly composed of buildings) and near-human scale urban hardscape color (mainly composed of sidewalks and plaza paving, a variety of signage billboards and urban facilities with color). Although most of the hard landscape material is hard, psychologically give people a firm, rational, modern feeling, it is difficult to have a sense of intimacy. But a variety of artificial raw materials, color control, so that the hard landscape than plants, water and other soft landscape has a richer choice of colors, through the color of the reconciliation, the formation of soft landscape with the same affinity for the space.
In the landscape design using color representative figures such as Martha. Schwartz. She designed the "BagelGarden" (BagelGarden), the bread as part of the landscaping, the contrast between the yellow of the bagel and the purple of the gravel, creating a family atmosphere. In the plaza in front of the federal courthouse in Minneapolis, for example, the vibrant colors create a "striking and recognizable landscape design.
3.3 Focus on the unity of landscape form and social ecology
Landscape design is for the public, and its purpose is to improve the human environment. Modern hard landscape design is different from the traditional design aspects, is that it also consider a lot of design factors that can not be visually apparent, such as human physiology, psychological factors, social factors, cultural factors, environmental factors, ecological construction and so on. Therefore, modern hardscape design is the unity of form and society, ecology, society, nature, art complex.
China's Zhongshan Qijiang Park and Peter. Ratz designed the Duisburg landscape park, are examples of hard landscape and social, ecological design combination. Both designs have given new life to the use of waste materials, preserved the ecological and visual characteristics of the factory site, and retained the real and precious urban memory.
4. Conclusion
Hardscape is an important part of urban landscape design, due to its rich modeling, a variety of materials, but also fully reveals the modern scientific and technological means, more and more favored by the designers, the user of hardscape needs and requirements are also increasing. The design and development of hardscape has become a key link in modern landscape design, and hardscape social, cultural, functional and other aspects of the effect, it is one of the weights that can regulate the relationship between man and nature, and even become a decisive factor in the success of design works. Only by seriously exploring the development direction of hardscape design, understanding the new ideas of hardscape design, in order to do the best in the design.
References:[1] Yanhong Liao. Experiment on the design and construction of urban hardscape [J]. Chinese and Foreign Architecture, 1999, (2): 5.
[2]Yu Kongjian. Landscape culture ecology and perception [M]. Beijing:Science Press, 1998.[3]Yang Xirong. A preliminary exploration of the methodology of modern landscape design [D]. Nanning: Guangxi University. 2004.2.[4] M. Gage (MichaelGage), M. Vandenberg (MaritzVandenberg) Urban Hardscape Design [M]. Translated by Zhang Zhongyi. Beijing: China Architecture Industry Press, 1985.3.[5] Chunmu Wang. Planning and design of hardscape in residential development space [J]. Beijing Gardening, 2005, 21(2):7.[6] Chen Kaisen. Analysis of hard landscape design of garden green space [J]. Journal of Minxi Vocational University, 2005, 9(3):125-126.[7] Liao Yanhong. Experiment on the design and construction of urban hardscape [J]. Chinese and Foreign Architecture, 1999 (2): 5. [8] Ye Yingjun Modern Hardscape Planning and Design for Residential Areas [J]. Residential Science and Technology, 2001, (2:) 14 [9] Liao Qiulin. Postmodernism Semiotics Landscape Design Theory Research [D]. Changsha: Graduate School of Central South Forestry University of Science and Technology, 2005.139-277.[10] Sun Chengren. Postmodern Discourse of Plaza Design [J]. Planner, 1998, (1): 81.
Author introduction:Zhu Ming, female (1980.2-), Master's Degree Candidate, Central South Forestry University of Science and Technology, Central South Forestry University of Science and Technology, Changsha, 410004.Hu Xijun, male (1964.6-), Professor, Ph.D., Doctoral Supervisor, Central South Forestry University of Science and Technology, Changsha, 410004.Xiong Hui, female ( 1982.9-), Master's Degree Candidate, Central South Forestry University of Science and Technology, Changsha, 410004, China.Recommended Readings:
Use and Development of Materials in China's Modern Gardens
Analysis of Differential Settlement in Transitional Sections of Roads and Bridges and Their Treatment
Quality Control of Pumped Concrete and Treatment of Cracking
Talking about Treatment of Silty Soft Ground
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