The customs and habits of 56 ethnic groups

China ethnic customs-Naxi ethnic customs (attached with pictures of Naxi ethnic customs) Author: Anonymous source: China ethnic customs Click: 26712006-10/217: 09: 45 Introduction of Naxi ethnic customs.

Naxi style-Naxi architecture

In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Naxi folk houses were generally dry "wooden houses", which were made of logs vertically and horizontally, and the height of the floor was as high as seven or eight feet, that is, they were covered with boards and stones. In the main room (ancestral room) of Mulang House, there is a stove called Gegulu on the ground, and there is a fire pit in the middle, with a big iron tripod for boiling water, warming fire and cooking in a pot. Visitors, dining and old people are all on the stove in this kitchen. The fireplace is paved with wooden boards on both sides, with the main seat on the right and the guest seat on the left. You can't mix them.

In Lijiang dam area, especially Dayan ancient city, Naxi folk houses are generally tile houses with civil structures. The plane structure of buildings is mostly "three rooms and one wall", and wealthy families also have the layout of "four in one and five patios". The Naxi nationality's "three rooms and one wall" main room is higher, mainly for the elderly to live in, and the wings on both sides are slightly lower, which is occupied by the next generation. In addition, there is a zhaobi opposite the main room, which seems to have clear priorities and coordinated layout. Patio is used for living, mostly paved with bricks and stones, and often beautified with flowers and plants. If there are houses facing the street, most of them are paved, and the owners operate or sublet them to others. The roof foundation is made of stone, the walls are made of adobe, some corners are decorated with bricks, and the upper section is surrounded by boards. The roof truss strengthens the function of crossing bucket, enhances the earthquake-making ability, and makes the house have the characteristics of "the wall falls down but the house does not fall down". Cylindrical tiles are laid on the roof, and the eaves come out at the front and back, and the junction of people and slopes is decorated with "hanging fish".

Naxi pictures-pictures of Naxi costumes

The customs and habits of Naxi nationality-clothing, food and shelter of Naxi nationality

Ancient Naxi people, both men and women, wore sheepskin or felt shirts. In recent decades, due to frequent economic and cultural exchanges between Han and Tibetan nationalities, the relationship has become increasingly close. On the eve of liberation, the costumes of Naxi people have changed greatly. Men's clothing in Lijiang area is basically the same as that of Han nationality; Women wear big sleeves, wide waist and short front, and then add a vest, a long coat, a pleated waist, boat-shaped embroidered shoes and a sheepskin shawl. Above the back of the shawl, there are seven circular cloth rings (two large circular cloth rings were nailed to the shoulder strap earlier, representing the sun and the moon) and seven pairs of hanging nails. The circular cloth circle is embroidered with gold thread and colored silk thread, commonly known as "Dai Yue Dai Xing" to show diligence. Married women wear a bun on their heads and a round gauze handkerchief "Good left", while unmarried women wear a cloth headscarf or a black velvet hat with a braid behind their heads. Women like to wear earrings, rings, silver bracelets or jade bracelets. The clothes are mostly blue, white and cyan, slightly embroidered, simple and generous, and men also have the habit of wearing bracelets. However, due to different grades and economic conditions, the poor can only wear sheepskin and linen clothes; Nobles often wear expensive clothes, such as red, yellow and gray silks and satins, sweaters and trousers.

According to historical records, in ancient Naxi people mostly ate buckwheat, barnyard grass and round roots. Since the Ming and Qing Dynasties, on the basis of absorbing a large number of advanced production technologies and new crops of Han nationality, the agriculture of Naxi nationality has developed rapidly and its life has changed. Corn, wheat, rice, barley and barnyard grass are staple foods. Farmers in the dam area often open vegetable gardens in front of and behind their houses and grow some vegetables to support themselves. At the same time, Naxi people have the custom of killing pigs every winter and twelfth month, making ham or bacon, which is generally cut and eaten, and lard is used as edible oil. People usually bring their own pickles, lobster sauce, liver sauce, sausages, preserved eggs and so on. Under normal circumstances, three meals a day are mostly dry rice, with rice or rice and corn mixed, and two or three dishes and soup. In winter and spring, I like to eat steaming hot pot dishes; In the busy summer season, most farmers use rice wine mixed with cold water to quench their thirst, and some places also eat fried noodles and butter tea in the morning. Naxi people like drinking, drinking tea, smoking leaves and eating spicy, sweet and sour food. The staple food of urban residents is mainly rice and wheat flour, which is generally small and refined, and vegetables are supplied by suburban vegetable farmers. There is a famous Lijiang ham Baba in the city, which is delicious.

The ancient dwellings of Naxi nationality were originally wooden "wooden houses". This kind of building with deep room, dark room, low lintel and high sill can still be seen in some mountainous areas at present. There were tile houses in the Ming Dynasty. Since the Qing Dynasty, tile houses with wood and stone structures have been popular in towns and dam areas of Lijiang, that is, "three rooms and one wall" or "four rooms and five patios". This kind of tile-roofed house is a two-story building, the foundation is made of stone, the middle is made of adobe or brick, the upper part is made of wood, and the eaves extend outward to protect the wood from rain erosion. And "wind shields" are added at the exposed ends of the beam, which not only protects the beam, but also plays a decorative role. There is also a "hanging fish" with leaf-shaped wood chips in the upper corner of the triangle of the wind-fire board, while the houses of wealthy families are decorated with embossed flowers, with two realistic fish-shaped patterns hanging below. The doors and windows of the houses are also decorated with relief images of flowers and birds, which are vivid and unique in national style. Houses in Yongning and other places, from the wall courtyard to the house, all use square wooden seats. The representative form is that three or four houses form a yard. Most of the wooden toast palaces in Lijiang are like buildings in the Central Plains. Although it is not very high, it is layered, covered with copper tiles and carved with jade below, which is magnificent. In addition, the stone archway, Dabaoji Palace, Liuli Hall, Dading Pavilion and Baisha Lama Temple in Dayan Town of Lijiang are magnificent buildings, which have exhausted the blood and sweat of Naxi and other ethnic groups. Sacrifice to heaven and ancestors

The March 8th Naxi people worship the heavens once a year and their ancestors three times. On the fourteenth day of the twelfth lunar month, people will be invited to make wine, cook and sing. People will be "looking for a car" on the evening of the 30th. On the first day, the kitchen god will kowtow. The next day, they will wash their hair, feet and clothes, and go to the river to drink water. On the third night, the gods were invited to make sacrifices at home. On the fourth day, we will kill chickens, burn incense in heaven, kowtow and sip, come back to shoot arrows after the activity, and have dinner at the priest's house after the activity. At dawn on the 5th, I carried out a big pig and cooked three pots. After dinner, I watched Good Arrow in Heaven and Friends of the Crow. Old people eat wine and meat, and then everyone eats together. Go home in turn after dinner. On the sixth day, families offered their own sacrifices. On the 8th, he carried another pig to worship heaven. On the 9th, I sacrificed a pig to heaven. This is the end of the whole worship activity.

Ancestor worship: once on the sixth or seventh day of the first month or on February 12th, once in June and once in November. Generally, three chestnut trees are used for sacrifice, and each family sacrifices itself.

Naxi custom-Naxi funeral

Naxi, a 38-year-old, is sick and has to be guarded. When you die, you should put a "sand mouth" (nine meters, seven sands and a dime) in the mouth of the deceased, read the migration route while putting it, and give the deceased to the ancestors. When a person dies, he should blow the horn three times and fire a gun. People in the village heard that they would come to the home of the deceased when they knew that he was dead. Put on new clothes after taking a shower, cover the whole body with white felt, put a chicken in front of the dead, then light incense, kowtow and wrap up filial piety. Dongba, please read Meng Jingming. Describe the life and experience of the deceased, restore the life footprint of the deceased, and dedicate the deceased to the ancestors. Finally cremated on a certain day (according to the economic situation and the opinions of the deceased before his death). At the funeral, the main items used by the deceased in production and life and grain such as wheat, rice and corn were wrapped in small bags and put in baskets. If it is buried, it will be scattered around the grave, and cremation will be scattered in the burning field. Go home after burial, to exorcise ghosts, the whole family will go out for three days, and then "cross over". In Time Crossing, nine horses for men and seven for women will go to the valley to summon spirits and at least kill one animal.

The Naxi people have practiced cremation since ancient times. Until the Qing dynasty, cremation was still carried out according to the custom. However, because the rulers of the Qing Dynasty repeatedly banned the burning of corpses, Naxi people gradually implemented coffin burial after the end of the Qing Dynasty. Before liberation, except for a few mountainous areas such as Yongning, almost all of them were cremated and buried.

Naxi custom-Naxi marriage custom

Naxi people live in different areas, and their marriage customs have their own characteristics. Monogamy is practiced in its main settlement, and there are still various ancient marriage forms in some areas.

The Naxi people in Lijiang have long been monogamous. The children's marriage is decided by their parents and arranged by the matchmaker. There are cattle, sheep, pigs and wine marriages. Marriage pays attention to feudal ethics, such as being suitable for the family, obeying three virtues, and singing with the wife. There are many marriages between Naxi people in Lijiang and Han and Tibetan people. Within a nation, people with the same surname and different clans can get married, but it is absolutely forbidden to marry family members. Marriage generally goes through three procedures: betrothal, invitation to wine and wedding. Men and women get married early. Many children get engaged at the age of two or three or seven or eight, and get married at the age of seventeen or eighteen. From engagement to marriage, there are several procedures: asking eight characters, engagement, giving a big gift and getting married. When getting married, the man should not only entertain relatives and friends for three days, but also give the woman a large amount of engagement money; The woman should also prepare a banquet for two or three days and bring a lot of dowry with her daughter. Therefore, the marriage between men and women has become a heavy burden for both families. In terms of marriage relationship, aunts, uncles and cousins prevail in Lijiang Naxi nationality (Naxi dialect is called "uncle beauty", which means "uncle can strongly recognize aunt's daughter as his wife"). According to the traditional custom, my uncle's son has the priority to marry his cousin. There is also a custom called robbing marriage (Naxi word "Mifu", meaning "pulling girls"). Couples who marry by stealing marriage are not discriminated against by society and enjoy the same status as normal marriage. "Double suicide" is a prominent phenomenon in the marriage relationship of Naxi nationality in Lijiang. Some young men and women in love have the idea of "having different children and dying at the same time" when they are not free to marry. Meet in a beautiful place and commit suicide. The Naxi people in Lugu Lake area mainly practice Azhu (meaning friends) marriage, which is characterized by men not marrying women.

Naxi style-Naxi technology

The Naxi people, who live in Yulong Snow Mountain and Jinsha River, have accumulated a lot of scientific knowledge in astronomy, calendar, animal husbandry, agriculture, medicine and so on in the long-term practice of agriculture and animal husbandry production and social life, and a number of accomplished scholars and experts have emerged.

Many ancient scientific and technological knowledge of Naxi people is circulated among the people in the form of fairy tales and recorded in Dongba scriptures with hieroglyphics. According to the Dongba Classic, there are dozens of proper nouns about astronomical phenomena in ancient times. From the classics such as Bagetu and the Origin of the Chinese Zodiac, the Naxi people have long had a clear concept of four characters and four corners (similar to the gossip of the Han people); Created a calendar with the full moon as the fixed month, 30 days per month, one year 12 months and 365 days * * *, and recorded the days, months and years with the zodiac. From the observation of astronomical phenomena and biological activities, people have also explored a set of laws about wind, rain, flowers, snow and various bird activities, so as to distinguish the characteristics of seasons and carry out farming activities in a timely manner.

Naxi people are famous for raising horses. Lijiang horse is a famous nickname of Dali horse, and there is a special book "The Origin of Horse" in Dongba Classic. Lijiang is one of the famous "Dali horse" producing areas. Lijiang horse is one of the excellent breeds in China. It is small and lean, can bear loads, is good at climbing mountains and mountains, and has strong adaptability, and can walk continuously for two or three months. Recently, the agricultural department introduced an improved variety of Kamaba to mate with Lijiang horse, which made it develop greatly.

Lijiang Naxi Autonomous County has gradually established and improved the technical network of agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and medicine, and trained nearly 10,000 scientific and technological personnel. They have carried out in-depth scientific research activities and made remarkable achievements in rural modernization. For example, potato is the main food crop in the mountainous area of Lijiang. In view of the serious virus damage, variety degradation and other problems, the county agricultural department summed up the sexual reproduction technology suitable for the local area after long-term experiments, and adopted technical measures such as seedling transplanting and potato utilization, which basically solved the problem and achieved high yield. For another example, after the promotion of excellent wheat varieties in the county, the wheat output has also increased substantially year after year.

In the mid-1960s, the science and technology department of Lijiang area, based on the policy of developing rural economy in an all-round way, and on the basis of repeated scientific experiments, popularized new apple planting techniques such as "multiple buds changing heads and high grafting", which improved the apples planted in the county. By the end of 1970s, the annual output of apples in the county had reached more than one million kilograms, making it one of the emerging apple production bases in Yunnan Province.

Naxi nationality is located in Hengduan mountain area, with mountains, valleys and flat dams alternating, fertile soil, long sunshine time and abundant rainfall, which is suitable for the growth of various plants. Called? Quot Yulong Mountain is a treasure house of plants, with more than 500 kinds of Chinese herbal medicines, of which more than 200 kinds of precious medicinal materials are sold nationwide. Lijiang's medical undertakings have made great progress, eliminating infectious diseases such as malaria, cholera and typhoid fever, gradually reducing common diseases and frequently-occurring diseases, and greatly improving people's physique.

Ludian Township in Lijiang Naxi Autonomous County is a famous "hometown of medicinal materials", with this as the center, more than 400 medicinal materials cultivation research and planting fields of different scales have been established in Lijiang area.

In addition, Naxi people have a group of middle and senior scientific workers distributed all over the country, such as famous historians and educators at home and abroad, Professor Fang Guoyu, wheat breeding experts Zhao Zhongxiu, Mu, Yang Feng and other famous people. They have made due contributions to the cause of Naxi and the motherland.

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