The name of chemical experiment Reflection on the conclusion of equipment step phenomenon 1 homemade soda 2 rust removal 3 homemade fruit battery 4 incombustible handkerchief

principled

When cobalt hydroxide is heated, it will gradually lose water and show different colors, so according to the change of temperature.

At the same time, the color change is determined by the thermometer.

[[Experimental steps and phenomena

Add 95% ethanol and a little red cobalt chloride crystal (cobalt chloride? 6H2O)

Dissolved by oscillation, it is purple at room temperature, and the higher the heating temperature of blue-purple orchids is.

2. soda-acid fire extinguisher

Experimental steps and phenomena]

(a) As shown in the figure below, a single-hole rubber stopper with a large bottle and a glass tube inserted on the stopper. bottle

Add some sodium bicarbonate solution, and you can put it in a bottle, in a test tube filled with concentrated hydrochloric acid, and slowly in the test tube.

Placed on the bottle mouth so that the tube can have an inserted glass tube inserted into a rubber stopper. Use fire extinguishers and bottles.

A flame was lit at the mouth of the glass tube. Please pay attention! Do not speak ill of others or yourself.

(b) It is added to the acidic washing which produces a large amount of foam. Aim the bottle at the flame, quickly.

A violent reaction occurs when the bottle is poured, and a large amount of liquid with carbon dioxide gas pressure is ejected from the nozzle.

It's on fire.

3, wand lighting

No need to match it, but you lit it with a glass rod alcohol lamp.

Experiment: Drop 2 or 3 drops of concentrated sulfuric acid and potassium permanganate on the flat plate (or glass) on the surface of a small amount of potassium permanganate crystal, and immediately immerse the glass rod into the wick of the exposure alcohol lamp.

4. Build a "water garden"

The mass fraction of water glass (sodium silicate) dissolved in water is 40% water, glass, gently.

A grain of salt, such as chloride, sulfate, aluminum, iron, copper, copper, nickel and lead.

Iron, copper, nickel nitrate and water glass (pay attention to the unshakable combination) and colorful "flowers"

Grow up slowly.

5. Painting

Experimental principle

FeCl3 _ 3 solution, KSCN(KSCN) solution is blood red, potassium ferrocyanide [K4 [Fe (CN)6] solution is blue, potassium ferricyanide K3 [Fe (CN) 6] solution is green, and phenol is purple. The FeCl 3 solution sprayed on the paper is yellow. white paper

Experimental clause

Brush, sprayer, gallows, thumbtack.

FeCl3 solution, sulfur and potassium cyanide solution, potassium ferrocyanide and potassium ferricyanide concentrated solution, phenol solution concentrated solution. about

The process of experiment

1。 Concentrated solution of potassium ferrocyanide in KSCN solution,

The concentrated solution of potassium ferricyanide is obtained by concentrating phenol solution on white paper and dipping it with a brush.

2。 Dry paper nailed to a wooden frame.

3。 The sprayer is equipped with a picture of white ferric chloride solution sprayed by ferric chloride solution.

6, woodcut or bamboo carving method (word)

Reaction principle: dilute sulfuric acid and concentrated sulfuric acid have strong dehydrated cellulose when heated.

(C6H 10O5)？ Carbonization during dehydration will appear black or brown. Wash off excess sulfuric acid with wood (bamboo)

Black or brown flowers or words.

Experimental steps: using dilute sulfuric acid to reduce the mass fraction of brushes by 5%, wood (bamboo)

Calligraphy and painting, flowers or writing. Dry wood (bamboo) is washed with clear water within the time of low fire baking.

Black or brown pattern or text.

7, protein trace.

Take an egg, wash the oil on the surface and dry it. Dip the brush in acetic acid and write on the egg shell. Boil eggs in acetic acid, water and dilute copper sulfate solution until the eggs are cooled and peeled, and the blue or purple handwriting on the left side of the egg white leaves no trace on the eggshell.

This is because acetic acid dissolves eggshells and protein dissolves a little. Amino acids composed of egg white globulin are hydrolyzed under acidic conditions to produce peptides and other substances, which react with the peptide bond box Cu2+ in these substances and appear blue or purple.

8, purple discoloration experiment

-Acid-base indicator Only violets are used as acid-base indicators this season.

It is interesting to see the new textbook (PEP) in the experimental operation. This simple experimental phenomenon is obvious. It also goes well with chrysanthemums.

The original glass ear unexpectedly discovered this phenomenon and put forward the concept of acid-base indicator.

9. Test

Experimental principle of iodine in salt components

Potassium iodate (KIO3) in iodized salt generally contains no other oxidizing substances. Under certain conditions, starch is oxidized to I2 and I2 under acidic conditions, and the sample solution turns blue. Does non-iodized salt have a similar reaction?

Experimental supplies

Tube, rubber head dropper.

Iodized salt solution, non-iodized salt solution, KI solution, dilute sulfuric acid, starch test solution. experimental procedure

Add a small amount of iodized salt solution and iodized salt solution into the two tubes, then drop a few drops of dilute sulfuric acid and a few drops of starch test solution. Observed phenomenon.

2。 In another test tube, add an appropriate amount of KI solution and a few drops of dilute sulfuric acid, and then drop a few drops of starch test solution. Observed phenomenon.

3 Pour the liquid in three test tubes into two test tubes and mix the phenomena observed before.

Self-made soda water, soda water, mineral water or boiled drinking water sterilized by ultraviolet rays,

Responsible for carbon dioxide. Belonging to carbonated drinks containing carbon dioxide. Pressurized carbon dioxide gas produced by the factory

Soft drinks dissolved in water. The more carbon dioxide dissolved in soda, the better the quality. , about

1 volume water dissolved carbon dioxide volume 4.5 liters of soft drinks on the market. Some soft drinks contain carbon dioxide. Add the right amount.

The amount of sugar, juice and spices.

When carbon dioxide is discharged from the body, you can bring some calories and drink a can of drinks to relieve the fever of diabetes. ice

Soda cooler, more dissolved carbon dioxide (0℃,

The solubility of carbon dioxide is 1 times higher than that at 20℃, which means that the human body can excrete more carbon dioxide and take away more heat.

Can lower the temperature of the stomach. So, don't drink a lot of iced soda to avoid catching a cold.

Strong stimulation to the stomach, leading to stomach spasm, abdominal pain, and even induce gastroenteritis. In addition, excessive soft drinks will dilute gastric juice, reducing

The digestion and sterilization of gastric juice affect appetite, even increase the burden on the heart and kidneys, and cause diseases.

Soda can also be used in laboratories and homes. Clean and wash the soda bottle and calculate its content.

80% of the area of cold water, then add sugar and a small amount of fruit essence, and then add 2 grams of sodium bicarbonate and stir to dissolve.

? & gt quickly add 2g citric acid. Press the lid immediately, so that the gas generated will not work? Escape, at

Water will dissolve. Put the bottle in the refrigerator to cool. After taking it out, open the bottle cap and you can drink it.

Test urine sugar [experimental principle]

Urine sugar content of patients with glucose, diabetes and serious diseases. Detecting the sugar content in urine,

Potassium sodium tartrate and sodium hydroxide solution can be prepared into a liquid called copper sulfate, which is used for the test of Linfei reagent.

Reaction principle of aldehyde in copper hydroxide suspension test.

[experimental operation]

(1) preparing the test solution of cost forest.

Add 3.5g copper sulfate crystal (copper sulfate 5H2O) into 100ml distilled water to make a solution, my other/>; Add 100 ml distilled water, 17.3 g potassium sodium tartrate (NaKC4H4O6 4H2O) and 6 g sodium hydroxide to dissolve.

Liquid II. Prepare the solution. My solution II is in two clean reagent bottle plugs. Use equal mixing.

Total service fee forest testing solution.

② test

Fill a clean test tube (1 ml? 2 ml) of urine was put into the test tube with a straw, and then another straw was used.

3-4 drops of Fehling reagent, heated to boiling, heated in the flame of alcohol lamp: (1) dissolved.

The liquid is still blue, which means there is no sugar in the urine. (2) If the solution turns green, there is urine.

Solution, containing a small amount of sugar, represented by "+"; (3) If the solution is yellow-green, it means that urine sugar is a little too much, so use "++"table.

It shows that (4) the solution is khaki, showing "+++"with urine sugar; (5), if the solution is brick red.

The color is cloudy, and there is a lot of urine sugar, with+++". /& gt； 12, Determination of Vitamin C in Vegetables

principle

Starch solution will turn blue-purple when it meets iodine, which is a feature. Starch, vitamin c Can play a role in blue-purple solution.

Iodine solution becomes colorless. Using this principle, it can be used to test life support systems.

Some vegetables of the Prime Minister C. Experimental steps and phenomena

Put a small amount of starch in the glass bottle, pour some boiling water, stir the starch solution with a small wooden stick, and drop 2.

3 drops of iodine, you will find that it turns blue-purple in milky white starch solution.

Find two or three kinds of vegetables and pick them out.

Leaves leave petiole juice, and the blue-purple liquid squeezed out of the glass bottle slowly drops into the body while stirring. At this time, you will find that the blue-purple liquid becomes milky white. Vegetables contain vitamin C.

13, firecrackers production

① Formula potassium nitrate grams of sulfur 2g, carbon powder 4g to 5g, sucrose 5g, magnesium powder LG? 2 g mixing

An explosion ignited together.

② Reaction Reaction 1 Sulfur 2 Nitrate 3 carbon black powder (actual mass ratio: potassium nitrate)

Sulfur accounts for 75% and 10%, and carbon accounts for15%): 2kno3+s3c = = k2s+N2+3co2.

Compared with magnesium as whitening agent, sucrose as gas generating agent increases loudness. The test can be carried out in a crucible.

Cylindrical shell cardboard, filled with raw materials and ignited by fuses (paper roll impregnated with 30% potassium nitrate solution)

Set off firecrackers. Some small firecrackers are connected by fuses, which are the precursors of modern bombs.

Alcohol and water can be mixed at will. Calcium acetate and solid alcohol are only soluble in water, but not in ethanol. Alcohol is injected into the saturated calcium acetate solution, and the saturated solution of water is dissolved in alcohol. The semi-solid gelatinous substance "jelly" is full of wine, and jelly and alcohol will burn in it.

Experimental supplies: medicine spoon, beaker, measuring cylinder, glass rod, evaporating dish, competition.

Alcohol (over 95% by mass), calcium acetate, distillation. ,

Experimental steps,

Add 20 ml distilled water into the beaker, and then add appropriate amount of calcium acetate and saturated solution of calcium acetate to prepare.

In a large beaker, add 80 ml of ethanol, then slowly add it to the saturated solution of 15 ml of calcium acetate, and keep stirring. With a glass rod, the substance in the beaker begins to be turbid, then thickens and stops flowing, and finally becomes gelatinous.

3。 Take out the spherical jelly and point it on the evaporating dish. The jelly immediately caught fire and gave off a blue flame.

15, explosive

Experimental principle 】 Acetylene is introduced into silver ammonia solution to generate silver acetylene precipitate, which will explode in dry heat, friction or impact.

C2H2 +2 Silver (NH3)2] OH→C2Ag2 +2 H2O +4 NH3

hot

C2Ag2 = = 2C+2 Silver

[]

Add fresh silver ammonia solution 15ml of experimental acetylene gas into the large test tube, in which the gray silver acetylene is precipitated to 20ml as claimed, continue to introduce acetylene for reaction, and then filter and wash the residue, which is summarized as several mung beans on the filter paper, and it is dry, cool and safe in the air. Acetylene silver air-dried thick book, closed the book with a little force, this explosion; The sole rubs lightly on the ground, and the exploded asbestos thread is slightly hot or sparks contact and explode.

& gt

The key to the success of the experiment and matters needing attention]

This experiment is difficult to do, but the residue after the experiment must be disposed of in time to ensure safety.

16 battery production

Galvani battery

① in

5 cm copper wire and 2 mm wide zinc particles are inserted into potatoes or tomatoes respectively; Then both ends of the earphone will contact with the copper-zinc sheet, and the sound will be heard clearly. If 12 potato is inserted into the copper-zinc sheet and series, the electrically adjustable key and 1.5 V bulb are connected with the combination key when the bulb is lit. /& gt；

The prototype 1780 galvanic shock was discovered in galvani, Italy, which contracted the primary battery from the frog's leg muscles.

② principle

Copper-zinc battery, the cathode is copper, the anode is zinc, and the electrolyte is composed of conductive potato juice or tomato juice.

Function.

17, automatic feather duck:

Cut aluminum skin into ducks (rabbits, cats, rats. ..... whatever it is), dye the aluminum skin coated with mercury nitrate solution with a cotton swab, and after a few minutes, coat the aluminum mercury nitrate on the dry skin, and you can see that the aluminum duck automatically grows white hair!

Experimental principle: As an active metal, aluminum has a dense oxide film on its surface, which prevents it from reacting with air. When mercury nitrate solution is coated, the dense oxide film is destroyed and Al-Hg alloy is formed. Al can no longer form a dense oxide film, and Al on the surface can continue to react with oxygen in the air to generate white Al2O3.

Note: Mercury nitrate is a highly toxic compound, so we should pay attention to the protective measures in the experiment!

18, without bulb BR/> bulb, with magnesium tape and concentrated sulfuric acid, is a violent chemical reaction in the bulb, which produces heat and light. As we all know, concentrated sulfuric acid has strong oxidation ability, especially when it meets some metals. Magnesium metal is a particularly easy-to-oxidize substance, and the two naturally "complement each other". This is just an encounter, and it will have an immediate chemical reaction:

Magnesium +2H2SO4 (concentrated) = magnesium sulfate +SO2+2h2o.

In the process of releasing a large number of thermal reactions, the temperature in the bulb rises rapidly, reaching the ignition point, and there is enough oxygen supply. If the flame is the same, the magnesium band in concentrated sulfuric acid burns more vigorously.

cotton

19, cotton made of unburned cotton, the main chemical component of cotton cellulose molecules, containing carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, is a combustible substance. Soak the cloth in 30% sodium phosphate solution, dry it, then soak it in 30% alum solution, and dry it again, so that two different chemicals on the cloth, sodium phosphate, alum and sodium phosphate, are all in water. Alkaline alum is acidic in water, and after the reaction, it also produces water-insoluble aluminum hydroxide. So, in fact, the cotton belt surrounded by aluminum hydroxide, aluminum hydroxide film, becomes aluminum oxide when heated, and water is a dense aluminum oxide film to protect the cloth from gunfire. The cotton thus treated is a kind of cotton widely used in industry and agriculture. Industrial production and national defense construction.

20, red sugar sugar

Experimental principle

Brown sugar contains some sugar made of colored substances, which should be obtained by dissolving brown sugar in water, adding a proper amount of brown sugar colored substances, adsorbing them on activated carbon, filtering and centralized cooling.

Experimental steps and phenomena]

For example, take 5 grams? 10g of yellow sugar, in a small beaker, add 40ml of water, heat to dissolve, and add 0.5g? 65438+/-0g activated carbon, stirring continuously, and filtering the hot suspension to obtain colorless liquid. If the filtrate is yellow, an appropriate amount of activated carbon can be further added until it is colorless until the filtrate is transferred to a small beaker and evaporated and concentrated in a water bath. When the volume is reduced to about 1/4 of the original solution, the heating is stopped, and the beaker is taken out of the water bath and naturally cooled. Sugar is 2 1, self-made index.

Experimental principle

Many plants, flowers, fruits, stems and leaves contain pigments, which show different colors in acidic or alkaline solutions and can be used as indicators of pH value.

& gt experimental consumables

Test tube, measuring cylinder, glass rod, mortar, rubber-tipped dropper, drip tray, funnel, gauze.

Petals (morning glory), leaves of plants (such as purple cabbage), radishes (such as carrots and Beijing Mei Xin radishes), alcohol solution (the volume ratio of ethanol to water is 1: 1), dilute hydrochloric acid and dilute NaOH solution.

Mash the collected petals, plant leaves and radish in a mortar, then add 5 ml ethanol solution, stir and filter with four layers of gauze respectively, and the obtained filtrate is ethanol solution of petal pigment, plant leaf pigment and radish pigment, which are distributed in three test tubes respectively.

2。 Dilute hydrochloric acid, dilute NaOH solution and distilled water are dripped into the cavity of the white drip plate, and then the petal pigment is dripped into the solution of alcohol 3. Observed phenomenon.

3。 The alcohol solution of plant leaf pigment and the alcohol solution of radish petal pigment are not the phenomena observed in the above experiments. 22. Light the ice with a glass rod.

Glass rods ignite ice cubes without matches and lighters. If you gently use a glass rod, the ice will burn immediately and last forever. You can do an experiment if you are interested. First, pour 1.2 granular potassium permanganate into a small dish, gently grind it into powder, then dip it in a few drops of concentrated sulfuric acid and soak it in an invisible glass rod torch with a glass rod to stir the mixture. The glass rod torch can light the alcohol lamp and brighten the ice surface. But if you put a small piece of calcium carbide in advance, the ice will burn quickly as long as you touch it gently with a glass rod. The reader tests to make an answer.

There is a simple reason. Calcium carbide (chemical name of calcium carbide) reacts with a small amount of water and ice, and the calcium carbide acetylene gas (chemical name of ice) produced by this reaction is combustible gas. Because concentrated sulfuric acid and potassium permanganate are strong oxidants, letting the gas oxidize calcium carbide and immediately achieve ignition is enough to make the burning acetylene gas. In addition, because the reaction between water and calcium carbide is exothermic, the burning acetylene gas releases more heat, more ice melts more and more water, the reaction is faster and faster, and calcium carbide and acetylene gas are produced more and more vigorously. BR/>； 23. White flowers turn blue.

Electrical appliances: iron frame, iron clip, evaporating dish, dropper.

Drugs: zinc powder, iodine tablets, plaster

Methods: 2 grams of zinc powder and 2 grams of broken iodine tablets were stirred evenly in an evaporating dish. A piece of white paper was hung right above the evaporating dish and coated with batter.

A white flower is now "dripping into purple smoke and purple orchid." Use a rubber dropper, then absorb the mixed powder of cold water, add two drops, and the purple-white fog will fly immediately. Wheels and wheels are scrambling to embrace the white flowers. White flowers are dyed with orchids, creating 12 times, and blue flowers are more vivid. Immediately after

Principle: Iodine and zinc powder are not easy to form compounds in the dry state at room temperature, and are directly used as catalysts. Adding a small amount of water, zinc iodide reacts violently, releasing specific heat, so unreacted iodine sublimates into purple smoke, water vaporizes heat, air condenses into fog, flour comes into contact with iodine, and a white flower turns blue, thus producing blue flower plums.

24. Make amber specimens

We can choose high-quality (high-quality) rosin DIY artificial amber specimens, which costs less and is not difficult to operate. The production method will now be described as follows: >; Buy high-quality rosin (the insect size is determined, generally about 100g, you can make one), add a small amount of alcohol with the heat of alcohol lamp (the ratio they usually use is 10: 1), and stir with a glass rod until the rosin melts and contains alcohol.

Then evaporate, make specimens of butterflies, beetles and small factories and fold small cardboard in advance in cartons (in folded trays lined with waxed paper). The tray is folded into the shape of a matchbox core. Then pour the slowly melting rosin into the restricted area, and when the rosin condenses and hardens, tear off the tray, and the surrounding specimens carefully trimmed with a sharp knife will be rough. Only in transparent amber specimens can you clearly see the small insects inside. Other small insects that are rough and opaque on five sides but can't be seen inside must be washed with alcohol, dried and transparent, so that small insects like hibernating camels can sleep. The glass box was successfully installed on the system.

25, rusty nails (oxide film)

Material: nails

Instruments: tripod asbestos net, alcohol lamp, beaker, test tube.

Drugs: dilute hydrochloric acid, dilute sodium hydroxide, solid sodium hydroxide, sodium nitrate, sodium nitrite, distilled water.

Steps:

1, measure an appropriate amount of dilute sodium hydroxide in the first test tube, and throw out a nail to remove the oil film.

2. Then measure a proper amount of dilute hydrochloric acid in the test tube, and remove the zinc layer, oxide film and rust by throwing nails.

3 Weigh 2 g solid sodium hydroxide, 0.3g sodium nitrite and one spoonful of sodium nitrite, put them in a beaker and dissolve them in 10ml distilled water.

4. Pour the nail into a beaker and heat it until the surface produces a bright blue or black substance. So far,

/& gt； Principle:

Nitrite oxidizes in neutral and alkaline environment, and reacts with iron, iron, sodium, sodium (Na2Fe2O4) and ammonia monohydrate in alkaline solution, which leads to the decomposition of oxide film surface and intensive interaction between nitrite and iron.

note:

Sodium hydroxide is very corrosive and releases a lot of heat. Wash your hands thoroughly when nitrite is soluble in water and sodium is a highly toxic substance.

26. Make "veins bookmarks"

[Experimental Steps]

(1) The key to success is to choose leaves with complete shape, suitable size and reticulated veins. Midrib is not difficult. If you cook leaf soup,

(2) Leave the water, wash and scrub it, and boil it in about 65438 00% sodium hydroxide solution. When the mesophyll turns yellow and the leaves are deleted, wash the leaves with alkaline water.

(3) Lay the leaves flat on the ceramic tile or glass plate, brush the leaves slowly with a tube brush or a soft toothbrush, gently wash the remaining veins with water, dry them slightly, and clamp them when flattening the book.

27, spontaneous combustion-the reaction of sugar and potassium chlorate

principle

The reaction heat of concentrated sulfuric acid and sugar releases heat to promote the decomposition of potassium chlorate, and the released sugar is further oxidized by oxygen. The oxidation of sugar releases a lot of heat, which is big enough to make sugar burn.

【 Experimental Steps and Phenomena 】

Sugar powder, dig a concave part equal to potassium chlorate at the top of the mixture and stir it gently in an evaporating dish. A drop of concentrated sulfuric acid dent is ignited.

Note: This experiment is in a fume hood.

Fingerprint inspection 28

Testing principle

Iodine sublimates into iodine vapor when heated. Iodine vapor can dissolve in finger grease and other secretions to form brown fingerprints.

Test tube, rubber stopper, medicine spoon, alcohol lamp, scissors, white iodine.

Experimental process

It needs a clean and smooth fingerprint, with a white incision of about 4 cm, and the width does not exceed the diameter of the test tube. It is difficult to count fingerprints with a piece of paper on one finger.

You can scoop sesame seeds, indicating that the iodine medicine in the test tube is suspended in the test tube (the injection fingerprint of the wall that is not connected), and plug the rubber plug.

The flame of iodine test tube and alcohol lamp is slightly hot. Stop heating iodine vapor immediately and observe the precautions on fingerprints.

29 PCE

[Prescription drugs and the legal system

1, 1, 1- trichloroethane 60% gasoline 20% benzene 18% ethyl oleate 2%

A small amount of oil-soluble perfume

Mixing the above components, sealing and storing in a beaker or enamel cup, and bottling.

Purpose and use

Wash the dirt with unwashed high-grade woolen clothes. Will not leave any traces on the fabric, clothes will not be deformed, color will not change. Dyeing is washed by a dry cleaner with a brush, brushed with dust to absorb dust and dirt, and then dried with a wet towel < BR/30. Hardness test in hard water shows that there are soap bubbles.

Experimental steps and phenomena]

1 g ordinary laundry soap tablets are dissolved in 100 ml alcohol, which is called soap solution.

Put it into a test tube, add water, plug the mouth of the test tube, and shake the test tube vigorously. Soap without soap bubbles drops 5 ml of distilled water or deionized water, and then soap solution is added, and the oscillation decreases. Continue to probe into the soap solution and oscillate until the soap bubbles produce a large number of records. It is necessary to have enough soap bubbles and the number of droplets produced by soap.

This method can test the hardness of different hard water, such as:

Calcium bicarbonate in (1) dilute solution

(2) calcium carbonate suspension

(3) Tap water .../> (4) storage of rainwater or water

(5) Mineral water

(6) Hard water prepared in the laboratory

3 1 experimental principle of volcanic eruption

[] s

Experimental operation

A small "mountain" is surrounded by a clay crucible in the center of the plate, and the mud is piled up in the crater above the dome crucible. The mixture of 5g potassium permanganate and 1g strontium nitrate was buried in the crucible in the center of the glycerol permanganate stack, and about 10g ammonium dichromate powder in the mixture was added to the number of long droppers, which was prohibitive. After a while, a purple flame spewed out, and a green "volcanic ash" spewed out immediately.

32. Homemade Tofu

Experimental steps and phenomena]

(1) Soaking: add 300ml of water to soak for 24 hours (if the temperature is high, the water can be changed once in the middle), the soybeans are fully expanded, and then the soaked water is poured out.

(b) Grinding: For a domestic grinder, the soaked soybeans are added into a water (200 ml) solution and ground.

(c) Pulping: pour the ground soybean milk and bean dregs into a double-layer gauze filtering pump for filtering, and add other 100 ml water and cakes.