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Appreciation of folk art

pottery

As one of the four ancient civilizations, China has made outstanding contributions to the progress and development of human society, among which the invention and development of ceramics are of unique significance. The development history of China ceramics is an important part of the history of China civilization, which reflects the different artistic styles and technical characteristics of different dynasties in China history. The English word "china" means both China and ceramics, which clearly shows that China is the "hometown of ceramics".

■ Red pottery

Red pottery first appeared in China, and its firing temperature was about 900 degrees. Archaeological data show that the Peiligang culture, Yangshao culture and Dawenkou culture in the Yellow River valley 8000 years ago were mainly clay red pottery and sand red Chu pottery.

■ painted pottery

Painted pottery is an outstanding achievement of Yangshao culture. It is pottery decorated with ochre, red, black and other colors. Painted pottery art has a strong flavor of life and a unique artistic style. Before the pottery is fired, it is coated on the ceramic blank. After firing, the color pattern is fixed on the surface of the ware and is not easy to fall off. Some people paint a layer of white pottery before painting, so they paint a layer of white pottery before painting the knot, which makes the painted pattern more vivid. Painted pottery patterns are mainly flower patterns and geometric patterns, but there are also a few animal patterns. Character patterns and plant patterns are rare.

■ Black pottery

Black pottery appeared during the Longshan culture period. The firing temperature of black pottery is about 1000℃. There are three kinds of black pottery: fine clay, argillaceous clay and sand. Among them, the production level of fine mud thin-walled black pottery is the highest, and it is known as "black as paint and thin as paper". This kind of black clay is called "eggshell pottery" after elutriation and wheel-making. The thickness of the sidewall is only 0.5- 1mm, and then it is polished and burned black. Its skill is amazing and it enjoys a good reputation at home and abroad. During this period, black pottery was mainly polished with plain surface, with few decorative patterns such as strings, scratches and carved holes.

■ Grey pottery

In the early Neolithic period, gray pottery appeared in the cultural sites of Khan Lee. There are a certain number of gray pottery in Yangshao culture and Longshan culture, especially cookware, most of which are gray pottery with sand. In the Xia Dynasty (early Erlitou culture), gray pottery and sand pottery occupied the main position.

■ White pottery

White pottery refers to a kind of pottery with white surface and fetal quality. Made of porcelain clay or kaolin, the firing temperature is about 1000 degrees. White pottery is basically hand-made, and will gradually adopt mud lath system and wheel system in the future. White pottery appeared in the late Longshan culture and reached its peak in Shang Dynasty. In the late Shang Dynasty, white pottery issued a large number of tuxedos, and the largest number of them were unearthed in Yinxu, Anyang, and the production was quite exquisite. During the Western Zhou Dynasty, white pottery was no longer fired because of more firing and use of printed hard pottery and primitive porcelain.

■ Hard pottery

The embryo of hard pottery is finer and harder than ordinary argillaceous or sand-mixed pottery, and the firing temperature is higher than that of ordinary pottery, and decorative patterns with geometric patterns are printed on the surface of pottery, so it is collectively called "printed hard pottery". The Western Zhou Dynasty is the heyday of the development of relief hard pottery, and its raw materials are basically close to the original celadon according to the chemical composition analysis. Due to the high iron content of raw materials used for printing hard pottery, the tire color is dark, mostly purplish brown, reddish brown, yellowish brown and grayish brown. Printed hard pottery is durable, mostly containers. Printed hard pottery of the Shang Dynasty was found in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River and the Yangtze River. From the Western Zhou Dynasty to the Warring States Period, printed hard pottery was mainly popular in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River and Fujian, Taiwan Province, Guangdong and Guangxi in the south.

■ Glazed pottery

In the Han Dynasty, a kind of glazed pottery with lead added to the glaze appeared, also known as "lead glazed pottery". The successful production of lead glazed pottery is an outstanding achievement of pottery-making technology in Han Dynasty. Adding lead to the glaze can reduce the melting point of the glaze, make the glaze more bright, uniform and smooth, and make the iron and copper colorants appear beautiful green, yellow, brown and other colors, but the green glaze is the most, green as jade and radiant.

The surface of lead glazed pottery unearthed in tombs sometimes has a silvery white luster, and some people mistakenly call it "silver glaze". According to the scientific research of archaeologists, it is found that the reason for the formation of "silver glaze" is that the glaze is wet for a long time, and multiple layers of deposits are precipitated on the glaze, which produces silver luster under the refraction of light.

tea

green tea

Green tea is a kind of tea that has not been fermented, that is, fresh leaves are spread and dried, and then directly fried in 120 Baidu hot pot to maintain its green characteristics. This is a kind of tea with the largest output in China, and its variety ranks first in the world. Green tea has the characteristics of high aroma, mellow taste, beautiful appearance and resistance to brewing. Its production process includes the processes of enzyme fixation, rolling and drying. Due to the different drying methods in the processing, green tea can be divided into fried green tea, baked green tea, steamed green tea and sun-dried green tea. Precious varieties include Longjing Tea, Biluochun Tea, Huangshan Mao Feng Tea, Lushan Yunwu Tea, Lu 'an Guapian Tea, Mengding Tea, Taiping Houkui Tea, Guzhu Zizun Tea, Xinyang Maojian Tea, Pingshui Bamboo Tea, Xishan Tea, Yandangshan Mao Feng Tea, Huading Yunwu Tea, Yongxihuoqing Tea, Jingting Lvxue Tea, Emei Errui Tea, Duyun Maojian Tea, Enshi You.

black tea

The name of black tea comes from its soup color red. Contrary to green tea, black tea is completely fermented tea (the degree of fermentation is above 80%). The difference between black tea and green tea lies in the different processing methods. When black tea is processed, it will wither, so that fresh leaves lose some water, and then it will be kneaded (kneaded into strips or cut into granules) and fermented, so that the tea polyphenols contained in it will be oxidized and become red compounds. This compound is soluble in water and insoluble in water, but it accumulates in leaves, thus forming red soup and red leaves. There are three main kinds of black tea: competition black tea, kung fu black tea and red broken tea. Precious varieties are: Qi Hong, Dianhong and Hong Ying.

oolong

Oolong tea, also known as oolong tea, is a semi-fermented tea between red tea and green tea. After proper fermentation, its leaves are slightly red. Oolong tea is the most complicated and time-consuming process in the six categories of tea, and the brewing method is also the most exquisite, so drinking oolong tea is also called drinking kungfu tea. Both the freshness of green tea and the sweetness of black tea. Because its leaves are green in the middle and red in the edge, it is called "green leaves with red edges". Precious varieties include: Beiyuan Imperial Tea, Short Foot Oolong Tea, Wuyi Rock Tea, Tieguanyin Tea, Fenghuang Dancong Tea and Taiwan Province Oolong Tea.

Yellow tea

The production of yellow tea is a bit like green tea, but it takes three days in the middle; In the process of making tea, yellow leaves and yellow soup are formed by boring. It can be divided into "yellow bud tea" (including Junshan silver bud in Dongting Lake, Hunan, Mengding yellow bud in Ya 'an, Sichuan, and Huoshan inner bud in Anhui), "yellow tea" (including Beigangzai in Yueyang, Hunan, Maojian in Weishan, Ningxiang, Tanghuang in Pingyang, Zhejiang and Luyuan in Yuan 'an, Hubei) and "yellow tea" (including Dayeqing in Anhui and Huang Da in Huoshan).

Dark tea

The raw materials are rough and old, and the leaves are dark brown after a long period of accumulation and fermentation during processing. Black tea was originally sold to frontier areas, and it is an indispensable daily necessity for Tibetan, Mongolian, Uygur and other fraternal peoples. Rare varieties include Hunan Black Tea, Hubei Old Green Tea, Guangxi Liubao Tea, Sichuan West Road Side Tea, South Road Side Tea, Yunnan Compact Tea, Flat Tea, Square Tea and Round Tea. The famous Yunnan Pu 'er tea was once classified as black tea. Historically, Pu 'er tea was classified as black tea. At the same time, Professor Chen Xun of Anhui Agricultural University also made such a classification in his book Tea Making. However, there are objections in the industry, mainly because its technology is different from black tea. Especially in recent years, it is more controversial. It was not until 2006 that the local industry standard of Yunnan Province was promulgated that Pu 'er tea was defined as pressed tea and loose tea made of big leaf tea in a certain area of Yunnan, which was regarded as a special kind of tea by the industry and did not belong to any kind of tea. By July this year, after the geographical indication of Pu 'er tea came down, this statement was even more justified. In addition, it is also placed in the special tea in the national import and export catalogue. To sum up, Pu 'er tea is not black tea, nor any kind of tea, but a special kind of tea.