What are the oldest books in China, the Three Graves and the Five Classics, the Eight Categories and the Nine Hills?

The Thirteen Graves and the Five Classics refer to the oldest books in China. The term "Three Graves and Five Classics" first appeared in Zao Gong's Zuo Zhuan. The King of Chu praised the interdependence of Zuo: "It is a good history, and my son is good at reading it. He will read the Three Graves, the Five Classics, the Eight Sorrows, and the Nine Thirds.'

Du Preface said, "All ancient books have names." The preface said, "The books of Xi, Shennong, and Huangdi are called 'Three Graves' and also speak of the Great Way. The books of Zhuan Xu, Tang, and Yu are collectively known as the "Five Classics."

Zheng Xuan said that the Shangshu is "the book of the three emperors and the five kings". Therefore, the "Three Graves" is the book of Huang San, and the "Five Classics" is the book of the Five Emperors. As for the "August Solstice" and "September Autumn", they refer to the "Eight Trigrams" and the "Record of the Nine States", i.e., the "Hetu" and the "Luoshu".

First of all, I want to tell you a story: in the early Qing Dynasty, there was a talented man, Yuan Zicai, the very famous Yuan Mei. He was born in the time of Gan Long, and his poems were idealistic, the modern equivalent of people claiming to speak freely, unadorned, thoughtful, spiritual, emotional, and less archaic. He was against it at the time, but was indeed a talented man of the present age, so he took the entrance examination and served two terms as a county magistrate. He quit his job in his forties. He bought the Three Ancestors and Five Sutras in the Grand View Garden of Nanjing, changed his name to Suiyuan, and enjoyed a lifetime of happiness. He was indeed a world-famous talent. He hung a pair at the entrance of Suiyuan. He was very proud: there are mountains, forests and bamboos here. The Sioux people recite the three mausoleums and five mountains, eight lines and nine mountains.

Another famous scholar at the time, Zhao Yi, was one of the famous historians, poets and talents of the Qing Dynasty. He did not believe him and intended to be sarcastic. One day Zhao Yi arrived in Nanjing, wrote his name on a red post and brought it personally to meet Yuan Mei. When Yuan Mei was away, Zhao Yi was treated with the courtesy of his family, "What's wrong with Mr. Zhao's visit?" He said I have nothing to do but borrow two books. When his family asked him what books he had borrowed, he said he borrowed Sanling Wuyue, eight lines and nine mountains. Yuan Zicai came back, and knowing that he had come to cause trouble, he took the couplet off the door.

This three mausoleums and five cannons and eight rows and nine hills, not to mention that modern people do not know, even our then Mr. Yuan could not understand. What are the three points? The three tombs are three changes: Lianshan, Guizang and Zhouyi. Where are the Five Classics? The Five Telegrams or Dream of the Red Chamber, the Five Fortunes of Hong Fan. The eight telegrams are all eight trigrams. The Nine Curves are the Nine Curves, the logical numbers of the River Map and the Book of Luo. To be honest, Yuan Zicai has read all of these, but really, he's not a great insider when it comes to studying the Book of Shang. So Zhao Yi deliberately teased him.

What does this story tell us? It shows that reading ancient books in China is not easy.

As early as the legendary "Three Emperors and Five Emperors" era, it is said that the "archives" appeared in the "Yellow Three" period. The "archives" of the "Three Graves" period are called. Zhang Taiyan teacher in the "I Ching" said: "twelve mound of the tomb should be Yiwu carved twelve mound of the tomb." Legend has it that during the Spring and Autumn Period, Qi Guanzhong copied the "yellow three" era of Taishan twelve stone carvings, and called it "three tombs".

The archives of the "Five Emperors" period are called the "Five Classics". Kong Anguo in the "Shangshu ancient language monitoring theory" years, said: "the book of the five emperors, called the "Wujing". I have always said so. Think Kong Anguo's Wuxing is an archive formed during the period of the Five Emperors.

In addition to the "three tombs", "Wujing", "Shangshu Preface" to supplement the ancient archives are also called "eight souls", "nine-three ".

As for the "Nine Autumns", Kong explained: "The will of the nine states, called the Nine Autumns. Autumn, residence, the name of the return of the nine states, the earth is born, the gas is suitable, the book are gathered." He considered the archival "Shangshu Preface" to be a local record of the nine states in central China.

In the memory of the Chinese nation, the first summer China has four famous books. They are known as the Three Graves, the Five Classics, the Eight Sorrows and the Nine Threes.

The Nine Autumns. In the twelfth year of the Duke of Zhaogong, King Ling of Chu praised the Zuozhuan, saying, "Good history can read the three tombs and five crowns and eight lines of nine-three." The annotator said this is "nine three three mausoleum five crowns eight lines" of the ancient name. Jia Kui said: "three mausoleum is the book of yellow three. The five canons are the canons of the five emperors; the eight kings are the eight kings; and the nine curves are a warning against the death of the nine states."

Zheng Xuan said that the Zuo Yi Xiang is "the book of the three kings and five emperors." The Twelfth Year of the Duke of Zhaogong, which King Ling of Chu said was 530 BC. Can we deduce from the "ability to read" that the "Three Emperors, Five Crowns, Eight Rows, and Nine Thirds" was the written reading material of the previous generation?

It is said that Confucius wrote "Zuo Zhuan", said: "Fu, Shen Nong, Huang Di's book, called 'three tombs' and 'Yan Avenue'. The books of Zhuan Xu, Tang, and Yu are called the "Five Classics", as people often say. As for the books of Xia, Shang and Zhou, although they were created to teach incestuousness, the Three Ancestors and Five Classics have profound connotations. Both belong to the same category, is the treasure of all generations, is worshiped as a great precept. The eight trigrams are known as the "eight essentials", seeking their meaning. The will of the nine states, known as the nine autumn. Autumn, residence, the name of the nine states return, the earth is born, the gas is suitable, the book are gathered."

The question is, why are the books of the Three Emperors and Five Emperors, Fuxi Yu, called "tomb" and "scripture"?

The answer in the preface is that "tomb" has great significance, "dian" has universal significance, "suo" has the meaning of searching, and "qiu and "Qiu" means gathering. It is said that Confucius wrote the Preface to the Book of Shangshu, saying, "The books of Fu, Shennong, and Huangdi are called 'The Three Graves' and 'The Great Way of Yan'. The books of Zhuanxu, Tang and Yu are called the "Five Classics", as people often say. As for the books of Xia, Shang and Zhou, although they were created to teach incestuousness, the Confucian History has a profound connotation. Both belong to the same category, is the treasure of all generations, is worshiped as a great precept. Gossip is called "eight essentials", seeking its meaning. The will of the nine states, called the nine autumn. Autumn, residence, the name of the nine states return, the earth is born, the gas is suitable, the book are gathered."

It is clear that this is interpreted from the meaning of the above text and does not deal with the carrier materials used in these ancient books.

For quite some time, the author accepted the statement of the Historical Records without thinking about it, or without investigating whether it was reasonable or not, let alone whether there were other explanations. But with deeper reflection on semiotics, especially the examination of the Ruling Book since 1997, and consideration of possible information carriers for the era's "Preface to the Book of Shang," this work has been completed, including 42

It is well known that the traditional Chinese character "分" consists of "tu " and "本", and the variant form is composed of "涂" and "文". According to the Shanhaijing, there are many meanings: grave, the highest person of the earth, the edge of the water, size, appearance, emergence from the loose earth, a kind of book. Therefore, the interpretation of the word "three tombs" as "big" in the preface of the Classic of Mountains and Seas is rather reluctant. In my opinion, the word "tomb" in the third part of the book actually refers to the fact that both book carriers and text carriers at that time were made of earth. It may have been a clay tablet similar to those in the Two Rivers Valley, or it may have been a ceramic tablet. Broadly speaking, earth also includes stone, so the book Shanhaijing may also have used a slate carrier.

In fact, humans have long been drawing and writing on clay and stone. For example, they painted directly on clay, drew on caves and rocks, and wrote on pebbles. The hieroglyphics used by the ancient Greeks were originally intended to be sacred writing carved in stone by the Egyptians. The Ten Commandments, which Moses received from God on Mount Sinai, were also inscribed on stone tablets. From this perspective, the Chinese character tomb can also be interpreted as a clay version. The meaning of the character "dian" includes: custom, code, ordinance, master, pledge, family name, ancient book.

So, what does the book really look like? It goes back to the hieroglyphics of typical characters. In Chinese characters, there is a common symbol for a horizontal line with two supporting dots under it. The hieroglyphic meaning of this symbol is a display stand or a table with legs for displaying items. Of course, this is not an ordinary table, but an apparatus for displaying important items, usually used in large ceremonies or religious witchcraft rituals.

So the original meaning of "dian" is an important document displayed or placed on a table. It was the functional equivalent of bulletin boards, meeting boards, oracle tablets, legal documents and code of conduct notices. It may have evolved from the compact, easy-to-collect compacts that were large, open, and dignified. Its material could be wood, bamboo, stone, leather or silk. The inventor of this document would have been the Shaodian tribe. A further development of the Jing was this book, written by the ancestors of the historical Yin. This book was later bamboo or wooden slips. They were formed by the continuous miniaturization, lightening, folding and curling of the Canon.

The meanings of the character "Suo" include: big rope, twist, method, alone, exhaustion, search, traction, desire, need, tears, and appearance. However, the telegraph, as a document or information carrier, should refer to the rope knot chronicle symbol system, which can also include documents carried on silk or other fabrics. The fact that the Chinese were the first to invent sericulture and silk made it possible to use silk as an information carrier. A similar example is that the Chinese were the first to invent the kite, because China made thin, long, light and strong string and light, thin and strong silk and paper. In this light, it makes sense that Bagua's real name is Basil.

The so-called "Ba Suo" is a kind of silk, silk literature, originated from the documented binding rope and divination binding rope. This is the origin of the preface to the Shanhaijing Yutu, which says, "The ancients established the Xi family and the kings of the whole world. They began to make gossip, to produce books and actions to replace the government that tied the ropes. So they were born in literature."

The word "mound" means: hill, mountain, highest earth, city, great mound, grave, empty, large, concentrated, district. In terms of font style, a mound is a gently sloping landform. The question is, why would a soldier use the word high? In fact, the word "soldier" is actually a combination of gold and a display platform, that is, the display of weapons on the platform "gold". It is said that this is the earliest invention of Chi You. The so-called "Chi when the soldiers", refers to the Chi tribe will be the earliest weapons as sacred to worship. So, nine autumn why choose to use the word "autumn" to describe or refer to it? Adopted the meaning of "gathering", it should be reasonable, but incomplete. This is because mountain also means mountain, river, region, huge, ruins and mass graves. Interestingly, the above meanings together resemble a simulated physical map, that is, there are products representing geographic locations in different simulated areas. In today's terms, it means that on the five-colored clay of the National Altar, the products of the corresponding location are displayed. On a deeper level, the use of the word "qiu" in the Nine Autumns also indicates that the ruling power of the central government extends to all regions of the world, east, west, south and north.

Thus, the so-called "Jiuzhou Zhi" refers to the "Rhetoric" year of the "Jiu San"; mountain, Juye, also known as the nine states are, native, the wind is appropriate, all gathered book. "In fact, it is the "Shangshu". Another version of the Three Graves" or "Shangshu".

The author, who has studied the Minister's Preface for more than 20 years, believes that the "Preface to the Book of the Shangshu" was compiled and finalized by the Yu "Shanhaijing," the Xia "Wuzangshanjing," the Shang "Wuzangshanjing," and the Zhou "Shanhaijing. At the end of the Spring and Autumn period, the compilers and rewriters were scholars or their descendants. They come from the books and records of the Zhou dynasty, which followed Prince Chao in 516 BC, and from the royal libraries and archives of the last week. In addition The Classic of Mountains and Seas has a basis in geographic surveys and land and resource surveys. Its geographic location has basically been found. Its topography basically matches that of China 4,200 years ago. It is actually the first historical treasure trove of Chinese civilization and culture, and the **** same cultural heritage of human civilization.

So the Five Tibetan Scriptures is a book of natural geography. It lies flat on the sacred ground. Kind of like today's sand table model, or maybe it was a giant painting depicting the mountains, rivers, landforms, and products of the five regions of Kyushu, as well as the human landscapes there. Perhaps now I can still feel the harmonious heartbeat of the sacred unicorn. on September 9, 1999, the author and his wife, Sun, after years of hard work, finally created a huge 42 square meter painting of the Four Books and Overseas Scriptures, which depicts 447 mountain ranges, 258 rivers, 348 landscapes, 673 kinds of minerals, 525 kinds of plants, and 473 kinds of animals of the five regions of China. For this, the author happily wrote a poem saying, "After the successes and floods, the emperor decided to tour Kyushu and explore the country and abroad. This took a long time." If Dayu had the spirit, he would have returned! In summary, it is clear that the Four Wild Scriptures, the Five Scriptures, the Five Tibetan Scriptures, and the Nine Autumns are indeed the oldest ancient texts of the Chinese nation. Inheriting traditional Chinese culture, we must start from the source and promote the excellent traditional Chinese culture. It has to be done from the little by little. It is for this purpose.

Original Canon

The Jade Chart

The king said, "It is good history, you can see it clearly. He can read the Three Graves, the Five Classics, the Eight Sorrows, and the Nine Threes."

Biography of Yuan, Zhang, Han, and Zhou of the Later Han Dynasty

At Yongning, Chen Zhong, the secretary of state, said, "I have heard of the country by secretly reading Zhou Xing, the Guanglu Lang, a filial friend who writes in his boudoir, and of the ambitions of the Qing dynasty and of Li. Throughout the ages, natural history books, the "Three Graves" chapter, the "Five Classics" strategy, all of them."

"The Three Graves"

These three graves are full of discontent, but these eight lines are ignored.

The Pentateuch

The three graves. The graves are also divided. The division of the three talents, the rule of heaven and earth, and of man.

Five Canons. The canons, the town also. The law is so calm that there are five.

Eight lines. Susolo. If Confucius were a saint and not a king, there would be eight masters in this method.

Nine mountains. Autumn, Oye. Identify the idylls of Kyushu and educate the right people. These are the books written by three ancient kings. All are dead today, but Yao Dian still exists.

"Eight Sorrows"

. In the further study, there are "Three Ancestors' Graves", "Five Classics", "Eight Books", and "Nine Hills", which are used to occupy the marquis, push the yin and yang steps, and to name things and determine things, and to see their effects. The name of the thing set things, see its effect can first see its face.

"Cai Zhonglang Liu Ji Zhennan Stele"

"Nine Hills"

It is based on the five flavors, the four branches of the body protection, the six methods of listening to the ear, the seven body to serve the heart, the eight lines of grown-ups, the nine generations of the Lixing, dozens of practicing the hundred body.