Graduation thesis of logistics management

The development of logistics in 2 1 century is full of changes.

2 1 century, one of the most influential changes in the logistics industry is the change brought by e-commerce model. The development of e-commerce is equivalent to a process of redefining the whole logistics, which has a revolutionary impact on all aspects of logistics. Under the new economic environment of explosive development of Internet and fierce competition, the logistics industry must adopt new ideas of speed, perfection and customer satisfaction.

Because no enterprise can exhaust the geographical scope of logistics, and logistics enterprises and customers must depend on each other, it has become the theme of 200 1 to emphasize the establishment of strategic partnership in the process of change. So how to understand strategic partnership? Firstly, in the unstable economy, establish a stable relationship between logistics service providers and supply chain service demanders; The second refers to the establishment of strategic partnership between logistics suppliers. For them, it is undoubtedly very important to establish a stable relationship with supply chain partners in an unstable economy and acquire enough knowledge and skills to develop the above relationship in this technology-oriented and fast-developing field, which is not only related to the success of enterprises, but also to the survival of enterprises.

The ever-changing world brings challenges to supply chain management, third-party logistics, transportation, warehousing, international logistics and commercial logistics, and the logistics industry must change itself to meet the challenges. This is also the charm of logistics.

From quantitative change to qualitative change —— Logistics enters the era of supply chain

From the analysis of logistics development, logistics thought has experienced a constantly changing process. Professor Balsox, an authoritative logistics scholar, summed up the evolution of logistics thought:

Before 1950s: emphasizing transportation efficiency;

1950s: Emphasis on logistics cost and customer service;

1960s: Emphasis on overall outsourcing;

1970s: Emphasis on operational integration and quality;

1980s: emphasizing financial performance and operational optimization;

90' s: emphasizing customer relationship and enterprise extension;

2 1 century: emphasize the integrated management of supply chain.

The two renaming of American Logistics Association reflects two qualitative leaps. When 1963 was founded, the name of the association was "Logistics Association", and 1985 was renamed as Logistics Management Association. Because more and more contents were added to transportation and distribution, the profession developed from narrow transportation and storage to a wider field of logistics. The situation in 2 1 century is very similar to that at that time, and logistics is in the same environment of great change as when CLM was renamed in the early 1980s. 10 years or even in recent five years, the scope of logistics professionals has become larger and larger, and their role in enterprises has become more and more critical. Logistics professionals deal with more and more people inside and outside the organization. The role of logistics professionals has evolved, including not only the content of logistics, but also the functions of procurement, production and operation, marketing and so on. It shows that the logistics industry has expanded and deepened compared with the original transportation and warehousing, and paid more attention to the transformation and upgrading of traditional industries by management technology. In 2005, it was renamed as supply chain management professional association, which marked the logical evolution from logistics to supply chain.

The American Logistics Association released the latest concept of supply chain management. According to the definition of CLM supply chain management (SCM definition), supply chain management includes all planning and management activities and all logistics management activities involving procurement, outsourcing and conversion. More importantly, it also includes coordination and collaboration with channel partners, involving suppliers, middlemen, third-party service providers and customers. Supply chain management is essentially the integration of supply and demand management within and between enterprises.

From the concept boundary and relationship analysis of supply chain management, CLM believes that supply chain management is a management integration that links the main functions and basic business processes within and between enterprises and transforms them into an organic and efficient business model. It includes all the logistics activities in the above-mentioned process, as well as production operation, which promotes the coordination of marketing, sales, product design, finance and information technology within and between enterprises.

2 1 Century Frontier Concepts and Technologies of Logistics and Supply Chain

1 lean logistics

Fine logistics originates from fine manufacturing, which is the result of great success in management technology research in production field. Fine logistics emphasizes synchronous operating environment, cycle time compression, visibility of the whole process, accurate time performance, process consistency and defect-free.

2. Six Sigma Logistics.

Six sigma logistics is the application of six sigma in logistics management. Six Sigma is a process design and improvement method, and its goal is to achieve near perfection in meeting the main quality requirements of customers. It focuses on the application, results and factors of successful implementation.

3. Closed-loop logistics and reverse logistics.

The concept of closed-loop logistics is the integration of forward logistics and supply chain, reverse logistics and warehousing capacity. It is mainly used in the following aspects:

After-sales service, parts replacement (high-tech industry)

Recovery of unsold, unused and waste

Recall or defective products

"Preservation" of Green Products

4. Lean supply chain

The concept of fine supply chain is the combination of fine principle and supply chain, which is the further development of fine logistics. Fine management provides a great method to reduce waste, reduce cost, shorten operation cycle and provide enhanced customer value, thus enhancing the competitive advantage of enterprises, and has achieved great success in the production process. The basic planning method of fine supply chain is to set enterprise goals, department goals and operation goals, identify the difference between existing performance and target values, and formulate the time frame and requirements for achieving the expected goals.

There are five steps in establishing a fine supply chain: selecting tools, determining principles, formulating strategies, defining values, and playing a leading role in adaptive implementation strategies. It requires creating export culture, establishing environmental factors and avoiding non-export behavior to the maximum extent in the fine supply chain environment. The combination of fine supply chain and Six Sigma is creating new concepts.

Supply chain performance considerations

The purpose of supply chain implementation is to enhance the core competitiveness of enterprises. However, the effect of supply chain implementation should have an objective system. The latest development of American logistics is to link supply chain management with enterprise finance, to link supply chain management with the main driving factors of financial performance, and to consider the performance of supply chain. The main financial indicators include the income, profit and capital utilization rate of the enterprise. The main method is to find the processes, activities and tasks of the supply chain based on the gap between the main financial indicators, and to explore the true value of the supply chain solution through case studies, study the total cost of the supply chain (operating expenses+capital expenses), and establish the goal of measuring the performance and effectiveness of the supply chain by using financial indicators.

Leading manufacturers have successfully used the Six Sigma method to improve output performance. This method is also effective in the supply chain process. From customer collaboration to transportation, from purchasing to sales (customer service), from employee performance to enterprise strategy improvement, all show the improvement of supply chain performance.

Supply chain performance consideration-cash conversion cycle model

The cash conversion cycle model, in English, is the cycle from cash to cash. Its basic method is to convert the three indicators of accounts payable, inventory and accounts receivable into numerical values expressed in days, and subtract the days of accounts payable from the days of inventory, and the numerical value is the cash turnover cycle of the enterprise. The smaller the value, the stronger the profitability of the enterprise. According to the research of the University of North Texas, the high-level cash conversion cycle of American enterprises is 62. 1 day, the average level is 810.7 days, and the low level is 96.8- 185. 1 day. Take retail enterprises as an example. The cash conversion cycle of JC Penny Company in the United States is 26 days, while that of Dell is-16 days, that is to say, it is entirely based on other people's cash. Analysis of Dell's cash conversion cycle has potential for improvement.

The advantage of this cash conversion cycle model is that the data is easy to collect, and the enterprise value can be measured from the perspective of measuring enterprise liquidity. Through the application of supply chain activities that run through suppliers, manufacturers and sales (customers), the performance of the whole supply chain can be dynamically evaluated in the equilibrium relationship between upstream and downstream enterprises. There are three ways to improve cash turnover cycle: extending payables, shortening receivables and reducing inventory level. Reducing inventory cycle by improving supply chain performance is the core method. Reducing costs and increasing the speed of the whole supply chain can benefit manufacturers, suppliers and customers at the same time.

New Logistics Technology ——RFID

As a mature technology, the application of RFID in logistics and supply chain needs a sustainable development process. From the analysis of the technical development stage, the task of the initial stage is to build infrastructure and make technical preparations for RFID; Then there is setting standards. At present, the United States and Europe have reached an agreement on the technical standards of RFID; The third stage is the stage of technological innovation, and the cost of technology should be continuously reduced to meet the needs of large-scale commercial applications; The fourth stage is large-scale application; The fifth stage is to balance the cost performance and maximize the technology. The application of RFID in supply chain is a complicated process. So the metaphor is "dancing with elephants", which vividly illustrates the technical ability and the challenge of mastering technology.

The application of RFID in the field of logistics was initiated by the US Department of Defense and Wal-Mart. Therefore, in the application of RFID in logistics, the practice of the US military has once again attracted the attention of the logistics industry. The goal of US military logistics support makes it possible to establish a knowledge-driven supply chain support system, and the application of RFID is the need of logistics support, not the ultimate goal. As a technical means of cash, the Ministry of National Defense has reduced the average replenishment time of the US military from 33 days to 1 1 day through the application of RFID in the logistics field.

In the application of RFID, the Ministry of National Defense also makes full use of private resources. It adopts the electronic coding standard of commodities, uses labels according to the classification of articles, small packages, pallets and containers, and uses active (active) labels on pallets, containers and key equipment. But the data format of the tag is customized by the Department of Defense. From 2005 1 month, RFID system will be introduced into all major war zones in the United States, and RFID technology will be implemented in all logistics support systems in 2006 and 2007.

Wal-Mart is a supplier of the U.S. Department of Defense, and its significance lies in enabling the U.S. military to "live at home" on any battlefield. Wal-Mart gradually implements RFID. 2003-2004 is mainly the preparation stage of standards and technologies. In 2004, it was tested and applied on pallets and cartons, mainly using RFID in the contract with the Ministry of National Defense. At present, it has been applied to all cartons and pallets of 8 suppliers and 7 stores in Dezhou distribution center. In June 2005, it was popularized by the top 65,438+000 suppliers. The use of RFID does not exclude the use of existing technology suppliers.

The Influence of Supply Chain on China Logistics

1. Grasp the supply chain and enhance the core competitiveness.

Supply chain is the expansion of logistics management in depth and breadth. Both manufacturing enterprises and logistics enterprises should attach importance to supply chain.

Replacing logistics by supply chain is not only the development of theory, but also the change of the times. The role of supply chain in manufacturing industry should be paid enough attention to by China production enterprises. At the same time, only by mastering supply chain technology can third-party logistics enterprises be competitive in the market.

The competitiveness of a region and a city depends directly on the industrial competitiveness, so the supply chain is related to the regional competitiveness. Studying the development trend of supply chain, analyzing the supply chain structure in the region and building a supply chain service base are not only related to the development of logistics industry, but also related to the deep-seated problems of regional competitive advantage and sustainable development in the future. Therefore, the government should organize forces to carry out supply chain strategy research.

2. Make full preparations for the development of new technologies.

RFID is the latest application technology in the global logistics field. RFID has become the most advanced means to realize "speed" and "value" in logistics and supply chain. Therefore, this technology has a broad application prospect in the field of logistics. Because RFID has the ability to track and manage the whole supply chain from the production point to the final consumption point, it can realize the identification of logistics tools and automatic identification of operations (pallets and containers), automate warehouse management, inventory management, cargo allocation supervision, supplier inventory management and valuable commodity management, and realize the safety monitoring of the whole supply chain, so it has broad application prospects. As Shenzhen is at the starting point of international supply chain, the application of RFID in international supply chain, the cost and input-output of implementing RFID will have an important impact on Shenzhen logistics industry in the next few years. Therefore, the government should increase investment and conduct basic research on new logistics technology.

3. Carry out extensive cooperation to expand the international influence of China logistics.

Boao Shenzhen Logistics Conference will be the largest and most influential logistics conference in China so far, with extensive participation of the international logistics community. China Logistics continues to expand international cooperation in logistics, hold more high-level logistics conferences, introduce more logistics enterprises and institutions, establish logistics cooperation networks with foreign countries, and expand the international influence of China Logistics.