What are the characteristics of ancient Chinese architecture in building structure

What are the characteristics of ancient Chinese architecture in terms of building structure:

1. Using wood as the main building material.

The use of wood structure as a skeleton achieved the actual functional requirements, and created a beautiful architectural form as well as the corresponding architectural style. There are many advantages of the wood structure system, such as the separation of the maintenance structure from the support structure, high seismic performance; easy to take materials, fast construction speed, etc. At the same time, wood structure also has many disadvantages. At the same time, wood structure also has many disadvantages: easy to suffer from fire, termite erosion, rainwater corrosion, compared with masonry buildings do not maintain a long time; timber wood due to the increase in the amount of construction and scarcity; beam system is more difficult to realize the complexity of the architectural space and so on. However, there are also a small number of masonry buildings in ancient Chinese architecture, such as the "Shiji Suoyin", which says: "The stone chamber of the Golden Pavilion, all for the national collection of books." ; such as the "Water Scripture Note" in a number of records, "Wei Shui Chuan": "Panxi next to a stone room, cover Tai Gong lived also. Masonry is mostly used in tower buildings.

2. Maintain the principle of framing system.

The Chinese wooden structure system has always used the structural principle of the frame system: four columns, plus beams, vertical square and constitute the "room", the general building consists of an odd number of rooms, such as 3, 5, 7, 9 rooms. The more room, the higher the grade, the Forbidden City Hall for the 11 room, is the highest grade of the existing wooden ancient buildings. The elevation is divided into three parts: the foundation, the body, the roof. One of the official building roof is large, out of the deep is the most important part of the building shape. To columns and vertical and horizontal beams and squares into various forms of beams, so that the upper part of the building load through the beams, columns transferred to the foundation, the walls only play the role of enclosure and separation, do not bear the load.

The form of the roof according to the grade is divided into: single slope, flat roof, hard hill, overhanging hill, hipped, hiatus, rolled shed, save the tip, heavy eaves, helmet roof and so on a variety of systems, and heavy eaves hipped for the highest level.

3. Creation of arch structure form.

Longitudinally and horizontally stacked short wood and bucket-shaped square wood stacked to form the outwardly suspended arch, the arch is a key component of the Chinese wooden frame structure, its role is to extend the cantilever beams on the columns to support the weight of the eave part. This is a transitional component between the columns and beams, and gradually developed into a whole construction layer between the upper and lower column nets or column nets and roof beams, which is an ingenious form of ancient Chinese wooden structure construction.

4. Implementation of monolithic building conformity.

Ancient Chinese palaces, temples, residences, etc., often by a number of monolithic buildings combined with the configuration of the group. Regardless of the size of the monolithic building, the outline of its appearance by the base of the steps, the body, the roof. By the masonry step base, supporting the entire house; standing on the base of the step is the body of the house, by the wooden columns for the skeleton, between the installation of windows and doors partition; above the roof caused by the wooden structure of the roof, the roof is made of soft and elegant curves, all around the depth of the exhibition outside the body of the roof, covered with gray or glazed tiles.

The plane of a single building is usually rectangular, in the case of special purposes, also used square, octagonal, round and so on. And the garden for ornamental buildings, you can take the fan, zigzag, set of rings and other planes.

5. Emphasis on building group layout.

The principle is introspective and subtle, multi-level, and strive for balance and symmetry. In addition to specific buildings such as towers, bells and drums, etc., the single building rarely reveal the full outline. Each building group has a courtyard, more than a few or dozens of courtyards, a variety of combinations, rich layers, to make up for the lack of stereotypes of monolithic buildings. The plan layout takes the principle of left-right symmetry, the houses are in the surrounding, and the center is the courtyard. Combination of forms are developed according to the central axis. Only the garden layout using the principle of free change.

Special external contours, multi-storey foundation, brightly colored curved sloping roof, courtyard-style complexes, showing the vast empty. More than two thousand years ago, the Han tomb brick paintings already have courtyard building performance, and to the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the most grandiose complex - the Forbidden City, also used the complex form of enclosure.

6. Flexible arrangement of space layout.

Indoor intervals using fans, doors, hoods, screens and other easy to install movable structures, can be arbitrarily divided, change at any time. Courtyard is a unity with the indoor space for each other, but also for the building to create a small natural environment to prepare for the conditions, can be cultivated trees and flowers, can be stacked pools, can build a pergola trellis, and some also built corridors, as a transition between the indoor and outdoor space, to add interest in life.

7. The use of color decoration.

The beams and columns of wooden buildings frame, the need to apply paint and other antiseptic measures on the surface of the wood, which has developed into a unique Chinese architectural oil decoration, color painting. Commonly used green, green, vermilion and other mineral pigments painted into colorful patterns to increase the beauty of the building.

The decorative components composed of wood, plus the coloring of the relief decoration of the Ping Qi appliqués or wood strips inlaid into a variety of diamond lattice, is a practical and decorative masterpiece. After the Northern Wei Dynasty, colorful glazed roofs, pagodas, walls, etc., so that the building is brilliant and colorful, operating brilliant.