Logistics management warehousing knowledge

A complete collection of logistics management and warehousing knowledge

Concentration of production and dispersion of consumption, seasonality of production and perennial of consumption are two objective contradictions in market economy. The storage of commodities is an inevitable choice to solve these two contradictions. Therefore, warehousing is an indispensable link in the logistics process and occupies an important position in the logistics process. If there is storage, you should take good care of the stored items.

First, the concept of warehousing in logistics, warehousing is an activity aimed at changing the time state of things, and its utility is reflected in overcoming the time difference between production and demand. In practical work, people often confuse the concepts of inventory, reserve, storage and warehousing. In fact, these concepts have similarities and differences.

Inventory refers to the stock of materials in a temporarily stagnant state in the warehouse. This temporary stagnation may be caused by any reason, not necessarily a special stagnation. The reasons are as follows: (1) various forms of active reserve; (2) Various forms of passive backlog; (3) A complete backlog.

Reserve is a purposeful action to store materials, and it is also the title of this purposeful action and its object as a whole. The purpose of material reserve is to ensure sustainable and effective social reproduction. Therefore, material reserve is a dynamic storage form, or; It is the temporary stagnation of purposeful and active substances in the field of production and circulation, especially between production and reproduction, production and consumption.

Storage is a ubiquitous economic phenomenon, including inventory and reserve, and it exists in all social forms. In any social form, substances that stagnate for whatever reason, no matter what kind of substances, always have to be stored before entering activities such as production, processing, consumption and transportation. Or after these activities, that is, admission. This kind of storage is not necessarily in the warehouse, but anywhere, and may never enter the field of reproduction and consumption.

We store the goods in the warehouse for short.

In the process of storage, due to the influence of natural attributes and external factors, various changes will occur at any time, thus reducing the use value of the product, or even losing its use value. The storage of goods in warehouse is to study the nature of goods and the quality change law of goods during storage, actively adopt various effective measures and scientific storage methods, create suitable conditions for goods storage, safeguard the safety of goods during storage, protect the quality and use value of goods, and minimize the loss of goods.

Second, the role of warehousing warehousing overcomes the time difference between production and demand by changing the time state of things, and obtains time utility in logistics. Warehousing is not a completely static process, but has its basic economic function. The role of warehousing is: integration, classification and cross-platform, processing/expansion, stockpiling and storage.

1, integration

Integration means that the warehouse receives materials from a series of manufacturing plants, sends them to a certain place, and then integrates them into one shipment. Through integration, we can achieve the lowest transportation rate and reduce the congestion of customers' receiving platforms.

2. Classification and cross-platform

The sorting job receives customer combination orders from manufacturers and sends them to individual customers. The sorting warehouse or sorting station sorts or divides the combined orders into individual orders, and arranges the local transportation department to be responsible for delivery. Because long-distance transportation transshipment is bulk express, the transportation cost is relatively low and it is not too difficult to track.

Cross-platform operation is to transport the goods of the whole vehicle from multiple manufacturers first; After receiving the products, they are classified by customers with labels, and distributed by location without labels; So, what is the product like? Cross? What does it mean to cross the word like that? Platform? Loading trailers assigned to appropriate customers; Once the trailer is full of combined products from multiple manufacturers, it is released and transported to retail stores. In this process, because products do not need to be stored, the processing cost at cross-platform facilities is reduced. In addition, because all vehicles are fully loaded, the platform facilities are more effectively utilized and the platform loading utilization rate is maximized.

3. Processing/expansion

Refers to warehouses that undertake processing or participate in a small number of manufacturing activities. Its specific content has been stated in the content of logistics word processing.

4. Storage and custody

Products that produce seasonal consumption throughout the year or seasonal consumption throughout the year must be stored and kept in order to provide inventory buffer and improve the efficiency of production activities under the conditions of limited material sources and customer demand. In addition, how many products will be produced or harvested will be sold. If we don't keep them, the price will plummet. In order to prevent this from happening, it is necessary to keep the products in the warehouse. It can be seen that storage can not only improve the time efficiency, but also adjust the price. Stacking and storage are at rest, which can also be said to be zero-speed transportation. In the meantime, storage also includes keeping the quality of the goods unchanged, that is, keeping the use value of the goods or the market value of the goods themselves. Therefore, we say that custody is aimed at regulating supply and demand, and has dual functions of regulating time and price.

Third, the warehouse decision 1, choose self-management or outsourcing.

Warehouse not only occupies the production and operation area of the enterprise, but also consumes the management cost. Especially for small and medium-sized enterprises, it has become one of the main components of enterprise operating costs, so it is an extra burden for enterprises that warehousing and logistics do not constitute the main content and core business of their production and operation. Therefore, if an enterprise can outsource its warehousing business to a professional warehousing logistics company or logistics center according to its own operating strength and financial strength, it can easily have professional warehousing logistics services by paying a certain management fee and warehouse area rent every month, which is also a good way to alleviate rising costs and save operating funds.

Among the warehousing and logistics strategies, there is a more and more widely used strategy, that is, the supplier is responsible for the inventory and logistics management of related goods.

Through the sales information provided by retailers, suppliers can efficiently arrange their own production plans and delivery plans. In this way, both parties can reduce the inventory cost. This logistics strategy eliminates the possible costs in the whole logistics process from retail stores to suppliers to the maximum extent, and its purpose is to reduce the price of goods as much as possible.

Enterprises must consider whether to use their own warehouses or outsource warehousing business based on their actual operating conditions and capabilities, so as to provide more control and flexibility while making the most effective use of their own resources, and at the same time improve the turnover rate of products in enterprise warehouses; Or take the form of outsourcing warehousing business, save the cost occupied by enterprises in warehousing, and more effectively play the benefits of enterprise funds.

For an enterprise's logistics system, whether warehousing is self-operated or outsourced depends on the following aspects, so as to choose the warehousing strategy that best matches the enterprise's business and core competitiveness.

(1) Does the warehousing and logistics business of the enterprise occupy too much working capital?

The key is to see whether the amount of working capital occupied by an enterprise's warehousing and logistics business is consistent with its position and role in the enterprise logistics system. If the capital occupied by the warehousing and logistics link has exceeded the value created by its undertaking some functions in the enterprise logistics system, it is certainly unwise to continue to exist in the enterprise logistics system. At this time, the strategy of warehousing and logistics outsourcing will reduce the burden of logistics costs, avoid occupying the operating funds of enterprises, and hinder the opportunities for enterprises to expand in other businesses.

⑵ Whether the storage and logistics kinetic energy of an enterprise is the main component supporting the competitiveness of an enterprise.

For some enterprises, or although their warehousing and logistics occupy a certain amount of working capital, because they own warehousing and logistics and can control it freely, they increase the flexibility and agility of their logistics system operation, play an important supporting role in the core business of enterprises, create added value and become the support of their competitiveness. Therefore, it will be a better choice for enterprises to choose their own warehousing and logistics links for resource allocation. Otherwise, the best way is to outsource warehousing logistics to save logistics costs and improve warehousing service level.

(3) Whether the warehousing and logistics links become a heavy burden on the operating costs of enterprises.

For an enterprise's business, when the role of warehousing and logistics is small, the value created is minimal. Moreover, due to poor storage management, its monthly cost has become the main burden of enterprise operating costs. Then, at this time, enterprises must seek improvement methods, pass on their costs or carry out improvement activities to reduce their costs. Otherwise, its warehousing and logistics link will become the main burden of its production and operation, which will eventually drag down the operation of the whole logistics system of the enterprise. Therefore, in this case, outsourcing warehousing and logistics will be the best strategic choice.

(4) Whether the enterprise itself lacks the management ability of warehousing and logistics.

The realization of the warehousing operation goal will have an important impact on the efficiency of the whole logistics system of the enterprise, which has a great relationship with the warehousing management ability of the enterprise itself. However, considering its scale, some enterprises think that one more warehousing and logistics link has no influence on it more or less, and do not think that warehousing and logistics management is the key link in enterprise logistics system management, especially when it is necessary to systematically manage enterprise logistics system. In fact, this view is not correct.

Therefore, when the enterprise itself lacks the ability to effectively manage warehousing and logistics, it is better to outsource it, so as to obtain professional warehousing and logistics services and save the logistics cost of the enterprise.

2. Choose to establish logistics distribution warehouse or warehousing logistics warehouse.

According to its different functions in the logistics system, warehouses can be divided into two main types: logistics distribution warehouses (with the functions of delivery, distribution and distribution processing) and warehousing warehouses (with warehousing as the main function). For enterprises, their warehousing and logistics strategies should consider these two warehouses with different functions.

Enterprises should consider the construction of warehousing logistics strategy from the optimization of the whole process of enterprise management. Specifically, enterprises should choose to establish logistics distribution warehouses or storage warehouses based on the following considerations:

(1) Main business of the enterprise

The main business of an enterprise determines what functions the warehouse of the enterprise should undertake, which also determines the form of the warehouse of the enterprise. For example, if an enterprise is purely a production-oriented enterprise, its warehouse must take production support for the enterprise as its main function, that is, to provide storage of raw materials, spare parts and semi-finished products, work-in-process products and finished products needed in its production process as its inventory purpose, then its warehouse should take storage and custody function as its main form; If the enterprise is a wholesale or retail enterprise, the main functions of its warehouse are classified management, sorting and distribution, rapid distribution of goods and so on. Its warehouse should take logistics distribution as its main function to meet the requirements of enterprises to improve capital turnover and profit rate through rapid turnover of goods.

⑵ The production process of the enterprise

Different enterprises have different production processes and different requirements for warehouse ingredients, among which the most important factors are the availability and cost of materials. When an enterprise has enough orders and the production process runs rapidly, it needs to obtain a lot of material support from the warehouse, and the cost of obtaining from the warehouse inventory is too high, which seriously affects the high-speed operation efficiency of the enterprise's production, the warehouse process and function of the enterprise must change from storage and custody to rapid logistics and distribution, support the rapid storage and distribution of raw materials, and realize the most effective support with the production process. Otherwise, the function of enterprise warehouse cannot be fully exerted.

(3) the product structure and quantity of the enterprise

Because the function of warehouse is directly related to the quantity of raw materials, spare parts and products needed by enterprises, the total size and volume of products or raw materials passing through the warehouse and the average weight of ordering and processing put forward specific requirements for the storage space and classified distribution space of the warehouse. When an enterprise needs to deal with a large number of classified or dispersed products or materials, it is inevitable to require the warehouse to provide more classified distribution areas for distribution, sorting and shipment, so that the distribution space of the warehouse exceeds the storage space, thus making the main function of the warehouse develop to logistics distribution, and conversely, the warehouse of the enterprise should develop to storage and storage functions.

3. Select public warehouse or contract warehouse.

For a long time, public warehouses have been widely used in logistics systems. Due to the differences in storage products and storage environment, public warehouses mainly include classified warehouses such as daily necessities, refrigerated goods, special goods, bonded goods, household goods and furniture.

Because public warehouses are professional warehouse providers and warehouse management is their main business, they can often provide more and more complete professional knowledge in warehouse operation and management, and enterprises can make use of their warehousing services. They can use their own experience and professional knowledge in warehouse management to avoid the inherent risks in warehouse management, and they can also increase the utilization rate of various markets in marketing opportunities.

Compared with the enterprise's own warehouse facilities, which are relatively fixed and unchangeable, the public warehouse allows enterprises to freely choose public warehouses close to major markets according to the distribution and changes of customers, or change the size and volume of rented warehouses according to the peak and low tide of enterprise product sales, so that enterprises can independently control the storage cost according to the market operation, and ensure that enterprises can quickly demand suppliers, customers and seasonal needs while reducing costs.

By renting public warehouses, enterprises can balance their transportation cargo flow by providing shipping and delivery services to many customers in public warehouses, reduce the phenomenon of no-load, eliminate redundant distribution links and provide a wider range of services. General public warehouses only charge basic handling fees and storage fees to rented users. In terms of handling fees, public warehouses are charged according to the number or weight of pieces actually handled, while in terms of storage fees, public warehouses are mainly charged according to the number or weight of pieces stored in the current month. Although the charge is slightly higher than the private warehouse owned by the enterprise, it is compared with the salary of managers and the cost of self-built warehouse. Therefore, enterprises should consider choosing public warehouse or contract warehouse as their own warehousing logistics outsourcing form according to their own financial ability and actual operating conditions, so as to obtain the maximum economies of scale and return on capital, enhance the financial flexibility of enterprises, avoid the inherent risks in warehouse operation, give full play to the effectiveness of warehousing logistics strategies chosen by enterprises, and achieve the goal of warehousing logistics control.

Four. Operation process of warehouse management Warehouse operation mainly includes three stages: warehousing management, warehousing management and outbound management. Each stage is divided into several steps, and each step includes several contents. The specific operations and contents in the modern warehouse (logistics center) are as follows.

1, storage

Warehousing is the first step of warehousing operation, which is divided into bulk warehousing and unpacking warehousing.

(1) bulk cargo storage

Bulk cargo storage refers to the unloading of ordinary goods and air cargo (goods not packed on pallets and fixed in advance) from the receiving dock of the warehouse and stacking them on pallets. Its warehousing business mainly includes:

(1) uninstall.

(2) warehousing acceptance.

In order to prevent all kinds of undue changes in the storage process of goods, we must first strictly check and accept the goods when they are put into storage, and find out the quality of goods and their packaging. For hygroscopic commodities, it is necessary to detect whether the water content exceeds the safe water content. For other commodities with abnormal conditions, it is necessary to find out the reasons, deal with them according to the specific situation and take rescue measures to prevent the delay.

In the whole warehousing operation, the most important thing is the inspection of incoming goods. The error rate of this work is required to be 0%, which means that 100% is correct. Inspection is a very meticulous work, and attention should be paid to: the integrity of the outer box; The quantity is consistent with the invoice; Production date and shelf life. When the outer box is unmarked or unclear, it must be unpacked for inspection. Check the batch number of the goods.

③ Fixation (shrink film).

④ Attach a storage label (or barcode).

⑤ Put it on the shelf.

(2) unpacking and warehousing

Unpacking in the warehouse means that the goods loaded in the sea container are unpacked in the receiving area of the warehouse and unloaded on the pallet. There are two ways of unpacking and warehousing:

① Mechanical unpacking: The goods have been palletized or packed in wooden cases, and can be directly transported into the container for unloading with a stacker.

② Manual unpacking: The goods are loosely stacked, so they must be moved out one by one manually, and then stacked on the pallet.

2. Storage and custody

After the warehousing operation, the next step is warehousing.

(1) storage

In the storage area, articles loaded on the whole pallet are distributed to predetermined pallet positions. In this regard, there are two commonly used methods of goods distribution, namely, changing the location and fixing the location.

The variable location arrangement system, also known as dynamic positioning, allows products to change their locations every time new goods arrive, so as to effectively use the warehouse space. The fixed location scheduling system will assign a permanent location to each product in the selected area. As long as the moving flow of products keeps the same level, the stored items always keep this position. If the flow of goods increases or decreases, it is possible to relocate the stored goods. Generally speaking, fixed position arrangement is superior to variable position arrangement because it can provide timely positioning for some projects. However, since the computer-controlled warehouse positioning system, this is no longer a problem. However, no matter which positioning system is used, each internal storage item should be assigned a starting location.

(2) guardianship

The first thing that the distribution center should consider is the time and efficiency of entering and leaving the warehouse, so it pays more attention to the convenience of picking and handling, and the storage method must be coordinated with it. The frequency of warehousing center entering and leaving the warehouse is low, so we should pay attention to warehousing, so we should first consider the warehousing method.

(1) storage method

There are five types of storage methods:

Ground type: Store the stored items directly on the ground.

Tray flat type: put the storage items directly on the tray, and then lay the tray flat on the ground.

Direct stacking: stacking goods directly on the ground.

Pallet stacking: directly stack the goods on the pallet, and then put the pallet on the ground.

Shelf storage type: put the goods directly on the shelf.

② General principles of guardianship

Save it for the channel. In order to facilitate the goods to enter and leave the warehouse and move easily in the warehouse, the basic condition is to keep the goods facing the passage.

Stack as high as possible to improve storage efficiency. In order to effectively use the internal volume of the library, it should be stacked as high as possible. In order to prevent damage and ensure safety, storage equipment such as scaffolding should be used as much as possible.

Select the location according to the outbound frequency. Goods with high frequency of shipment and purchase should be placed near the entrance and exit, where it is easy to operate; Items with poor liquidity are placed a little far from the entrance and exit; Seasonal items are placed according to their seasonal characteristics.

The same variety is put in the same place. In order to improve work efficiency and storage efficiency, the same or similar items should be stored in the same place. The familiarity of employees with the storage location of goods in the warehouse directly affects the time of entering and leaving the warehouse. Placing similar items nearby is also an important way to improve efficiency.

Arrange the storage location according to the weight of the goods. When you decorate the place, of course, you should put the heavy things under it and the light things on the shelf. Large items that need manual handling shall be subject to waist height. This is an important principle to improve efficiency and ensure safety.

Arrange the storage method according to the shape. It is also important to keep the goods according to their shapes. For example, standardized goods should be placed on pallets or shelves.

In addition to the above problems, storage should also have temperature and humidity management, dust prevention, odor prevention, insect prevention, rat prevention, theft prevention and other issues.

Step 3 ship

In the warehousing operation process, there are two different ways to deal with the receipt of the outbound order: picking goods according to the order and preparing for delivery acceptance; Pick the goods according to the situation and prepare to change the packaging or simply process them.

(1) replenishment (total picking).

The biggest difference between replenishment and picking is the nature of the work and the tools used. The tool of the replenisher is a stacker (elevator), and the picker uses a pickup truck, which is a flatbed forklift, and has no lifting capacity. Picking trucks used in large warehouses are mostly operated by electricity to save the physical strength of pickers.

The nature of the replenishment staff's job is mainly to take the goods to be shipped off the shelves and put them in the delivery area or at the bottom of the shelves (this replenishment method is mainly in the case of limited warehouse area), so as to facilitate the delivery of the goods (the delivery location is at the bottom of the category storage shelf or at the delivery area). Replenishment is generally to work after receiving the invoice of the next day (or the next day) and prepare the invoice of the next day or the next day. If you work in a warehouse with a time interval, this time interval is usually staggered from the receiving time, so most of the replenishment work is done by unloading personnel and shelf personnel.

Replenishment orders are mainly summarized by customer orders. Warehouse managers must pay attention to the range of order details covered by replenishment orders, especially when the logistics center faces several different customer groups, or when the order deadlines of each customer group are different or overlap, they should pay special attention to not making mistakes.

In the case of frequent in-and-out shipments, whether it is picking fruits or sowing seeds, the work of replenishment personnel is an indispensable preparation work in advance. But the details of replenishment are related to the way of picking up the goods. Some picking areas have limited space. When the shipment volume is large, the replenishment personnel should make mobile replenishment according to the site conditions to avoid picking interruption.

(2) Selecting goods

Delivery principle: most requirements are based on the warehousing date? First in first out? First in first out principle. However, if the batch operation needs FIFO, the time FIFO is put in the second place, and the products of the same batch number are in accordance with the principle of FIFO.

According to the degree of automation, sorting methods can be divided into automatic (such as electronic tag sorting, RF sorting, ic card sorting), semi-automatic and manual. We divide picking into fruit picking and sowing here.

Fruit picking type

Based on the delivery list, each picker takes the category order or storage order as the moving line, picks up the quantity of each category in the delivery list, and piles it on the pallet in the delivery area at the lower storage level of each category, and then continues to pick up the next category. After the bill of lading is completed, put the picked goods and bill of lading in the designated position in the waiting area, and the delivery inspection and release personnel will take over.

Sowing type

The principle of picking seeds and fruits is completely different. In addition to the single delivery list, the total quantity of each category is required.

Verb (abbreviation of verb) warehouse and warehouse equipment warehouse are places that mainly undertake warehousing functions in logistics system, and are nodes with warehousing as the main function in logistics network. In logistics, warehouse generally refers to the place where goods, articles and materials are collected, sorted, stored, kept and distributed with the help of facilities and devices such as warehouses and freight yards. The classification of warehouses is as follows: ① Warehouse center warehouse. This kind of warehouse is mainly warehousing. Specialized in long-term storage of various reserve materials, such as strategic materials, seasonal materials, reserve materials, circulation adjustment reserve materials, etc. (2) distribution center (circulation center) warehouse. This kind of warehouse has the functions of delivery, distribution and distribution processing. As a node of logistics service, its business scope includes operations such as picking goods, distributing goods, inspecting and sorting, and it has the functions of receiving and distributing goods with multiple varieties, small batches and batches, as well as the functions of labeling and repackaging. ③ Processing warehouse. A warehouse whose main purpose is distribution and processing is called a processing warehouse. General processing warehouse integrates the functions of processing factory and warehouse, and integrates the processing business and warehousing business of goods. (4) logistics center warehouse. This kind of warehouse has the functions of storage, delivery, distribution and distribution processing, and is the most advanced warehouse form in modern logistics.

Except for the main buildings (warehouses, sheds and freight yards), all technical devices and machines required for warehousing business are collectively referred to as warehouse facilities or equipment. Various types of warehouse facilities or equipment are the indispensable material and technical basis for warehouse management. Warehouse facilities and equipment include the following categories: loading and unloading equipment, storage equipment, measuring equipment, maintenance and inspection equipment, ventilation and lighting equipment, safety equipment, shelves and other supplies and tools.

1, handling equipment

Loading and unloading stacking equipment: including various cranes, cranes, forklifts, stackers, etc. Handling and conveying equipment: including various trolleys, battery cars, diesel locomotives, trailers, trucks, various horizontal and vertical conveying equipment, etc.

2. Keep the equipment

Sleeping mat supplies: mainly including tarpaulin and sleeping mat stacking supplies. Inventory of household appliances: including various shelves, cabinets, etc.

3. Measuring tool

Measuring equipment is a measuring instrument that is often used to measure and count the goods entering and leaving the warehouse, as well as in warehouse inventory and inspection. From the measurement mode, it can be divided into: weight measurement equipment, including various scales, underground and track gauges, electronic scales and so on. ; Fluid volume metering equipment, including flowmeter and liquid level meter; Length measuring equipment, including ruler gauge, automatic length measuring instrument, etc. Digital metering devices, such as automatic counters and automatic counting display devices; There is also a comprehensive multi-functional measuring equipment.

4, maintenance and inspection equipment

This kind of equipment is a series of machines, tools, instruments, meters and other technical equipment used for goods warehousing acceptance, in-store maintenance, testing and testing, and preventing goods from deterioration and failure. There are mainly hygrometers, infrared devices, air conditioners and some instruments and tools for testing and laboratory testing.

5, ventilation, lighting, warm equipment.

6. Protective devices

Including the necessary equipment to ensure fire safety and labor safety, such as various alarms, fire extinguishing equipment, labor protection articles, etc.

7. Shelves are specially used to store finished products.

8. Other supplies and tools

This is miscellaneous tools and supplies, such as small balers, label printers, automatic sorters, liquid distributors, balers, etc.

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