What are the minority operas formed in the Qing Dynasty?

The minority operas formed in the Qing Dynasty are:

A Tibetan opera originated from ancient Tibetan sacrificial ceremonies, folk songs and dances, and rap literature. It was separated from the religious ceremonies in monasteries in the17th century and developed into a comprehensive drama featuring singing, reading, dancing, table dancing and acrobatics. It is often performed in the Snowton Festival, forming a grand Tibetan Opera Festival, which is spread in Tibet, Yushu, Qinghai, Gansu, Ganzi, Sichuan, India and Bhutan. Tibetan opera has formed different artistic schools during its popularity, and accumulated "thirteen major repertoires". Most of his plays are based on Buddhist stories and historical legends, with strong religious mythology, and are mostly performed in temples and squares.

Zhuang drama is mainly distributed in Guangxi Zhuang inhabited areas. Due to the differences in pronunciation and artistic style in popular areas, it is divided into North Road and South Road. North Road was born in Longlin and Tianlin during Tongzhi and Guangxu periods in Qing Dynasty, and it was formed on the basis of local folk songs, singing poems and sitting on the bench. South Road was formed in Ma 'ai and Hanlong areas of Debao in the late Qing Dynasty, and was influenced by marionettes and Yong Opera on the basis of local folk songs and dances. The performance is greatly influenced by Han drama, forming a complete business system and performance programs that are lively, bold, clean and ugly. In addition, Funing Zhuang Opera popular in Funing County, a branch of Zhuang nationality in eastern Yunnan, and Guangdong Zhuang Opera popular in Guangnan County, a branch of Zhuang nationality in southeastern Yunnan (also known as "Sha Opera") also belong to Zhuang Opera system.

There is also a teacher's play (wooden face play) in Zhuang nationality, which is a mask play formed on the basis of dance. It takes local folk songs as the main theme and absorbs the performance methods of Cantonese opera and other Han operas, forming a certain program.

C. Bai Opera, also known as Cooking Opera, originated from Yiyang Opera, which was widely popular during the reign of Qing Qianlong and reached its peak during the reign of Guangxu. Most of its dramas are transplanted from Han dramas, and some of them reflect the life of their own people and are adapted from their own folk stories. Because of the participation of literati, the script is very literary and rich in tunes. Performances, businesses, costumes, costumes, and facial makeup are close to yellow skin and bangzi.

D. Dong Opera was formed in Liping, Rongjiang and Congjiang in Guizhou during Daoguang period, and then spread to Sanjiang and Hunan Passage in Guangxi. Dong opera originated from the Dong ballad "Gajin" and the rap story "Stay in the Ancient", and was also deeply influenced by Han opera. Its plays are divided into two categories: self-editing and transplanting. The singing is based on various Dong songs and absorbs the tone of some Han operas. Dong opera is mainly about singing, and its movements are relatively simple. Only the clown performance is more distinctive.

E Dai drama originated in Zhanxi and Ganya in Yingjiang County, Yunnan Province in the late Qing Dynasty, and then spread to Dai communities in Luxi, Ruili, Longchuan, Baoshan, Tengchong and Longling counties. Dai culture has a long history, with its own language, writing, colorful poems (including folk songs, folk songs and antithetical songs), music (including music and Buddhist songs) and dances. On this basis, Dai drama has been integrated and improved. In the early days, Dai operas were mostly small-scale song and dance operas. Later, according to Dai folklore and narrative poems, large-scale plays and joint Taiwanese operas were compiled and performed.

F Buyi Opera, formerly known as "Eight-tone Meditation", is a folk art of Buyi people. Under the influence of Zhuang Opera and Lantern Opera, it evolved into a traditional opera, which can be divided into two categories: drama and drama. Drama in Chinese, singing in Buyi language, and more Han stories. The chanting of zaju is all in Buyi language. In addition, there is a local drama of Buyi nationality, commonly known as "jumping through the feet", which is a mask drama.