9. Write down the names and landscape features of the five main scenic spots of Hangzhou West Lake, a famous scenic spot in China. 10. Development of Gardens in Song Dynasty

1, Su Causeway, Xiao Chun, Su Causeway, starts from Nanping Mountain in the south and ends at Qixia Mountain in the north, with a total length of nearly three kilometers. It was built by dredging silt from the West Lake when Su Dongpo, a great poet in the Northern Song Dynasty, was appointed as the magistrate of Hangzhou. Later generations named Su Di to commemorate his achievements in managing the West Lake. The waves lying on the long embankment connect the north and south mountains, adding a charming scenery to the West Lake. In the Southern Song Dynasty, Xiao Chun, Su Causeway was listed as the first of the ten scenic spots in the West Lake, and in the Yuan Dynasty, it was also called "Liuqiao Willow" and was listed as the ten scenic spots in Qiantang, which shows that it has been deeply loved by people since ancient times. After the winter has passed, Su Causeway is like the messenger of late spring, with willows on the shore, bright peaches burning, and lake waves like mirrors, reflecting beautiful images and infinite tenderness. The most touching thing is that at dawn, the western hills are sinking, the breeze is blowing slowly, and the willows are floating on the embankment, which is fascinating. Su Causeway's long causeway extends and six bridges fluctuate, providing a leisurely and changeable tour route for tourists. Walking on the embankment, walking on the bridge, the lakes and mountains are picturesque, and there are thousands of customs for everyone to enjoy. The six arch bridges on the Su Causeway are named Yingbo, Suolan, Wangshan, Dike, Dongpu and Yuehong from south to north. Leading the way as seen at the bridge head: Yingbo Bridge is adjacent to Huagang Park, with weeping willows and swaying smoke waves; Suolan Bridge is close to Zhou Xiaoying and far from Bao Shu Tower, close to reality and far from emptiness; Looking west on the Wangshan Bridge, Dingjiashan is lush, with two peaks towering into the sky; Dike Bridge is located in a prime location between the north and the south of Su Causeway. In the old days, it was also a waterway for lake owners to travel west. "Su Causeway Xiao Chun" Jingbei Pavilion is just south of the bridge. Dongpu Bridge has reason to suspect that it is the myth of Pu Shu Bridge, and it is one of the best places to watch the sunrise on the lake. After crossing Hongqiao, over the rainbow flies after the rain, and the lakes and mountains are like fairyland. 2. Quyuan Wind and Quyuan Wind Lotus, with the theme of lotus viewing in summer, inherited Su Causeway Chunxiao and ranked second among the ten scenic spots in the West Lake. Qu Yuan was originally a brewing workshop opened by the Southern Song Dynasty imperial court. It is located near the Hongchun Bridge on Lingyin Road, near the shore of the West Lake at that time. Lotus was planted on the shore of the lake. In summer, when Xu Lailiang blows gently, there are lotus flowers and wine everywhere, which makes people drunk without drinking. Wang Yan, a poet in the Southern Song Dynasty, once said in a poem: "Looking for summer is cold in spring, and the pier is cold in the evening. Ai Quxiang array is far away from people, and you can buy a boat after Gao Qiao. " After the Quyuan gradually declined, abandoned. After Emperor Kangxi of Qing Dynasty wrote Ten Scenes of the West Lake, a pavilion of Quyuan Fenghe Jingbei was built across Hongqiao in Su Causeway. All that remains is a small lotus flower on the lake in front of a small courtyard. Qu Yuan's wind load, the most striking thing is to enjoy the load in summer. Hundreds of varieties of lotus are cultivated in the lotus ponds of all sizes in the park, among which the wind and lotus scenic spots are particularly charming. Here, the water surface is dominant, and there are many varieties of lotus, including red lotus, white lotus, heavy lotus, sprinkling lotus and Bindilian. Lotus leaves and fields are charming. Small bridges of different shapes were set up on the water, and people walked across them. For example, walking in Holland, people lean on flowers, flowers reflect people's faces, and flowers fall in love with people. 3. Pinghu Autumn Moon Pinghu Autumn Moon Scenic Area is located at the western end of Bai Causeway, at the southern foot of Gushan Mountain and by the West Lake. In fact, as one of the ten scenic spots in the West Lake, Pinghu Autumn Moon did not have a fixed scenic spot in the Southern Song Dynasty. This is not difficult to see from the poems praised by scholars in the Yuan and Ming Dynasties at that time, such as "the moonlight is cold and the spring scenery is sluggish, where there is a boating ode"; Ming Hongzhanzu wrote in his poem: "Autumn Geren climbed the waves and wrinkled, and the fairy mountain castle was dusty in the mirror." In the woodcut prints of the Ten Scenes of West Lake in Wanli period of Ming Dynasty, the picture of autumn moon in Pinghu is still dominated by tourists looking up at the moon on the lake boat. Hutianyi Bilou, located on the west side of the scenic spot, was originally the remains of Luoyuan, a private villa of Hatong, a wealthy Jewish businessman and "adventurer" in the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China, and later became the cradle of modern woodcut movement in China-the location of Bayi Art Club. Today, it has become the Xiling Painting and Calligraphy Institute, adding a bookish atmosphere to the beautiful scenery of lakes and mountains. Broken bridge snow is a famous scenery on the West Lake, which is famous for its looming bridge deck in winter snow. Broken Bridge, one of the ten scenic spots of West Lake, is located at the eastern end of Bai Causeway of West Lake in Hangzhou, with its back against Baoshi Mountain and facing Hangzhou City. It is the dividing point between Waihu Lake and Beili Lake. The broken bridge has a high potential and a wide field of vision, which is the best place to watch the snow scene of the West Lake in winter. When the snow began to fall, I stood on the gem mountain and looked south. The West Lake is covered with silver and Bai Causeway is covered with snow and ice. The arch surface of the broken bridge is exposed, and the ice and snow melt in the sun, revealing mottled bridge railings, while the two ends of the bridge are still covered with snow. The dimly discernible stone bridge seems to be hidden, but the white snow in the culvert shines brightly, which is in contrast with the taupe bridge deck. It looks like a broken bridge from a distance, so it is called a broken bridge. The earliest record of "broken bridges and snow" was Zhang Hu in the Tang Dynasty. In his "On the Gushan Temple in Hangzhou", he said: The tower rises above the green hills and reaches the center of the lake. There is no rain, the mountains are long and moist, and there is no cloud and no water. The broken bridge is barren, and the empty courtyard is deep. I still remember the moon at the west window and the bells ringing in the forest of steles. The poem "The Broken Bridge is Desolate and Rusty" shows that the broken bridge was originally an old flat stone bridge with mottled moss. At the beginning of the heavy snow, the snow residue on the mossy ancient stone bridge did not disappear, and it seemed to have the feeling of residual water, which also laid the foundation for the unique landscape of the West Lake. 5. Liu Lang Wenying Today, after nearly 40 years of continuous development and construction, Liu Lang Wenying has evolved from an imperial garden enjoyed by emperors in those days to a paradise for ordinary people. She still takes the green willow color and graceful warblers as the keynote of the park landscape, and plants characteristic willows such as weeping willows, lion willows, drunken willows and sand willows along the lake embankment and the main road of the garden road. In the main scenic spot in the middle of the park, Wenying Pavilion was opened, and a giant cage "Bird Paradise" was arranged not far from Wenying Pavilion, creating a beautiful atmosphere of fireworks, willows flying and warblers in March. In the east of Wenying Pavilion, there is a friendship garden scenic spot with lawns and dense forests, and some Japanese cherry blossoms have been introduced. On the north side of the lawn, there is a stone platform and a monument to "No War between Japan and China". On the west side of Wenying Pavilion, there is a large lawn that was built when Liuyang Wenying rebuilt. The grass color overlooks the green hills of the West Lake, and on the north side of the lawn is the Liuyang Wenying Monument inscribed by Emperor Kangxi, which was moved here. Tall arbor forests are planted on the south side, which form a vivid picture with rich layers and angles with lawns, Liu 'an and lakes and mountains. The earlier Qianwang Memorial Hall in the north of the park was transformed into a courtyard scenic spot with the style and layout of private gardens in the south of the Yangtze River, and was named after the old name of "Jujing Garden". Gardens, pavilions, fake mountain spring pools, small bridges, flowing water, low walls and leaking windows, and exotic flowers and grasses all have their own places, which makes the whole park winding and secluded, unique. The southeast of the park has been transformed into a place for mass entertainment activities, and an open-air stage has been built, which has become a good place for Hangzhou citizens and tourists from all directions to do morning exercises, take vacations and celebrate festivals. Every summer and autumn, it is also a "night garden" to cool off the heat. There are various forms of songs and dances, operas and movies, and various flower exhibitions and lantern festivals are held irregularly, attracting people. Liu Langwenying has now returned to the West Lake Senior Park. 6. Huagang Fish Watching Huagang Fish Watching Park is located in the west of the southern section of Su Causeway, on a peninsula between Xili Lake and Hu Xiaonan. In the Southern Song Dynasty, Yun Sheng, the chamberlain, built a private garden at the foot of Huajiashan, not far from here. Flowers and trees in the park are sparse, water is diverted into the pool, and five-color fish are raised for viewing, which has gradually become a frequent destination for tourists. It is said that Luyuan is named Huagang because it is close to Huajiashan. The court painter included it when he created the ten scenes of the West Lake. In the thirty-eighth year of Kangxi in Qing Dynasty (1699), Emperor Michelle Ye visited the West Lake, wrote books to watch fish in Huagang as usual, and built a stone tablet beside the fish pond. Later, when Qianlong visited the West Lake in the south of the Yangtze River, he wrote a poem in the shadow of the tablet. There is a cloud in the poem: "There is a flower harbor at the foot of Huajiashan, and there are fish and flowers." Today, Watching Fish in Huagang is a big park covering more than 20 hectares. The whole park is divided into five scenic spots: Red Fish Pond, Peony Garden, Huagang, Big Lawn and Dense Forest.

Characteristics of literati gardens in Song Dynasty

Literati Garden is the comprehensive crystallization of ancient literati culture and art in China. It has a far-reaching influence on other kinds of gardens and even wider art. Different from the royal gardens, the literati gardens in Song Dynasty took nature as their basic artistic purpose. This is first reflected in the spatial layout of gardens: literati gardens generally have no clear and strict axis, and always try their best to choose or create tortuous and euphemistic landforms. Then, according to their changing space, the scenic spots with different functions are roughly divided, such as mountain view, water view, architectural residence and so on. And carefully plan roads, corridors, valleys, streams, etc. , thus connecting different scenic spots and scenic spots into a complete work with unified structure and full of scenery and spatial changes. The landscape that pursues natural charm constitutes the backbone of garden space and landscape, and is the basic landscaping technique of literati gardens. In terms of architectural style, the literati gardens in the Song Dynasty are quite different from the magnificent styles that can be seen everywhere in royal gardens and temple gardens. The architecture in literati gardens always presents a kind of natural charm full of life interest. According to these materials, we might as well summarize the style characteristics of literati gardens in Song Dynasty into four aspects: simplicity, simplicity, elegance and naturalness.

1. Simple and profound means simple scene and profound artistic conception. The refinement and generalization of wind-induced nature is a common artistic style in the Song Dynasty, and it is also a sign that the creative method tends to be freehand. Simplicity does not mean simplicity and monotony, but more wins than less, and one equals ten. Landscape, water, flowers and trees, architecture and other garden elements do not pursue the complexity of categories, abuse design skills, and do not excessively divide scenic spots or attractions. Sima Guang's Paradise Alone is famous for its simplicity in all walks of life in Luo Zhong. Li Cheng's "landscape tactics" on landscape painting: "Clouds and clouds should not be too much, but more sloppy; The foothills around the forest should not be too complicated, and the complexity is uncomfortable. " Xuanhe Huapu directly put forward the idea of "refined but sparse, simple and satisfied". This landscape painting style is consistent with the simple style of landscape gardens. The literati gardens in Song Dynasty paid special attention to the deepening of artistic conception. In addition to the simplicity of the visual scene, it also induces the association of the viewer with the poetic theme of the landscape, and its artistic conception is deeper and more intriguing than that of the Tang Dynasty.

2. The number of scenery in Shu Lang gardens is not too much, so it has a strong integrity, but it does not flow in pieces. The main mountain of the garden is often continuous and integrated with the arch of Keshan, and the mountain is gentle and undulating. Most water bodies form a pleasant garden space atmosphere in a large area. Plant configuration is also dominated by large-scale clumping or group planting into forests, leaving extra space in the forests, which is spacious in secluded Austria compared with reality. The building density is low, the number is small, and there are more individuals than groups. There is no description of the connection of verandahs, and there is no case where buildings enclose or divide the landscape. Therefore, as far as gardens are concerned, the virtual place is greater than the real place. It is precisely because of the elements of gardening, especially the architectural layout, that the garden landscape is conducive to seeing its cheerful.

3. Elegant literati bureaucrats are different from lofty and elegant customs, and the management of gardens has become the embodiment of their personality, so the landscape of gardens presents elegant literati style. "I would rather eat without meat than live without bamboo. No meat makes people thin, and no bamboo makes people vulgar. " Bamboo is the main theme of literati painting in Song Dynasty, and it is also the main object of literati chanting, symbolizing high morals and good morals. Planting bamboo in the garden has become a means for literati to pursue elegant taste. In addition, there are plants that display high-standard images, such as chrysanthemums. Stone, also known as piano, chess, calligraphy and painting, is also an essential decoration in literati gardens. The flow of Qushui has always been regarded as an elegant thing, so there are many flowing cup pavilions in all gardens. In addition, most of the buildings are named after the poetic scenery theme, which expresses the refined and narcissistic interest of literati and indicates different customs. As a result, the "specialization" of the single garden stone prevailed, and the selection and evaluation standard of Taihu stone based on "leakage, permeability, thinness and wrinkle" began in the Song Dynasty. Their abstract shapes not only have ornamental value, but also show the elegant taste of literati who love stones. In addition, buildings are mostly used for thatched cottages, huts and grass pavilions. This also shows their different customs. There is a flowing cup pavilion in the garden, which symbolizes the "meandering water flow" that has always been regarded as elegant by literati. The naming of scenic spots is mainly to stimulate people's association and create artistic conception. This association caused by the "poetic" landscape topic leads to moral integrity, philosophers, gentlemen, lofty and so on, expressing the refined and narcissistic interest of literati, which is also a major aspect of the elegant characteristics of gardens.

4. Nature strives for the harmony between the garden itself and the external natural environment, and the internal landscaping often takes plants as the main content. It is the pursuit and expression of natural interest in the gardens of Song Dynasty. Scholars' extensive participation in gardening activities, combined with political, economic and social factors, is an important condition for the sublimation of gardens in Song Dynasty. In addition, there is another important factor, that is, the prosperity of Zen Buddhism, the change of hermit thought, and an important opportunity to promote the sudden emergence of literati garden style. The prosperity of Zen Buddhism in the Song Dynasty had a far-reaching impact on the traditional culture of China. It is mainly the literati who associate with Zen monks and understand the principles of Zen. Therefore, the thought and philosophy of Zen also influenced all aspects of traditional culture because of the media of scholar-officials. Of course, it also penetrated into the creation of literati gardens through the aesthetic taste of literati. The complete China of Zen Buddhism is closely related to the natural landscape. Zen monks have a high unique taste for the beauty of mountains and rivers, and often compare Zen landscapes with natural scenery and scenes such as mountains and rivers, flowers and trees to inspire Zen enlightenment. In the eyes of Zen monks, there is no difference between the natural environment and the Zen realm. The so-called "green bamboo, always protect the body; The gloomy yellow flowers are nothing more than prajna. " "Bamboo and yellow flowers are Buddhas, and white clouds and flowing water are Zen." Enlightenment Zen machine, namely "Zen Yue", is very popular among literati, and gardens are the place where they place their ideals and even exile themselves. Scholars' garden creation will inevitably be influenced by Zen and Yue, and they will have more pursuit of artistic conception, so that their works can reach the trinity of emotion, scenery and reason-a perfect artistic conception creation realm. The formation of four styles of literati gardens is directly related to Zen. The above four characteristics are the concentrated expression of literati's interest in garden art and the extension of the four basic characteristics of China's classical garden system. The prosperity of literati gardens in Song Dynasty contributed to another great sublimation of China garden art after the Jin Dynasty and the Southern and Northern Dynasties. The Song Dynasty was the heyday of cultural development, and the extensive participation of literati in gardening activities and various special political, economic and social factors certainly created conditions for this sublimation. At that time, the prosperity of Zen Buddhism, the change of hermit thought and some situations in the art world also contributed to the sudden emergence of literati garden style.