What cultural thoughts influenced the gardens in Ming Dynasty?

The rise of private gardens in the south of the Yangtze River in Ming Dynasty was closely related to the background of that time. Economically, after the economic center of China moved to the south, the rulers in the south of the Yangtze River paid more attention to economic development in order to develop their strength, and the production conditions and natural environment in the south were superior. Working people in the north and south make joint efforts to develop Jiangnan. Jiangnan area is already a land of wealth. It is a developed region in politics, economy, culture and art. In terms of culture and art, it is different from the deep and serious artistic style in the north. Jiangnan is unique in its exquisite and meticulous artistic style.

The main ideological systems in the middle and late Ming Dynasty merged with each other. Wang Yangming, a great scholar, was also influenced by Zen. There is close communication between Taoism and Zen Buddhism, and Taoism's thought of Tao and nature is gradually reflected in Zen Buddhism. This kind of communication has promoted the gradual formation of people's humanistic spirit of taking nature as the foundation and paying attention to introspection. People's values and aesthetic experience are constantly changing, so are gardeners. When the quantitative change gradually accumulates to form qualitative change, the style of private gardens in Jiangnan will also change.

After the politics and economy of a region reach a certain level, gardening activities have a material basis. However, the author believes that the cultural background of the times is an important factor in the formation of garden style.

2. Research purpose

As the mature period of China classical gardens, private gardens in the south of the Yangtze River are also the main symbols of gardens in the Ming Dynasty, so they are often studied by later generations. Private gardens belong to privately owned gardens such as princes, nobles, landlords, wealthy businessmen and literati. Garden owners are mostly literati, poetic, elegant and refined.

Culture is condensed in matter and dissociated from matter. The history, geography, customs, traditional customs, lifestyle, literature and art, code of conduct, way of thinking and values of a country or a nation can be passed down, and it is a recognized ideology that can be passed down for communication between human beings. Culture is something that can be melted into human spiritual civilization.

Studying the private gardens under the cultural background of Ming Dynasty is helpful for us to understand the reasons for the formation of private gardens in the south of the Yangtze River, and has far-reaching significance for studying the gardening techniques and gardening ideas of China classical gardens.

3. Research methods

This paper analyzes the influence of the cultural background of the Ming Dynasty on private gardens in the south of the Yangtze River. This paper is mainly divided into three aspects: thinking mode, religious culture, literature and art, and analyzes and expounds the influence of Wang Yangming's mind, Taoism and Buddhism on gardening thought, as well as the influence of calligraphy and painting creation and drama on gardening.

3. 1 mode of thinking-psychology

In the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties, literati gardens (also known as literati gardens) were inherited and developed on the basis of the Song Dynasty, especially in developed areas with developed economy and splendid culture. Because the elegance and bookishness pursued by literati gardens are favored by contemporary people, the style of literati gardens became the highest standard of gardening at that time. When discussing literati gardens, we have no reason to ignore the academic background admired by literati at that time, and understanding their observation and thinking perspectives will also help their gardening thoughts.

Mind learning is a school of Han Confucianism. Although it began in Cheng Hao in the Northern Song Dynasty, it didn't have a clear academic context until Wang Shouren put forward the word "mind learning" in the Ming Dynasty and determined that the purpose of mind learning was "to conscience".

Wang Shouren, whose real name is Boan, posthumous title Yangming. A famous thinker in Ming Dynasty is a master of Lu Wang's thought. He inherited Lu Jiuyuan's thought that "mind is reason" and opposed Cheng's material-centered method of seeking knowledge, because there are endless human factors in it, which is quite annoying. So he proposed to "seek conscience", that is, to seek my inner conscience. Wang Yangming said: "knowledge is the noumenon of my heart, and my heart will naturally know." When I see my father, my brother and my son, I will naturally know filial piety. " This is a conscience, not fake. "The' conscience' here is not only a moral consciousness, but also the highest noumenon, which is the core content of psychology.

The study of mind had a great influence in the late Ming society, which not only affected the problem consciousness of scholars at that time, but also affected the perspective of observing and thinking about problems and the way of expressing problems at that time.

Due to the degeneration of scholar-officials in the late Ming Dynasty, the political ideals of scholars were disillusioned. Many bureaucrats and scribes drift with the tide under the influence of power. Many scholars follow the principle of "conscience" and refuse to return to official career. If they can't help the world at the same time, they will be alone and express their dissatisfaction with the status quo, the world and the talents through seclusion. Entrust one's ambition with gardening. Such as Humble Administrator's Garden and East Garden.

And through the way of gardening, the pursuit of "leaning on the spring stone, chasing the legacy, seeking truth and interest; Sprinkle happiness, swim through it, and suddenly forget the old, in order to achieve the psychological "harmony between man and nature."

The theory of mind provided the scholars at that time with the possibility of not following the secular lifestyle, and the scholars practiced it through gardening. Without the promotion of psychology "to conscience", perhaps not so many scholars can stick to their original intention, and perhaps there will be no garden with their hearts.

3.2 Religious Culture-Taoism

The biggest characteristic of private gardens in the south of the Yangtze River, which is different from other garden systems, is to pursue images and meanings other than images, which is what we call artistic conception. The emergence of this artistic conception is inseparable from Taoist thought.

Laozi put forward, "People everywhere, the land follows the sky, the sky follows the Tao, and the Tao follows nature." He believes that only when everything returns to its original state can the harmony of everything be achieved. In the book "Gardening and Metallurgy" written by Zao, there is also an aesthetic realm of "although it was made by people, it can be seen that Taoist thought has a far-reaching influence on gardening in the Ming Dynasty".

Taoism is not only used in the concept of gardening, but also in the name of theme parks. For example, Dezhen Pavilion in Humble Administrator's Garden, drugstore, listening to the wind and fishing, the threshold of meeting friends in Jichang Garden, and Qixing Bridge.

Because of Taoist transcendental philosophy and beautiful understanding of nature, it not only influenced the gardening style of the literati class in Ming Dynasty, but also was imitated by the world. Because of this, private gardens in the south of the Yangtze River have become more natural and formed a unique style different from royal gardens.

3.3 Literature and Art

3.3. 1 opera. The Ming and Qing Dynasties were an important period for the literati to participate in the creation and practice of traditional Chinese opera. Politically, the Ming Dynasty maintained peace for more than 200 years, during which there was no uprising and foreign invasion. National peace has promoted the stable development of national economy and culture. Culturally. China's traditional dramas and novels have enjoyed unprecedented prosperity. There are three novels in China and four great classical novels in Ming Dynasty. People's pursuit of life is also constantly improving, and many literati participate in opera creation. The gardening techniques used by literati in Ming Dynasty are also ingenious. As a result, the literati in the Ming Dynasty who pursued elegance began to regard private gardens as the poetic place of their opera art creation, and since then, operas have entered private gardens. Gardens are often used for decoration in order to perform or create traditional dramas in China. There are four common architectural forms: hall, courtyard theater, terrace and pavilion. ? The hall has limited space and is usually used for entertainment, festivals and celebrations. If it is used in ancient music, it is generally only suitable for performing Le Jia's performances and songs. For example, the "Give Leisure Hall" in Shen Shixing Music Park and the "Han Bie Yu Tang" in Maoxiang Ink Garden. Generally, there is water in front of the hall as a close-up view, and there is a bridge in the distant mountains as a distant view, so even in the garden, you can enjoy the scenery.

Courtyard theater is to use the courtyard structure characteristics of quadrangles under the steps of the hall to expand the performance space to meet the needs of large-scale performances.

The biggest feature of terrace theater is that there are scenery everywhere, such as the terrace in front of the "Yuanxiang Hall" in Humble Administrator's Garden, where you can sit and watch the play, and you can have a panoramic view of the pavilion and the surrounding scenery.

However, in reality, scholars often make a scene everywhere, listening to songs and performing plays with pavilions by the water. The pavilion is good for water, so it has scenery all around. In the exhibition hall, there is a feeling that people live in harmony with nature.

The integration of China's traditional operas into literati gardens has provided new garden interactive activities for garden owners, and also made gardens have various architectural forms. However, in order to create a place suitable for drama performance and meet the aesthetic requirements of the audience, it is necessary for the garden owner to set up a landscape for viewing around this place when building the garden, thus affecting the layout of the whole garden.

3.3.2 Painting and calligraphy. The relationship between garden and painting can be regarded as the mutual reappearance of two literati's artistic concepts.

Painting with the garden: refers to painting according to the built garden landscape. For example, Wen Zhiming's "Wangchuan Bie Ye Map" and Chou Ying's "Wangchuan Ten Scenery Map" are its representatives.

Entering the Garden with Painting: According to textual research, in the middle and late Ming Dynasty, the relationship between gardening and painting began to be very close. Many literati painters also began to enter gardening activities from the form of painting. Ji Cheng said in his book Gardening and Metallurgy that "it's like painting", "the balcony is painted", "the environment is like a beautiful jar, a natural picture", "it's like thinking outside the dust, it's going to be painted" and "it's full of affection and hills and valleys".

It can be seen that gardens and paintings can be transformed and copied each other. The prevalence of the concept of "painting into gardens" in the middle and late Ming Dynasty greatly changed the gardening techniques and influenced the design of Suzhou gardens.

4. Conclusion/p-1146349882708.html Taoism and traditional Chinese opera painting in the Ming Dynasty have influenced the development and formation of private gardens in the south of the Yangtze River in different degrees and from different angles. The author thinks that culture and art are interlinked, culture contains art, and art contains culture, and the two blend and penetrate each other. The formation of private gardens in the south of the Yangtze River was the product of various mainstream cultures at that time. Only what is formed under the mainstream culture can be recognized and loved by the world, and it is the same today. At present, most of China's gardening techniques are modeled after western modern gardening techniques, and some even copy them mechanically, losing the proper cultural color of China. If we can analyze the current mainstream cultural characteristics of China and express them in artistic forms that the world can understand, perhaps China can also have the garden style with modern characteristics of China. .......