How is the oil extracted?

There are many basic methods of petroleum refining, and here are only a few main refining methods.

1. Distillation: Oil is divided into components with different boiling points by using the principles of gasification and condensation. This process is called petroleum distillation.

Distillation is usually divided into atmospheric distillation and vacuum distillation. Atmospheric distillation is called atmospheric distillation, and vacuum distillation is called vacuum distillation. Vacuum distillation can reduce the boiling point of hydrocarbons to prevent heavy components from cracking at high temperature. ?

2. Cracking: Under certain conditions, the process of changing the molecular structure of heavy oil to increase the proportion of light components is called cracking. ?

Cracking is usually divided into thermal cracking, visbreaking, catalytic cracking and hydrocracking.

3. Reforming: The process of changing the molecular structure of hydrocarbons in light fractions by heating or catalysis is called reforming. It can be divided into thermal reforming and catalytic reforming, and catalytic reforming can be divided into platinum reforming, platinum-rhenium reforming and polymetallic reforming due to different catalysts.

4. Isomerization is an important means to improve the octane number of gasoline. That is, pentane and hexane in straight-run gasoline and gas gasoline are converted into isoparaffins. N-butane can also be converted into isobutane, which can be used as alkylation raw material.

The basic method of petroleum refining only obtains the distillate of refined oil, and it is necessary to add additives to improve its performance through refining and blending procedures to meet the index requirements of products, so as to get the final refined oil and use it in the factory. ?

Extended data:

Refining characteristics

( 1)? Refinery production is the process of factory production. Oil flows through various factories along the process sequence and is decomposed into different fractions under different conditions of temperature, pressure, flow rate and time, thus completing various stages of product production.

A set of equipment can produce several different products at the same time, and the same product can be produced by different equipment, and there are many products. Therefore, in order to make full use of resources, we must adopt advanced organization and management methods in management and arrange the production of different devices reasonably. ?

(2) The oil refining device is generally a linkage device, and the processing object is liquid or gas, which needs to be transported in a closed pipeline, so the production process has strong continuity and close links between processes. In management, it is necessary to maintain stable and continuous operation and balanced production as required. ?

(3) Oil refining production is characterized by high temperature, high pressure, flammability, explosiveness, toxicity and corrosion, and its safety requirements are particularly strict. In management, it is necessary to prevent oil and gas leakage, maintain good ventilation, strictly control fire sources, and ensure safe production. ?

(4) The production process of oil refining is basically closed, with poor intuition, and the processing requirements and technological conditions of different raw materials are also different. In management, it is necessary to correctly determine the product processing scheme and optimize the process conditions and processes.

(5) In the process of oil refining, oil is separated by high-temperature heating, cooled and blended into different oil products or further processed into other products. In management, it is necessary to maintain the material balance in the whole production process, mix ingredients according to the proportion stipulated in the process, and organize the heat balance of enterprises to continuously reduce energy consumption.

References:

Baidu encyclopedia-petroleum