Socialism Essay

Socialist society is an independent social form like primitive society, slave society, feudal society and capitalist society. The following is a sample of socialism essay I have organized for you, welcome to read and refer to!

Socialism Essay 1

An Analysis of Ideal Socialism

Abstract: Ideal socialism is a collective term for socialism before the emergence of Marxism, a designation derived from Thomas `More`s Utopia. Ideal socialism has three distinctive features: it has no clear class position, blindly promotes rationality and adheres to the idealistic view of history. The development of ideal socialism went through three stages until it reached its peak in the early 19th century. Although the ideology of ideal socialism has the limitations of the lack of subjectivity and the violation of the objectivity of the laws of social development, its positive effects in terms of criticality and foresight cannot be ignored.

Keywords: ideal socialism; utopia; ****Productive Manifesto

I. What is ideal socialism? What is Ideal Socialism

In the history of socialist thought, the socialism that preceded the emergence of Marxism is called ideal socialism, which refers to a socialist doctrine that arose in the immature period of the capitalist situation of production and class condition. Its? Ideological? name comes from the earliest document of socialist thought, Thomas More's Utopia. More's Utopia.

Utopian socialism, or utopian socialism, is often called utopian socialism. The term first originated with the English humanist Thomas More in 1516. More wrote in 1516 in his book Utopia. Utopia? The word Utopia is based on the Greek word? Utopia The word Utopia is based on the Greek word ? Utopia? that is, a place that does not exist in the real world.

The imaginary socialist doctrine arose in the anti-feudal bourgeois movement of the 16th century, along with the capitalist relations of production, which is its deep historical roots.? In each of the great bourgeois movements there has broken out the independent movement of that class which was the forerunner of the modern proletariat in varying degrees of development. ①? Thomas in Germany during the Reformation? Müntzel during the German Reformation, Babeuf during the French Revolution, etc., it was against the background of such revolutionary struggles of the proletariat that the relevant doctrines and ideas of ideal socialism arose,? accompanied by these revolutionary uprisings of an immature class, produced the corresponding theoretical manifestations.2?

According to Engels in The Development of Socialism from Idea to Science, there are three characteristics of idealistic socialism:

First, there is no clear class position.? None of them appeared as representatives of the interests of the proletariat which had already historically arisen at that time.3? They wanted to improve the living conditions of all members of society, to liberate all mankind and, instead of realizing that the proletariat was the main body of the revolution, the idealistic socialists looked to the ruling class and hoped that their socialist program would be realized through peaceful means, through experimentation.

Secondly, they promoted reason. Like the Enlightenment scholars, the idealists likewise wished to establish a rational kingdom of eternal justice. Unlike the Enlightenment scholars, whose kingdom of reason proclaimed the sanctity of private property and advocated only the elimination of class privileges, not the classes themselves, the idealists' kingdom of reason sought to eliminate private property and class distinctions. Compared with the Enlightenment scholars, this is undoubtedly a big progress, however, the idealists attempted to establish a transcendent class, eternal state, which is undoubtedly unrealistic.

Thirdly, they insisted on the idealistic view of history. The idealists believed that the realization of socialism,? All that is lacking is individual men of genius4? , they treat socialism as a product of purely subjective chance, and in their view, ? the future history of the world is nothing but the propaganda and implementation of their social program5?

II. Stages of Development of Ideal Socialism

(I) Ideal Socialism in the 16th and 17th Centuries

Typical representatives of this period are Thomas? The typical representatives of this period are Thomas More's "Utopia" and Thomas? Campanella's The City of the Sun. Ideal socialism in this period was at an early stage, and its main characteristic was that the idealists, out of the various ills and evils arising from private ownership in the real society, depicted a beautiful society he envisioned - an ideal society in which all the means of production were owned by the whole people, the necessities were distributed according to the work of the people, and everyone was engaged in the production of labor.

Moore's Utopia, for example, recounts the travels of a fictional navigator who sails to a strange and exotic utopia. Utopia? The word "utopia" comes from the Greek, meaning? Utopia? More first used it to denote a happy, ideal country. There, society was based on the communal ownership of property, people were equal in terms of economic and political power, and the principle of distribution according to need was practiced. There are no commodity-money relations, and gold and silver are used to make potty drowners. Moore's conclusion is clear: private ownership is the root of all evil. For the first time in the history of socialism, Moore raised the question of eliminating private ownership and establishing public ownership.

(II) Idealistic Socialism of the 18th Century

The most important feature of idealism in this period was ? ascetic, forbidding all enjoyment of life, Spartan ****productivism? , the main representatives of which are Morelli's Code of Nature and the related writings of Mabry.

(III) Idealistic Socialism in the Early 19th Century

Idealistic socialism in the early 19th century was a period in which the development of idealistic socialism reached its zenith, and was mainly characterized by the following features: the spearhead of criticism was aimed directly at the capitalist system; the theory put forward the viewpoints that the economic situation was the basis of the political system, and that private property gave rise to class and class exploitation, etc., and used this viewpoint to analyze the history and the current situation, thus predicting that the capitalist system would be the most important and the most effective one. Theoretically, he put forward the idea that economic conditions are the basis of the political system and that class exploitation arises from private ownership, and used this viewpoint to analyze history and the present situation, thus predicting the exploitative nature of the capitalist system. In designing the blueprint for the future society, he used the big factory as a prototype, completely abandoned egalitarianism and asceticism in asceticism, and made socialism a society with high material and spiritual civilization. The three famous idealists, St. Simon, Fourier and Owen, are typical representatives of this period.

III. Limitations and Positives of Idealistic Socialism

(I) Limitations

According to Marx in the ****Productive Manifesto? Criticism of Idle Socialism and ****anism? section on the subject, there are two main defects of idealistic socialism as follows.

First, the lack of subjectivity. While the ideal socialists, represented by the three idealists, saw the role of class antagonisms, and the disintegrating factors in the dominant bourgeois society itself.? they could not, however, see any historical initiative on the part of the proletariat, any _movement_ peculiar to it.? Rather, they look to the dominant bourgeoisie for the realization of their socialist program by peaceful means.

Secondly, the objectivity of the laws of social development is violated. In the case of the idealists, their individual inventive activity replaces that of the society, and they attempt to liberate all mankind with their own beautiful fantasies.? In their view, the future history of the world is nothing but the propaganda and implementation of their social plans.? However the future society is actually the result of the movement of reality.

(II) Positivity

The positive factors of the imaginary socialism mainly include the following two aspects.

First, critical.? These socialist and ****anitarian writings also contain a critical element.? These writings are in the service of the working class, they criticize the bourgeoisie, attack all the evils of the existing society, and provide extremely valuable material for the enlightenment of the working class.

Second, foresight. The idealists had some prescient visions of the future society, ? such as the elimination of urban-rural antagonism, the elimination of the family, the elimination of private profit-making, the elimination of wage labor, the promotion of a harmonious society? etc. At that time, class antagonism was still in the stage of development, the idealists could already put forward the idea of eliminating private property and class antagonism in the future society, which was extremely rare. (The author's unit: College of Law and Politics, Zhejiang Normal University)

References:

[1] Karl? Marx, F? Engels, China *** Central Marx Engels Lenin Stalin works compilation and translation bureau. Marx Engels Collected Works, Volume II [M]. Beijing: People's Publishing House, 2009: 30-67.

[2] Karl? Marx, F? Engels, C*** Central Bureau of Compilation and Translation of the Writings of Marx, Engels, Lenin and Stalin. Marx Engels Collected Works, Volume III [M]. Beijing: People's Publishing House, 2009: 523~567.

[3] Thomas? Moore, Dai Zuiling. Utopia [M]. Beijing: Commercial Press, 1997: 8～47.

[4] Morelli, Huang Jianhua, Jiang Asia. Natural Code [M]. Beijing: Commercial Press, 1982: 20-55.

[5] Gong Yukuan. Tutorial on the philosophical editing of the Anti-Dühring Theory [M]. Beijing: Central University for Nationalities Press, 2007: 31～44.

Notes:

① Karl?

① Karl Marx, F. Engels: Marx and Engels. Engels: The Collected Works of Marx and Engels, Volume III, Beijing? People's Publishing House, 2009 edition, p. 525.

② Karl Marx, F. Engels: The Collected Works of Marx and Engels, Volume III, Beijing? Marx, F. Engels: Marx and Engels, Marx and Engels, Volume III, Beijing? Engels: Marx and Engels Collected Works, Volume III, Beijing? People's Publishing House, 2009 edition, page 525.

③ Karl Marx, F. Engels: Marx Engels Collected Works, Volume III, Beijing? Marx, F. Engels: Marx and Engels, Marx and Engels, Volume III, Beijing? Engels: Marx and Engels Collected Works, Volume III, Beijing? People's Publishing House, 2009 edition, page 525.

③ Karl Marx, F. Engels: Marx Engels Collected Works, Volume III, Beijing? Marx, F. Engels: Marx and Engels, Marx and Engels, Volume III, Beijing? Engels: Marx and Engels Collected Works, Volume III, Beijing? People's Publishing House, 2009 edition, p. 526.

⑤ Karl Marx, F. Engels: The Collected Works of Marx and Engels, Volume III, Beijing? Marx, F. Engels: Marx and Engels, Marx and Engels, Volume III, Beijing? Engels: The Collected Works of Marx and Engels, Volume II, Beijing? People's Publishing House, 2009 edition, p. 63.

Socialism Essay 2

An Analysis of the Superiority of Socialist Democracy with Chinese Characteristics

Abstract: Socialist democracy with Chinese characteristics has its own characteristics, the essence of which is that the people are the masters of their own house, which is suitable for China's basic national conditions, and which is different from that of the western countries, established and continuously developed in the course of China's long process of revolution and construction, and which meets the needs of the current stage of the country. China's long-term revolution and construction process to establish and develop a different democratic system from the Western countries, in line with China's current stage of the national conditions and needs, with theoretically outstanding superiority.

Keywords: socialist democracy with Chinese characteristics, separation of powers, western bourgeois democracy

Today, when the wave of democratization originated in Western Europe and North America is sweeping across the world, China has walked out of a road of democratization different from that of the western countries and established a socialist democratic system with Chinese characteristics, and in the face of all the questions about China's democracy at home and abroad, it is necessary to make a detailed analysis of the socialist democracy with Chinese characteristics and its characteristics. In the face of all the doubts about China's democratic system at home and abroad, it is necessary for us to have a clear understanding and judgment of the socialist democratic system with Chinese characteristics and its superiority.

First, the connotation of democracy

Etymologically speaking, the word "democracy" originated in Ancient Greece, from Ancient Greek, consisting of the words "demos" and "kratos", meaning "rule of the people", "rule of the people", "rule of the people", "rule of the people", "rule of the people", "rule of the people", "rule of the people", "rule of the people", "rule of the people", "rule of the people", and so on. Rule of the people? , i.e., the rule of the majority, implying that the final decision does not depend on an individual or a minority, but on the majority of a particular group of people or of the people as a whole.

The concept of democracy arose in Europe, its existence and development of the external conditions of European culture, in some people Europeans immigrated to the North American continent, democracy has also developed into an important element of American political culture. Therefore, the concept of "democracy" has become an important element of American political culture. Democracy? as the political culture of Europe and the United States and its regional ****similarity, is a political philosophy with regional significance, and does not exist in the original form of other cultures. Today, the reason why democracy is accepted and used by other cultures is that the basic values embedded in democracy, such as equality, freedom, supreme goodness and majority rule, have been recognized by countries all over the world as being of value to world civilization and development, while the recognition of the essence of democracy is not equivalent to the recognition of the concrete forms of realizing the essence of democracy in the West, and the confusion of the relationship between the essence of democracy and the forms of realizing it has often led to the failure of the democratic process in a number of countries, and even the failure of a significant part of the democratic process. The confusion between the essence of democracy and the realization of the form is often an important reason for the setbacks and even failure of the democratic process in some countries.

Second, the choice of institutions

Institutions are the carriers of the spirit, concepts and principles of democracy, and they can also be said to be the tools for the realization of the spirit, concepts and principles of democracy. Because of the different histories, cultures and values of each country, it is entirely possible (and desirable) to choose a form of realization that better suits the needs of the current national situation. The history of the development of human political civilization has repeatedly proved one thing: the kind of political system a country adopts and the kind of democratic path it follows must be compatible with its own national conditions. Such national conditions include, first and foremost, natural factors such as the size of the country, the conditions of its natural resources and the size of its population, which are the basis for the survival and development of a country and have a profound and long-term impact on the political system that originates from it. Western countries, under the influence of their historical traditions and in the course of their long-term democratic practices, have formed a democratic system based on the parliamentary, electoral and party systems. As far as our country is concerned, we are fundamentally different from the Western countries in terms of the nature of the country, and at the same time, we have a vast territory, a long history and a large number of nationalities, and we have the real conditions which are very different from those of the Western countries. Therefore, in the selection and establishment of the democratic system, even though the Western countries have a wealth of experience compared with ours, we cannot blindly learn from them, let alone easily clone them, and we cannot be so familiar with the Western countries. Cloning? Instead, we must base ourselves on the reality of our own country. Whether it is a theoretical analysis or a practical examination, the democratic system of socialism with Chinese characteristics that we have established and developed is a system that meets China's national conditions, realizes the essence of democracy, and has its own superiority.

Third, the superiority of the democratic system of socialism with Chinese characteristics

How to judge the superiority of a country's democratic system? The author believes that in addition to meeting the national conditions of the country, it is also necessary to examine the following aspects: first, in essence, democracy is to ensure that the society is managed according to the will of the majority, therefore, whether the representative organs elected in different ways can represent the will of the majority of the people to make decisions becomes an important criterion for judging the degree of democracy. Secondly, whether the implementation of the decisions of the representative organs under a democratic system can be effectively supervised determines whether the effects of a democratic system are substantive or formal. Thirdly, whether the social development under a democratic system can remain orderly and stable for a long time is also an indispensable condition for examining the effectiveness of the democratic system. From the above aspects, the socialist democratic system with Chinese characteristics, which is built on the basis of the people's democratic dictatorship, with the system of people's congresses, the system of multi-party cooperation and political consultation under the leadership of the Communist Party of China (CPC), the system of regional ethnic autonomy, and the system of grass-roots self-governance as its core content, has the following four superiorities:

(1) Ensuring the comprehensiveness of the interests of the people's congresses and the system of multi-party cooperation and political consultation under the leadership of the CPC

Western countries are very concerned about the development of democracy in their societies. But this is not the case. On the one hand, no matter whether the electoral system adopts the majority representation system or the proportional representation system, the interests of a part of the group will easily be filtered out by the electoral rules, such as the female representatives; on the other hand, the supreme organs of power of the western countries still represent the interests of a part of the elite groups to a large extent. The realization of democratic governance in a large country with a population of 1.3 billion people requires a different approach from the Western system of universal suffrage. China has opted for the system of people's congresses, the establishment of which fulfills the dual objectives of meeting national conditions and ensuring the comprehensiveness of representative interests. Deputies to the people's congresses at all levels in China are allocated quotas in proportion to their regional and demographic composition, and are elected by indirect, direct and differential elections; the provisions of the Election Law of the National People's Congress and Local People's Congresses at All Levels of the People's Republic of China enable people from different backgrounds and with different interests to take part in decision-making on national affairs, thus genuinely embodying the principle of "socialist democracy" and the principle that the people are the masters of their own house. The essence of socialist democracy is that the people are the masters of their own house. The essence of socialist democracy is that the people are the masters of their own house.

(2) Ensuring the effectiveness of supervision

One of the main features of modern democracy is representation, and the supervision of representative bodies is also an important part of the democratic system. Representative bodies in Western countries usually take the way of mutual supervision, the legislative power of the parliament, the executive power of the government, the judicial branch of the judicial power of the three powers are often separate or partially linked to make relatively independent institutions can produce mutual power constraints, three above the non-existence of a higher power to supervise the institution, the system has a theoretical superiority, but in the actual operation of the power to supervise the efficiency is not high and is prone to cause the power to hold back and shirk. The system is theoretically superior, but in actual operation, power supervision is inefficient and prone to lead to power constraints and shirking. Compared with the power forms in western countries, one of the significant features of the people's congress system is that it does not separate powers. In the institutional composition of our country, the people's congress is the highest source of power behind the executive, legislative and judicial powers, and all the institutions are responsible to the people's congresses and subject to their supervision, while the people's congresses themselves, as the highest organs of power, supervise the other institutions and are also subject to the supervision of each and every delegate. The people's congress itself, as the highest organ of power, supervises the other institutions, but also by every delegate, each subject of power is specific, clear and can be held accountable for power, compared with the western institutions that compete for power to supervise each other and personal supervision, China's people's congress system better guarantees the effectiveness of supervision of state management power.

(C) Ensuring political stability

The system of people's congresses realizes that 1.3 billion people are the masters of their own house, embodies and safeguards the will and interests of the majority of the people, and thus maintains the stability of the entire social order, and the system of regional ethnic autonomy and grass-roots mass self-governance makes it possible for problems arising in the course of the operation of the society to be solved in the fastest, most direct and most effective manner, and also makes it possible for factors that jeopardize social stability to be nipped in the bud. The system of regional ethnic autonomy and the system of grass-roots self-governance have also made it possible to solve problems arising in the course of social operation in the most direct and effective manner, and to nip factors jeopardizing social stability in the bud. In addition to the above two aspects, there is another important democratic system that has played a very important role in guaranteeing social and political stability in China, namely? ***The multi-party cooperation and political consultation system under the leadership of the Chinese Communist Party. The greatest advantage of this democratic system is that the relationship between the Chinese ****anufacturing party and other parties is one of leadership and cooperation, ruling and participation.

Under the leadership of the CPC, the democratic parties participate in the state power, take part in the negotiation of the state policy and the selection of the state leaders, and participate in the management of the state affairs, contributing their wisdom and energy to the construction of the country, so as to be able to integrate the political forces from all aspects of the society into a positive force working towards the same goal.

(D) Ensure the efficiency of governance

The parliamentary system and separation of powers in the West only emphasize democracy and lack of necessary centralization, within the parliament, the parliament and the executive branch, the judiciary often exists between each other, shirking responsibilities, and hostage-taking phenomenon, even if it is a normal parliamentary legislative process due to the contradictions between the different parties, the debate has become long, and a lot of good bills in the complex parliamentary debates. Many good bills are not finalized in the complicated parliamentary debates. However, the democratic centralized system implemented in China's democratic political construction combines the requirements of democracy and efficiency. No matter in the stage of resolution formation or implementation, the centralized system on the basis of democracy and the democracy under the guidance of centralized system are all carried out, and there are deliberation and decision to realize the democratization, proceduralization and scientification of decision-making, which can ensure the full development of socialist democracy, and also guarantee the development of socialist democracy. Not only can ensure the full development of socialist democracy, give full play to the wisdom of the people, reflect public sentiment, gather public opinion, maintain and realize the power and rights of the people in charge; but also can concentrate the views of all parties, coordinate the different interests, integrate the needs of all kinds of decision-making, so democratic centralism is to ensure the unity of the effective way of democracy and efficiency.

Summary

China's democratic system, different from that of the Western countries, established and developed in the course of long-term revolution and construction, meets the national conditions and needs of China at the present stage, has outstanding theoretical superiority, and realizes the spirit, concepts and principles of democracy to a greater extent in practice. It is undeniable that there are still problems in China's democratic system, which need to be improved and perfected. However, the author believes that these problems are problems arising from the operation of the democratic system, and that the superiority of the socialist democratic system with Chinese characteristics cannot be denied.