What systems are there in the world?

1. What are the main language systems in the world?

The classification methods of world languages are also different. The famous ones are: 1. China Peking University Classification Xu Tongqiang and Hu Jicheng, professors of Chinese Department of Peking University, China, divide the world languages into 13 language families and 45 language families. The 13 language families are Sino-Tibetan, Indo-European, Caucasian, Ural, Altai, Dravidian, South Asian, austronesian family, Semite-Chinese, Niger-Kordofan, Nile-Sahara, Khoisan and North American Indian. 2. Simon University gene classification (1) Eurasian family, including Sino-Tibetan family and Indo-European family. (2) Pacific and African languages, including languages of other countries except Eurasia and North and South America. (3) North American language family: Native American Indian languages. (4) South American language family: the indigenous Indian language of South America. 3. Australian national standard language classification: Nordic language family, 5 language families, 16 language families, 5 language families, 16 language families, 7 language families, 25 southwest Asia and North Africa language families, 3 language families, 2 1 South Asia language families, 5 language families, 16. 15 language, 8 language, 56 language, 7 language, 4 1 language. 4. Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) classifies (completely by region) African languages: North African languages, South African languages, East African languages, West African languages: North Asian languages, North American languages: languages of North American countries, including Indian indigenous languages. South American language family: the languages of South American countries, including the languages of indigenous Indians. European language family: Germanic language family, including English, German, Dutch and Scandinavian major languages. Latin family, including French, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese and Romanian. Slavic languages include Russian, Bulgarian and Polish. Baltic languages include Latvian and Lithuanian. All the above classification methods have the same shortcoming, that is, artificial international languages are not included in the classification. In today's world, it is really a pity that artificial international languages have become so popular today. To sum up, the more reasonable classification method should be: 1. Indo-European language family is the largest language family, which is divided into Germanic, Latin, Slavic, Baltic, Indian, Iranian and other language families. In the world, except for Asia (excluding South Asian countries), most countries on all continents adopt Indo-European as their mother tongue or official language. The number of users is about 4 billion, accounting for 70% of the world population. Indo-European language family can be divided into: Latin language family: including French, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese and Romanian. Germanic language family: including English, German, Dutch and Scandinavian major languages. Slavic languages: Russian, Bulgarian, Polish, Serbian, etc. Baltic languages include Latvian and Lithuanian. The Indian language family includes Sanskrit, Hindi, Pali, Dravidian (all languages in southern India belong to this branch) and so on. Iranian language family includes Persian, Afghan and so on. Caucasian languages are distributed in the Caucasus, and the main languages are Georgian and Chechen. Uralic language family is divided into Finnish branch and Ugric branch. The former includes Finnish and Estonian, while the latter includes Hungarian and Mansi. Sino-Tibetan language family is the second largest language after Indo-European language family. The number of users is about 65.438+0.5 billion. Chinese is divided into Tibetan-Burmese, Zhuang-Dong and Miao-Yao languages, including Chinese, Tibetan, Burmese, Karen, Zhuang and Miao-Yao languages. It also includes Altaic languages, such as West Altaic languages and East Altaic languages. The former includes Turkic and Chuvash languages of the former Soviet Union, while the latter includes Mongolian and Ewenki languages of the former Soviet Union. Non-Pacific language family: includes languages of other countries except Eurasian language family and South and North America. This language is spoken in African and Pacific countries. Nile-Saharan language family: mainly languages of North and West Africa, Niger-Congo language family: mainly languages of Central Africa, such as Niger, Congo and Swahili. Koisan language family: mainly the languages of southern and eastern Africa, mainly Hortundu (Namibian) and Buschman (South Africa). ) and Sandawi (Tanzania, etc. ). Semite-Semite family (Semite-Semite family). Mainly used in the Middle East. It can be divided into Semitic language family and language family. The former includes Hebrew and Arabic, while the latter includes ancient Egyptian and Hausa. Austronesian language family: mainly Indonesian, Malay, Javanese, Fijian, Maori and other languages of Southeast Asia and Pacific island countries. Native Indian languages of North and South America. Such as Maya, Eskimo-Aleutians, etc. Australian dialect.

2. World drama culture system

The main drama culture systems in the world are Brecht system, Stanislavsky system and Mei Lanfang system, which are collectively called the three major drama systems in the world.

Brecht advocated expression, first self-monitoring and second self-monitoring, alienation and strangeness, which made the audience think deeply. He attached importance to the educational function of drama, advocated the combination of propaganda and art, put forward "epic drama" and "questioning effect", and emphasized the rational factors in performance.

The Slovenian system (that is, the Russian Stanislavsky system) advocates experience and the unity of actors and roles. This paper systematically summarizes the drama theory of "Experiencing School", emphasizes the principle of realism, and advocates that actors should immerse themselves in the emotions of their roles.

Mei's system is China's opera system. Mei Lanfang is a famous Peking Opera actor in China, and China Opera represented by him is unique in the world drama. Such as the comprehensiveness of singing and dancing, dialogue, performance and acrobatics, the virtuality of props, scenery and movements, the dancing of movements and the stylization of expressions. But there is no authoritative and systematic summary in theory.