Only fresh and full of vitality —— Appreciation of Yongmei's poems in Yuan Dynasty (I)

-Appreciation of Yongmei's Poems in Yuan Dynasty (1)

Wang chuanxue

Judging from the ornamental value of Yongmei's poems in the early Han, Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, Mei, as an early spring crop, expressed her feelings and developed continuously in the art of Tang Dynasty, with far-reaching influence. With the continuous development of aesthetic consciousness in Song Dynasty, the appearance of Lin Bu made the plum blossom image synonymous with a recluse gentleman, and Su Shi's beauty personality endowed plum blossom with higher spiritual quality.

During the Yuan Dynasty, foreign domination, high-handed policies and ethnic discrimination, literati were more inclined to confide in Meihua. The Yuan Dynasty was on the extension line of two cultural peaks in Song Mei, which was closely related to the vigorous development of plum blossom culture since the Southern Song Dynasty. Yongmei's poems in Yuan Dynasty are the continuation of Yongmei's poems in Song Dynasty. There were more than 1900 poems by Yongmei in Yuan Dynasty, covering a wide range of subjects. Its main feature is the chorus of poetry among poets, and the emergence and prosperity of a large number of poems painted by Mei.

Yongmei's poems in Yuan Dynasty were developed on the basis of inheriting Yongmei's poems. Ideologically, what stands out is not only the prevalence of hermits, but also national integrity. In artistic expression, images outside the image, scenery outside the scene and symbolic techniques are often used. In poetry, plum blossom is not only a crop, a sustenance, but also a spirit.

An important aspect of Yongmei's poems in Yuan Dynasty is the prosperity of Yongmei's poems. Painting shows its beauty with the art of space, while poetry shows its beauty with time. Mei's poems with paintings are the combination of painting and poetry, and the combination of time art and space art. Besides expressing the general characteristics of poetry, the poems also contain their own unique aesthetic implications. Yongmei's poems originated in the Southern Dynasties and began to develop and prosper in the Song Dynasty. Most of Yongmei's poems in Song Dynasty reflect the characteristics of Yongmei's poems, that is, they can not only capture the description of the painting scene, but also germinate and pay attention to the blending of the scenes, which not only highlights the theme in the painting, but also praises the painter. But most of these poets are not painters, but only poems written by poets who participate in painting appreciation. The Yuan Dynasty was quite different from this. Many literati in Yuan Dynasty were both painters and poets, which is very helpful for us to understand the feelings expressed by painters when painting plums. The prosperity of poetry in Yuan Dynasty is largely reflected in the prosperity of Yongmei's poetry. Although many painters are keen on painting plums, they also leave Yongmei's masterpieces on scrolls.

With the gradual popularity of ink freehand brushwork in plum painting, people began to pursue elegant and simple style, and ink painting appeared. The so-called plum blossom is the plum blossom outlined with an ink pen. In the Yuan Dynasty, Mo Mei was highly praised by people. Many famous painters in Yuan Dynasty were Mo Mei painters. With the rise of Mo Mei painting, Mo Mei poetry became popular. According to statistics, there were nearly 300 poems about Mo Mei in Yuan Dynasty.

First look at Zhenwu's Two Poems of Mo Mei, which is called the first of the four masters of painting in Yuan Dynasty:

Charming Jiangnan wanmufei,

Don't come to see the spring festival several times.

I met the soul of Jingluo as usual,

But I hate purple dust staining plain clothes.

One or two sentences in the poem are about the vast south of the Yangtze River, where plum blossoms are in full bloom and spring returns to the earth. Wan Mufei compares plum blossom to a pure fairy princess. This is both a real pen and a virtual pen. In three or four sentences, I borrowed a poem from Lu Ji's "Gift to My Wife Gu Yanxian" in the Western Jin Dynasty: "I left home and traveled three thousand miles. Luo Jing is dusty, and plain clothes is turned into a scorpion. " Luo Jing, then the capital of Luoyang. Child dust refers to black dust, often referring to secular dirt. The poet imagined that Xian Fei was visiting Luo Jing from the south of the Yangtze River at this time, and there was so much dust in the capital that the white clothes they were wearing turned black. This is a virtual writing method. The white dress of the virtuous princess turns black, which truly shows the beautiful color of ink. In poetry, the combination of reality and fiction expands the connotation of poetry and the artistic conception of painting. From the last two sentences of the poem, we can also feel the poet's emotion: Beijing officialdom is dark, and I don't want to go along with it, but I want to stay away from my official career, experience the happiness of hermits and keep my simple heart.

Among the poems about Mo Mei, the most famous is Mo Mei written by Wang Mian, a painter and poet in Yuan Dynasty:

The tree by Xiyan Lake next to my home,

Flowers bloom and fade with ink marks.

Don't boast that the color is beautiful,

Just keep it fresh and full of Kun.

Wang Mian was a famous poet and painter in Yuan Dynasty. Mo Mei is an inscribed poem, written by the poet for the Mo Mei he painted. Poets praise Mo Mei and Dont Ask For Help, just to leave a fragrance of virtue to the world. In fact, he used Mei as a metaphor to express his life attitude and noble sentiment.

In the Qing Dynasty, Ai once said: "Song people painted plums, mostly thin and shallow. Zhiyuan cooked Shishan Nong (Wang Mian) at the beginning, with easy-to-use flowers and thousands of clusters, graceful and graceful, and the fetus was looming. Therefore, these flowers are unique. " ("Mo Xiang Ju Hua Zhi") This "Mo Mei Tu" is the masterpiece of many flowers. This picture shows plums hanging upside down, with dense branches and scattered back and forth. The branches are covered with dense plum blossoms, which are in bud, in full bloom or dotted with residual English. On the positive side, there are various things, such as thousands of jade beads scattered on silver branches. The white Jiehua and the iron hit each other, with fresh breath and deep plum blossom rhyme. The branches are depicted as a bow and an autumn moon, which is quite imposing. The distribution of plum blossoms is full of rhythm. Long branches are sparse, short branches are dense, transverse stamens are particularly rich, and petals are simple and free.

The first two sentences, "The first tree in Xiyan Lake, my home, leaves a faint ink mark", directly describe Mo Mei. In the painting, the plum trees by the pond are in full bloom, and the plum blossoms are stained with a faint ink color. "West Wild Goose Lake" is the allusion of Wang Xizhi's "middle school books in the pool, and the water in the pool is all black". The poet has the same surname as Wang Xizhi, a calligrapher in Jin Dynasty, so he said "my home".

Three or four sentences praise Mo Mei's moral integrity. It is painted in light ink, although its appearance is not exquisite, it has a beautiful, noble and dignified, secluded and detached inner temperament; It doesn't want to attract people, please people and get people's praise with bright colors. It just wants to send out a fragrance and let it stay between heaven and earth. These two sentences are the poet's self-portrayal. The poet was born in poverty, herding cattle during the day and studying hard under the ever-burning lamps of Buddhist temples at night. Finally, he learned a lot. He is good at poetry and painting, and he is versatile. However, he tried every time and didn't want to curry favor with the powerful, so he decided to be rich and famous, and lived in seclusion in Jiulishan, East Zhejiang, drawing rice for a living. The phrase "not praised by lewdness, but only for your breath" shows the poet's character of being vulgar, independent and not seeking fame.

This poem, titled Mo Mei, is intended to express one's ambition. Poets organically combine painting style, poetic style and personality, literally praising plum blossoms, but actually appreciating their own virtue of establishing a person. "Plum blossom painting must have plum blossom spirit, and people are as clear as plum blossoms." People praise Wang Mian like this. Wang Mian in reality, just like the plum blossom in his works, is unyielding and narcissistic. According to legend, because Wang Mian's paintings are particularly good, the local county magistrate and a powerful rich man are eager for his name, and several attempts to see him have been rejected. Finally, the county magistrate personally went to the countryside to see him. When he heard the news, he quickly hid, and the county magistrate was turned away. Therefore, the poem Mo Mei not only embodies the style of plum blossom he painted, but also embodies the poet's noble taste and indifferent mind to fame and fortune, and clearly shows his faithfulness and pure ethics without flattering the world.

Tao, a poet in Yuan Dynasty, also wrote a poem "Painting Ink Eyebrows":

Chu Shi's home is in the lonely Moon Mountain.

The lake is cold and saturated with jade.

Like a vertical and horizontal pen,

Iron coils form flowers.

Tao, whose real name is Nancun, is a famous historian and writer in the history of China. His works include "Dropping out of Farming" and "Nancun Poetry". He also compiled 65,438+000 volumes of Said Lan, which is an important large-scale series compiled for private individuals.

This painting poem eulogizes the heroic spirit of plum blossom who is not afraid of the cold.

The first two sentences of the poem, "Chu Shi's home is a lonely mountain with a bright moon, and the lake is cold and soaked with jade liquid", are borrowed from the poem "The shadow is shallow, and the moonlight is fragrant" written by Lin Bu, a recluse poet in the Northern Song Dynasty, to praise the beautiful image of Mo Mei. The poet described the plum blossom in the painting as belonging to the lonely mountain of Lin Bu, Chu Shi. Under the bright moon, plum blossoms are reflected in the lake, soaked by cold water, and the jade branches are oblique, which looks elegant.

The last two sentences, "It seems that the strokes of seal script are vertical and horizontal, and the iron ring is a flower", are the association of the poet's seeing the image of Mo Mei, saying that this Mo Mei was painted by the painter with the brush strokes of seal script and seal script, and the strokes were quite round, and the plum blossoms were painted one by one, just like being circled by wire. It not only praised the painter's superb pen-lifting skills, but also highlighted the heroic spirit of Meihua who was not afraid of the cold. Imagination is novel and enriches the artistic conception of poetry.

Then look at the "Mo Mei Juan" entitled Zhang;

At dusk, the snow is dark,

Who knows the old jade princess in Jiangnan?

Only play the flute on the river at night,

The dream is still remembered, and the moon blows.

Julia can't live in seclusion all his life. He likes to live in seclusion in Shandong Jiaolou City. Images such as "dusk", "snow", "flute on the river" and "dream soul" in the poem make the whole poem feel lonely.

Besides poems about Mei Mei's paintings, there are many other poems about Mei's paintings. Such as Huang Geng's "Title Li Lanxi Plum Blossom Song":

Lonely and different,

Ken Mei Dongjun is a good man.

Su Wuxue, a bitter life,

Lofty and lofty.

Qiong Yao should shine on the tree later,

Iron and stone packaging is resistant to winter.

Look at the flowers and make frost several times,

There is a horn in the heartbroken.

Huang Geng, born in Tiantai Mountain, was a poet in the late Song Dynasty and early Yuan Dynasty. At the beginning of the yuan dynasty, "if the subjects are not good, they have to get rid of their homes, indulge in wildness and make a life of unrestrained poetry." He made a living by touring and giving lectures, and visited Wang He and Ren Yueshan's home for a long time. In his later years, he edited a collection of poems, Moon Palace Man Draft.

The poem's first couplet comes straight to the point, saying that plum blossoms are different, unattractive and enchanting. Zhuan Xu used the allusions of Su Wu and Boyi, and Su Wu was a cold shepherd and a representative of loyal ministers' chastity. Boyi, who regards wealth as dirt, would rather starve to death than eat Zhou Su. He is the representative of a noble and finally ancient country. The neck knot shows that the living environment of plum blossom is hard, but it is not cold. William said that the place where he looked at the flowers turned out to be a battle. The poet encourages himself to be a faithful and loyal person, and at the same time, he is inevitably homesick.

This kind of Yongmei's poems followed the tradition of the Song Dynasty, using plum blossom as a metaphor for beauty and beauty, highlighting "Meg" and expressing feelings. The innovation is that some of them use the image of depressing the environment, which makes the atmosphere darker and shows profound national consciousness. This is related to the dynasty.

Look at Wang Mian's bridled eyebrows;

In the snow forest,

Different peaches and plums are mixed with fragrant dust.

Suddenly, it smells good all night,

Scattered like withered Kun Wan Li Spring.

This poem eulogizes Bai Mei's noble character. She grew up in a snowy winter, proudly open, not to be confused with peaches, plums and flowers. Suddenly, one night in bloom, the fragrance spread all over the world. Poets are not only chanting things, but also singing people's spiritual character.

This is also a work to express one's will by holding things. By virtue of the noble plum blossom, the poet expressed his lofty ambition of sticking to his own sentiment and not colluding with the secular world. In the poem, the ordinary peaches and plums are compared with Bai Mei in the snowy forest, thus setting off the elegance and agility of plum blossoms.

Look at Qian Xuan painting red berries;

Princess Yu Zhen in the Crystal Palace,

After the banquet, Yao goes back to Taiwan Province every month.

Walk to Chicheng before dawn,

Leng Xia flies to the Green Pearl.

Qian Xuan, the word sequence, the number Yutan, Ruochuan Weng, Xi Meng Weng. Good at drawing figures, landscapes, flowers and birds. At the beginning of the Yuan Dynasty, Zhao Mengfu and others were called "eight handsome men in Xing Wu". His paintings are filled with the brushwork and interest of literati paintings, showing a kind of boring and self-contained After the demise of the Southern Song Dynasty, his good friend Zhao Mengfu and others were recruited as officials in the Yuan Dynasty. The unique Qian Xuan refused to be an official in the Yuan Dynasty and even burned all the classics he had studied for many years. I wish to "draw a picture at once regardless of the rise and fall of the Six Dynasties". Qian Xuan is knowledgeable and has a collection of poems and essays, Xi Lazy Zhai Draft.

This poem compares plum blossom to a fairy in the crystal palace. She came back by moonlight after attending a banquet in Yaotai. It was not dawn when I flew to Chicheng, and the cold morning glow flew to the green pearl coat. The poet's imagination is strange, and the gesture of red plum dancing in the wind is wonderful and ingenious.

The Yuan Dynasty was ruled by Mongols and pursued the policy of ethnic discrimination. At the end of the Song Dynasty and the beginning of the Yuan Dynasty, a large number of adherents adhered to national integrity and adopted an attitude of not cooperating with the Yuan government. As a representative of recluse image, Mei is used by many poets to express their feelings.

Let's look at Lin Jingxi's "Fisherman Watching Plum" at the end of Song Dynasty and the beginning of Yuan Dynasty.

Leng Yun desert hedge shadow,

Smart moss branches grow in the bamboo forest.

Shadows fall on the Rockies and snow fishing,

Spring irrigation smells like old tiles.

Some letters were sent by water,

Only Xu knows the truth.

Looking back at the West Lake beyond a thousand trees,

Looking for a boat in a lonely dream.

Lin Jingxi was a patriotic poet in the late Southern Song Dynasty. He has served as a professor in Quanzhou, a cabinet of the Ministry of Rites and a senior politician. After Song died, he became an official and lived in seclusion in Baishi Lane, Pingyang County. Lin Jingxi and others risked their lives to pick up the bones of the emperor and bury them near Lanting. When I was a student, I taught, worked and roamed Jiangsu and Zhejiang. He was the most representative writer with outstanding poetic achievements in the Song and Yuan Dynasties, and his works were compiled as Ji Shan Ji.

The first couplet is about plum blossoms guarding the shade of hedgerows in the desert of Leng Yun, and their branches with buds protrude smartly from the bamboo forest. Zhuan Xu wrote that Meiying landed on a cold rock and was fished out with the snow. The fragrance floats on the fisherman's tiles, bringing the message of spring. Plum blossom hanging around the neck wants to send the message of spring by waterway post, but only Sha Ou knows the wish of plum blossom. Here, the poet, as a survivor of the Southern Song Dynasty, is implicitly expressed, and his noble sentiments are not understood. Poets in couplets miss life in the Song Dynasty, the gap between the past and reality, and express their loneliness.

Look at Dai Biaoyuan's "Ci Ji Shan Gui Tomorrow Xu Yin Zhou Shu Thanks for Writing Poems with Feed";

White hair, green hills and twenty autumn,

Who can swim in the mirror?

Branches and leaves are surrounded by broken houses,

Plum blossoms shine all the way home.

Dai was a writer in the early Yuan Dynasty, with a handsome character, Zeng Bo, and another name. Song Xianchun entered imperial academy, later became a scholar, taught Jianning House, moved to Lin 'an, was recommended by Yuan Chengzong Dade to go to the DPRK, and then transferred to Wuzhou, where he made harsh remarks. After that, he was repeatedly recommended, lived in seclusion for life, and was knowledgeable. His articles are more important than those of his contemporaries, and he also studies poetry. Some poems reflect the sufferings of people's livelihood and express his yearning for his motherland. When the Southern Song Dynasty perished, Dai was thirty-two years old, and in his later years, he reluctantly accepted the teaching position of the Mengyuan regime at the age of nearly sixty. It can be seen that he has been paying attention to the Southern Song Dynasty, and this homesickness is also common in his poems.

This poem was written by the poet to thank his friends after he left Lushan for home. The poet said that he lived in seclusion in the mountains for twenty years and his hair turned white. Who can visit a mirror-like stream like himself? There are many branches and leaves around my broken house, which is very quiet. Meihua accompanied me all the way home alone. At the end of the sentence, it implies that your heart is as noble as plum blossom, which shows the joy of seclusion. The poem also vaguely reveals the sigh of fleeting youth.