The history of peony flowers

Peony is a deciduous subshrub of Paeonia in Paeoniaceae.

It ranks first among the top ten traditional famous flowers and is known as the "Flower King".

"Peony Pin Guan Fang Qun, the situation is king.

Four colors become Baise, and all colors are fragrant.

Peony is elegant, dignified and beautiful, which accords with people's longing for beauty and wealth and for peace and harmony. It is a symbol of China's prosperity, good luck and prosperity.

Its color, posture, fragrance and rhyme are all good.

Flowers are blooming, colorful, varied and fragrant.

After coloratura, it is still magnificent and elegant.

Leaves fall in winter, and the branches are more strange. Cang Sang is tall and straight, and his bones jingle.

1, peony cultivation history 1. 1 From the wild to the introduction and cultivation stage, peony and Paeonia lactiflora belong to Paeoniaceae, and their flower shapes are similar, but the former is woody and the latter is herbaceous.

In the ancient books before the Qin Dynasty, only peonies were recorded, but no peonies were recorded.

People first knew peony because of its medicinal value.

1972, in the medical bamboo slips of the early Eastern Han Dynasty unearthed in Baishu Township, Wuwei City, Gansu Province, peony was used to treat "blood stasis", which is the earliest written record of peony in the existing data.

The name of peony comes from Compendium of Materia Medica in the Ming Dynasty: Although peony bears seeds and stems grow on its roots, it is called' wood' (that is, branching propagation), and its name is added as' Dan'.

Peony alias is also called: Woody Peony, Fuguihua, Lu Jiu, Rat Ancient, White Lotus Brocade and Tang Lion. According to Yu Renben's Biography of Women in Gu Hutou in Song Dynasty, there are pictures depicting woody peony planted in the courtyard. Gu Hutou lived in Gu Kaizhi (344 ~ 405), so it can be seen that the ornamental cultivation of peony began about 1600 years ago.

1.2 During the gradual development period, many peony varieties such as Feilaihong, Tianwaihong, Feng Yihuang and Jifengjiao appeared in the Sui Dynasty and were planted in the imperial garden. This is the beginning of China Peony's journey from the countryside to the city and from the folk to the palace. From then on, Peony began its "rich journey".

Great progress has been made in the cultivation techniques of peony in Tang Dynasty. At the same time, peony has at least five colors of crimson, deep purple, pink, white and yellow, and there are also double petals. The court in the Tang Dynasty was also very particular about peony flower arrangement, and had strict requirements on decorative environment, cutting, containers and several shelves.

While enjoying the peony flower arrangement, we should also paint, play music, drink and write poems. The rapid development of peony in the Tang Dynasty and people's enthusiasm for peony in Chang 'an, the capital of China, are closely related to the political, economic and cultural development in the Tang Dynasty.

The enthusiasm of life sentiment makes Chang 'an people like all warm things.

The national color, elegance and luxury of peony catered to people's mentality in the prosperous Tang Dynasty.

At the same time, emperors and literati of past dynasties took the lead in loving peony, forming a profound peony cultural atmosphere, and constantly set off a wave of peony viewing and singing.

Peony flourished in Chang 'an, the capital of the Tang Dynasty.

Gradually spread to other places, first of all, Luoyang peony developed, Chang 'an peony also went south to Hangzhou, and peony was also cultivated in Mudanjiang, outer Manchuria.

During the period of 1.3, the peony in Song Dynasty entered a glorious stage in history, especially the treasure of peony, which was no less than that in Tang Dynasty. Luoyang became the national peony cultivation center in the Northern Song Dynasty, and the peony in Tian Peng (now Pengzhou City, Sichuan Province) was famous in the Southern Song Dynasty.

At that time, people were already familiar with the habits of peony, and the cultivation techniques reached an unprecedented level.

The planting scale has expanded, and peony gardens have appeared, forming a huge flower market and flower market.

The preservation technology of peony cut flowers has also been further improved.

Seal the cut of the flower branches with wax, and then fill the bamboo cage with vegetable leaves to avoid bumping during transportation. The flowers can be kept fresh for several days.

During this period, many peony growers use natural variation (bud change, branch change) and natural hybridization to select new varieties.

Grafting technology began to appear at this time and was paid attention to.

People use wild peony or seedlings as rootstocks for ramet propagation.

Grafting technology was the most advanced gardening technology in the world at that time. Eighty years after Ouyang Xiu wrote a summary of peony grafting technology, when robert fortune, an Englishman, came to China to collect precious plant resources in 1845, he brought back the root grafting technology of peony in the Southern Song Dynasty for the first time, which solved the problem of poor growth of peony introduced from Britain and provided a technical basis for the development of peony in Europe.

In the Song Dynasty, people not only inherited the tradition of Tang people's love for peony, but also began to write articles to systematically summarize peony planting experience.

In 986, the monk Zhong Xiu wrote "Yue Zhong Peony Flower" for peony, which is now incomplete.

In 0034, Ouyang Xiu wrote The Peony in Luoyang, which is the earliest peony monograph in the world. He not only systematically introduced the grand occasion of planting, loving and enjoying flowers, but also described the breeding methods and flower evolution trend of peony quite professionally, especially summarized the sowing and breeding methods of new varieties in detail.

In the Yuan Dynasty, peony fell into a temporary low tide with Chinese civilization.

Peony developed greatly in the whole country in the Ming Dynasty, and its cultivation center was transferred to Bozhou, Cao Zhou and Beijing. Around Taihu Lake in the south of the Yangtze River, Lanzhou and Linxia in the northwest have also prospered.

Peony has made great progress in private houses and farmhouses.

According to the historical records of Bozhou peony, the horticultural varieties have increased to more than 340, and the colors such as yellow, white, pink, red, purple, black, blue and green are basically complete.

Due to the demand of palace flowers, peony flower-urging technology has also been further developed.

Peony declined in Bozhou at the end of Ming Dynasty.

In the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, Cao Zhou (now Heze) replaced Bozhou as the peony cultivation center. Up to now, Heze is still the peony production base of the whole country and even the whole world, with the reputation of "Cao Zhou Peony is the best in the world". Because flower farmers all over the country plant peony and peony in large quantities, Cao Zhou takes flower planting as its industry, just like "Cao Zhou gardeners grow flowers, such as millet, in hectares."

Twenty miles to the east, the lid and the cup are connected together.

"(Yu" Peony Spectrum "), this is also the first book to comprehensively introduce Heze peony. Later, Zhao's original work and Zhao's new work "Peony Spectrum in Muliyuan" recorded 240 varieties of peony. According to Wang Wende, a doyen of floral art in the Qing Dynasty, the highest cultivated area in the history of Cao Zhou reached 33.3hm2, with more than 300 varieties.

Peony has been planted on a large scale in Cao Zhou and has become a commodity.

Peony in Cao Zhou is concentrated in the northeast of the city, where peony gardens are all over the city, and most of them were built in the Ming Dynasty. Famous gardens include Muli Garden, Qibu Garden and Rain Garden.

In the Qing Dynasty, people loved peony even more, and rewarding "rich flowers" in winter became a fixed system in the court, so the method of "changing flowers to promote flowers" was often adopted without embellishment. In order to make a profit, Heze flower farmers travel from Qingdao to Guangzhou every autumn and winter, urging flowers to be sold locally. Up to now, Heze people still go to Guangzhou, Beijing, Shanghai, Chongqing and other large and medium-sized cities every year to urge flowers to spend the winter, and continue to explore and improve.

1.4 All-round development in the new era

After liberation, especially after the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee, Heze Peony has obtained an unprecedented development variety 1 156, with a planting area of more than 80,000 mu, a standardized seedling base of 200 mu, 65,438 professional growers and 35,000 employees. The flower-based friendship was successfully held 17.

Especially in recent years, the demand for peony has expanded, and the demand exceeds the supply, with an annual export of one million plants.

In terms of peony resources, pure yellow, pure ink, pure red and other varieties were introduced from Japan, the United States and Han countries for directional pollination hybridization experiments, resulting in their own excellent varieties.

Since 1978, Heze has held flower shows in major cities.

1978 1 Macau: China Peony Flower Show, with an audience of 400,000, can be called "the first time in 400 years".

1992 won the silver prize in Bordeaux International Flower Expo.

In the 1 1 medals of the 99 Kunming World Expo, 8 1 medals ranked first.

In 2002, he participated in the first national winter peony flower promotion competition held in Chencun, Guangzhou. Nearly 100 varieties participated in the competition, winning 5 gold medals, 26 silver medals and 35 bronze medals, which caused great repercussions in the peony industry. In the spring of 2003, more than 600 pots of peony were exhibited in the Sun Dong 'an market in Beijing, among which more than 20 varieties were well received by Beijing residents and made impressive achievements in various flower exhibitions.