How did Chinese Pinyin come from?

China didn't have pinyin letters at that time, so we used the method of orthography or anti-tangent of pinyin Chinese characters.

Direct pronunciation means using homophones to express the pronunciation of Chinese characters.

Backcutting refers to using two Chinese characters to mark another Chinese character and using two Chinese characters to mark the pronunciation of a Chinese character. It is a traditional phonetic notation method and an analysis of the phonetic structure of ancient Chinese characters in China. The first word is a reverse-cut upper word, indicating the initial consonant of the cut word; The second word is a backslash, which means vowel and pronunciation.

China people's own pinyin movement began with the movement of character segmentation in the late Qing Dynasty.

After the Opium War, some patriotic intellectuals put forward the idea of saving the country through education. Liang Qichao, Shen Xue, Lu and Wang Zhao all unanimously pointed out that the difficulty of Chinese characters is the reason why education cannot be popularized, so they launched a "phonetic notation movement".

The phonetic symbol schemes put forward in the phonetic symbol movement are varied and dazzling, which can be roughly summarized into three systems:

(1) Kana system: Imitate Japanese kana and use Chinese radical as phonetic symbol. 1892 The New Phonetic Characters of China proposed in Lu Taizhang's At a Glance, and the Phonetic Characters of Mandarin written by 190 1 Wang Zhao all belong to pseudonyms.

(2) shorthand system: shorthand symbols are used as pinyin symbols. The schemes proposed in Cai Xiyong's Zhuyin Kuaizi, Shen Xue's Vowel in the Prosperous Age and Wang Pinyin's Zipu published by 1896 to 1897 all belong to the shorthand system.

③ Latin system: Latin letters are used as phonetic symbols. Zhu's Jiangsu New Alphabet 1906, Liu Mengyang's China Phonetic Alphabet 1908, Jiang's Tongzi, and Huang's Latin Hypothesis 1909 all belong to Latin school.

19 13 February, a unified pronunciation conference was held in Beijing. The main task of the meeting is to "examine and approve the national pronunciation of all characters" and "select letters". The meeting lasted more than three months. At this meeting, the pronunciations of 6,500 Chinese characters were examined and approved, and the "national standard pronunciations" were determined by voting of provincial representatives. A set of 39-character phonetic symbols has been developed. This alphabet uses Chinese strokes, the letters are selected from ancient Chinese characters, and the syllables adopt the triple spelling system of initials, finals and tones. The reverse spelling of double spelling is improved, and its purpose is only to mark the pronunciation of Chinese characters, not to be used as pinyin characters. This set of phonetic symbols was later reduced to 37 (initials 12, finals 13, intermediary 3), which is almost half of the letters in the double phonetic notation scheme.

After the phonetic symbol was passed, it was shelved for five years before it was officially announced by the Ministry of Education of Beiyang Government on 19 18. During 1920, "Putonghua Workshop" and "Summer Putonghua Workshop" were set up all over the country to promote pinyin letters. Classical Chinese classes in primary schools all over the country have been changed to vernacular Chinese classes, and primary school textbooks have used phonetic symbols to annotate Chinese new words. From 1920 to 1958, phonetic symbols have been used in China for nearly 40 years. This has played a great role in unifying the pronunciation of Chinese characters, popularizing Putonghua and popularizing pinyin knowledge. 1930, some senior officials thought that the name of "phonetic symbol" was not pleasant to listen to, and changed it to "phonetic symbol" to emphasize the characters that are not juxtaposed with Chinese characters.

1949 after the establishment of People's Republic of China (PRC), the pinyin scheme developed immediately. 1949 10 established a non-governmental organization "China Character Reform Association", and the association established a "Pinyin Scheme Research Committee" to discuss what letters to use in the Pinyin Scheme.

195510 June 15, the National Conference on Character Reform was held in Beijing. Ye Laishi said in his speech: "During the period from 1952 to 1954, the China Chinese Character Reform Research Committee mainly studied the stroke pinyin scheme of Chinese characters. After three years' exploration, several drafts were put in the first draft of "Chinese Pinyin Scheme (Chinese Character Stroke Pinyin Scheme)". At this meeting, six draft pinyin schemes were distributed to the delegates, four of which are Chinese strokes, one is Latin alphabet and the other is Slavic alphabet. After the meeting, Wu Xianghui, then director of the Language and Character Reform Committee of China, reported that it was difficult to get a satisfactory design for the ethnic form scheme after three years, so it was better to use Latin letters. Mao Zedong agreed to adopt the Latin alphabet, which was adopted at the Central Conference.

1955 10 the State Council established the "Chinese Pinyin Scheme Examination Committee". After a year's work, 1957 10 put forward the revised draft, which was adopted as a new one at the 60th plenary meeting in the State Council. On February 1958, 1 1, the Fifth Session of the First National People's Congress officially approved the Chinese Pinyin Scheme. Since the autumn of 1958, the scheme of Chinese Pinyin has entered the primary school classroom in China as a compulsory course for primary school students. "Chinese Pinyin Scheme" is a set of pinyin letters and spelling methods to standardize the spelling of Putonghua, and it is the legal pinyin scheme in People's Republic of China (PRC).