All literary schools?

Literary genres can be roughly divided into four categories: poetry, prose, novel and drama. The general inspection is very clear. I won't answer other rare questions. In modern reading, novels and essays are the most common, and poetry generally has a separate theme. Drama is generally beyond the grasp of middle school students. So are other styles. Your teacher should also talk about it.

Specifically:

I. Prose

1. Ancient prose is a concept opposite to verse, as opposed to words such as narration, explanation, reasoning, development, preface and postscript, and letters. All belong to the category of prose.

2. Modern prose refers to a literary genre juxtaposed with poetry, novel and drama. Refers to those literary works that express the author's thoughts and feelings on the basis of writing real things.

3. According to the different ways of expression, prose can be divided into narrative (mainly describing characters with lyrical elements), lyrical prose (mainly expressing the author's feelings) and argumentative essay (mainly reasoning).

4. The important feature of prose is that "the form is scattered and the spirit is not scattered". "Form and dispersion" mainly refers to extensive materials and rich associations, which are not limited by time and space; "God will not leave" mainly means that the theme of expression must be clear and focused.

Liu Xiqing's Appreciation of China's Modern and Contemporary Prose, the third volume of high school Chinese textbook.

The article points out that the main features of prose are: (1) centering on "I", (2) expressing "emptiness" because of "reality", (3) seeing the big from the small, and (4) writing with feelings.

5. The commonly used artistic techniques in prose are: scene expression, that is, scene expression (such as Zhu Ziqing's Moonlight on the Lotus Pond), object expression (such as Lu Xun's Memorial Forgetting), object expression and object expression (such as Ba Jin's Lamp).

Second, novels.

1. Novel is a literary genre that focuses on portraying characters and reflects social life through complete stories and environmental descriptions.

2. The three elements of the novel are the characters, the plot and the environment.

The plot of a novel generally includes four parts: beginning, development, climax and ending, and some have prologue and ending.

4. Environment includes social environment and natural environment. The social environment mainly explains the background of the times in which the characters live; The natural environment is mainly to explain the time, place and scene of the characters' activities, or to set off the atmosphere, express the feelings of the characters, or to promote the development of the characters' plots.

According to different standards, novels can be divided into different categories.

6. According to the length and capacity, it is divided into novels, novelettes, short stories and mini-novels (short stories).

7. According to the content, it is divided into historical novels, modern novels, science fiction novels, case-solving novels, martial arts novels, romance novels and legendary novels.

8. According to the writing system, it is divided into chapter novels, diaries, epistolary styles and autobiographies.

9. According to the language form, it can be divided into classical Chinese novels and vernacular novels.

10. China's ancient novels started from myths and legends, and in the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, there appeared novels with eccentric personalities. But novels at this time are not creative because they are "records", that is, collecting records, so people often classify them with history. After the Tang Dynasty, legendary novels appeared, such as Liu Yichuan. In the Song Dynasty, story books appeared, which were the basic books used by storytellers. In the Ming dynasty, some people also wrote plays, which were called parody books. After being processed by literati, story books have become story books and romance novels, such as The Story of the Warning, The Romance of the Three Kingdoms, The Water Margin and The Journey to the West. Among them, novels are basically chapters. After this development, the independent creation of literati appeared, such as Jin Ping Mei in Ming Dynasty. A Dream of Red Mansions in Qing Dynasty carried forward this tradition and made China's ancient novels reach a brilliant climax.

1 1. The development stages of China's ancient novels are: (1) fables (pre-Qin and Han dynasties), such as "Seizing the Sea by Jingwei" and "Kuafu Chasing the Sun". (2) Notebook novels (Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties), such as Gan Bao's "Searching for the Gods" (also known as Talented Tales of Wonders). (3) Legends (Tang Dynasty), such as Li's Liu Yichuan. (4) Wu Ding (Song Dynasty), such as Li Cuilian's On the Tip of the Tongue. (5) Storytelling books (Ming Dynasty), such as Du Shiniang's "Angry Box". (6) Zhang Hui's novels (Ming and Qing Dynasties), such as A Dream of Red Mansions.

Third, drama.

1. Drama is a comprehensive stage art, and the drama in this paper is actually a script and a literary genre.

2. Drama language includes character language (lines) and stage description. Stage description is descriptive words written at the beginning and end of each scene of the script and in the middle of the dialogue, including a list of people, time, place, costumes, props, scenery, expressions, actions and performances. It has many functions, such as enhancing the stage atmosphere, setting off the characters' emotions, showing the characters' personalities and promoting the development of the plot.

3. According to different standards, drama can be divided into different categories according to artistic forms and expressive techniques: (1) drama, opera and ballet. (2) According to the complexity and structure of the plot, it is divided into one-act drama and whole drama. (3) The times reflected by the theme are divided into historical dramas (such as Qu Yuan) and modern dramas (such as Yuan Dynasty). (5) According to the nature of contradiction and conflict, it can be divided into tragedy, comedy and drama.

4. China ancient operas mainly refer to Yuan Zaju and Ming and Qing legends. Zaju in Yuan Dynasty is a traditional opera art form which integrates singing, guest singing, dancing and acting on the basis of the previous generation of traditional opera art and singing literature. Its appearance indicates that China opera art has entered a mature stage. Guan Hanqing's Dou Eyuan and Wang Shifu's The West Chamber represent the highest achievements of Yuan Zaju. Generally, Yuan Zaju is 60% off each book (or 50% off or 60% off), and a "wedge" is added when necessary. Each fold is composed of several tunes in the same palace tune (see the figure below 1 1). Zaju can be divided into Dan (the lead singer of the heroine) and the last one (the lead singer of the hero). For example, Yuan is Dan. The script of Yuan Zaju is composed of "Ke", "Singing" and "Bai", in which "Ke" is the regulation of main movements, expressions and stage effects. "Singing" is the lyrics; "White" is the guest white, which can be divided into dialogue (dialogue between characters), monologue (self-narration of characters), narration (self-narration behind other characters) and white dyeing (interruption in lyrics). The main roles of Yuan Zaju are: Dan (female role), the heroine is called, and the supporting roles are vice Dan, foreign Dan and so on. End (male role), the leading role is called the end, and the supporting role is the deputy end, the outer end and the small end. Outer (outer end), pretending to be an elderly person; Screen name, commonly known as big face, plays more roles with special personality and appearance (such as Zhang Fei and Li Kui JY); Ugliness, commonly known as small face, mostly plays a secondary role in men; Bo er who plays an old woman.

5. The Ming Dynasty is another prosperous period in the history of China ancient operas after the Yuan Dynasty. Legend is the main opera style in Ming Dynasty, which lasted until Qing Dynasty. His representative works include The Peony Pavilion by Tang Xianzu, The Palace of Eternal Life by Hong Sheng and Peach Blossom Fan by Kong.

6. China's modern and contemporary drama mainly refers to drama, which was developed under the influence of foreign drama after the May 4th Movement, and reached its climax in the 1930s and 40s, when such excellent works as Thunderstorm appeared. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, drama creation further flourished, and works such as Teahouse appeared.

7. Foreign dramas have a long history, the earliest being ancient Greek dramas. By the Renaissance and the19th century, European drama creation reached its climax, and many world-famous playwrights appeared, such as Shakespeare and Ibsen.

Fourth, poetry.

1. Poetry is a literary genre. It requires highly concise language and vivid expression of the author's rich thoughts and feelings, concentrated reflection of social life, and a certain rhythm.

2. The characteristics of poetry:

(1) Poetry content is the most concentrated reflection of social life, with images as the carrier of objective social life and the poet's thoughts and feelings;

(2) The poetic language is characterized by conciseness, image, harmonious tone and distinct rhythm;

(3) The form of poetry is not based on sentences, but on behavior, and its branches are mainly based on rhythm, not meaning.

3. The classification of poetry:

(1) Poetry can be divided into two parts: classical poetry (old-style poetry) and modern poetry.

(2) There are several different forms of classical poetry, such as ancient poetry (ancient poetry and ancient style), modern poetry (modern poetry), ci (also known as "poetry", "long and short sentences", "lyrics", "lyrics" and so on.

(3) Classical poetry is an ancient free poem with free form, unlimited length, infinitive (referring to miscellaneous words), no antithesis, free rhyme and so on. It often includes four-character ancient poems (first appeared in the Book of Songs), five-character ancient poems (matured in the Han Dynasty, such as Nineteen Ancient Poems), seven-character ancient poems (matured in the Tang Dynasty, such as Song of Eternal Sorrow) and Yuefu poems (some titles have songs, lines, quotations, songs, songs, songs).

(4) Modern poetry is a classical metrical poem with definite sentences, words, sounds and rhymes. Generally speaking, it has two forms of quatrains, namely, five-character quatrains and seven-character quatrains, as well as various forms of metrical poems, such as seven-character metrical poems, five-character metrical poems and parallel sentences.

(5) The difference between regular poems and quatrains mainly lies in the number of sentences. There are only four quatrains, which can be typed or not. There are * * * eight metrical poems, one or two of which are head couplets, three or four are parallel couplets, five or six are neck couplets, and seven or eight are tail couplets; The first couplet and the last couplet can be couplet, but they can't be couplet, and the couplet and the neck couplet must be couplet; No matter whether it is a metrical poem or a quatrain, there are requirements for leveling. Rhymes of more than eight sentences are excluded.

(6) Classical poetry and modern poetry are divided from the perspective of poetic rhythm. The main difference between the two is that classical poetry mostly refers to poems before the Tang Dynasty, while modern poetry refers to a metrical form that began to form at the beginning of the Tang Dynasty, with strict regulations on the number of words, rhyme and antithesis.

(7) Yuefu, originally the official name in charge of music when Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, later became the name of poetic style. Music songs collected and created by Yuefu officials in the Han, Wei, Southern and Northern Dynasties are called Yuefu for short. Xinle House was founded in the early Tang Dynasty. In the early Tang Dynasty, poets wrote Yuefu poems, except following the old poems of Yuefu in the Han, Wei and Six Dynasties, a few poets created new poems, which were different from the original rhyme, so they were called new Yuefu, and the name of the new Yuefu was determined by Bai Juyi.

(9) According to the number of words, there are three word forms: Xiaoling (within 58 words), Zhongdiao (within 59-90 words) and Longdiao (above 9 1 word). The tone of the word is fixed, the sentence is fixed, the word is fixed, and the rhyme is positioned.

(10) Qu has two forms: Sanqu and Zaju. Sanqu has two forms: poem (short tune) and divertimento (also called divertimento).

(1 1) There is a strict difference between the title and the epigraph. The title of a word is the embodiment of its content, and the epigraph is the name of a tune of the word. Such as "Niannujiao? In Nostalgia at Red Cliff, Niannujiao is a epigraph and Nostalgia at Red Cliff is the title of the word, which shows that the word is a word and its position is "Red Cliff". A word must have a epigraph, but not necessarily a title. A word or a paragraph of a word is called "Yi", which means the end of music.

(12) Bold school and graceful school are two schools in Song Dynasty. Bold works are bold and unconstrained, full of lofty sentiments and ambitions, giving people a positive force. The representative poets are mainly Su Shi and Xin Qiji. Graceful and restrained works have beautiful and subtle language, lingering feelings, relaxed and lively artistic conception, deep parting sorrow or bitterness, fine carving and narrow subject matter. They often write about personal experiences, love between men and women, and occasionally write about the scenery, blending their feelings into the scenery. Representative poets are Liu Yong, Qin Guan and Li Qingzhao.

Sanqu (13) is a musical performance in Song and Yuan Dynasties, which was degenerated from ci. Style is similar to writing but freer than writing, so you can add lines to the number of words. Use spoken English more. Sanqu includes two forms: poems and sets of numbers. There is only one tone in the poem, such as Yuediao? Tianjingsha? Qiu Si has only one song, Clear Sand. The number of sets is to combine multiple tunes in one tune into one set, which is a coherent set of tunes in traditional Chinese opera or Sanqu. The number of a set of songs is uncertain, ranging from two to more. Each set of numbers takes the name of the first song as the name of the whole set of songs; The whole song must be the same palace tune, with a beginning and an end, and the end rhymes; Use "sand" at the end, and there is no rule on how many times to use it. As involved in the song? Whistle? "The Return of Gaozu" contains eight songs belonging to Gongdiao. "Shaobian" is the name of the first song and the whole song.

(14) Qupai, like epigraph, is the music score of Qupai. Different qupai are often different in word number, level tone and rhyme. For example, Rolling Hydrangea, Boring Preface, Happy Three, Sifangjing, Chao, Man and Five Shames in Farewell Pavilion are all Qupai. Each qupai must belong to a palace tune in rhyme; Some have several tunes under a palace tune; Gongdiao is a musical term, indicating the high and low voice. For example, Gong Zheng's Farewell to Changting is a kind of Gongdiao.

(15) Modern poetry can be divided into new poetry and poetry that reflects modern life and thoughts and feelings in the form of old-style poetry (such as Mao Zedong's "Qinyuan Chunchangsha"). New poetry refers to free poems written in vernacular Chinese advocated by the New Culture Movement around the May 4th Movement, such as Farewell to Cambridge and I Love This Land. Metric poems written in classical Chinese are called old-style poems, such as Mao Zedong's "Qinyuanchunchangsha, Chen Yi's meiling three chapters". They are all modern poems.

(16) New poetry is divided into folk songs (ballads) created by the masses and literati poems according to their sources.

(17) Xintianyou, also known as Shuntianyou, is a folk song form in northern Shaanxi, which is characterized by: free and flexible form; Two sentences and one paragraph can be rhymed or rhymed to the end; Multi-purpose comparison technology; The sentence is mainly seven words, flexible and changeable. For example, Li Ji's Wang Gui and Li Xiangxiang.

Five, other ancient literary genres

1? Fu. It is a style that emphasizes literary talent and rhythm and has the nature of poetry and prose. Its main characteristics are: "spreading articles, writing things and writing ambitions", focusing on writing scenery and expressing feelings with scenery. The one that first appeared in hundred schools of thought's essays is called "short fu"; The "Sao Style" represented by Qu Yuan is the transition from poetry to fu, and the fu at this time is called "Sao Fu"; The style of Fu was formally established in the Han Dynasty, which is called "Ci Fu". After Wei and Jin Dynasties, it developed in the direction of parallel prose, which was called "parallel prose". In the Tang dynasty, another parallel body was transferred to the legal body, which was called "fa fu"; Fu written in prose from Tang Dynasty to Song Dynasty is called "Wen Fu", such as "Afanggong Fu" written by Du Mu.

2? Parallel prose originated in Han and Wei Dynasties, formed in the Southern and Northern Dynasties and prevailed in Sui and Tang Dynasties. It is composed of four characters and six characters alternately, which is also called "Si Liu Wen". Parallel prose is often influenced by accommodating sentence patterns and piling up words. After Han and Liu advocated the ancient prose movement in Tang Dynasty, parallel prose gradually declined.

3? Debate. Debate is to distinguish right from wrong, not true and false. Its characteristic is to express his views by refuting wrong arguments or discriminating certain facts, such as Liu Zongyuan's debate on Dong Ye's Brothers Feng.

4? Original. Originally, it means to study the origin, which is an ancient argumentative style. This style is a fundamental investigation and discussion of a certain theory, proposition, political system or social custom, and thus puts forward his own views, such as Yuan Jun by Huang Zongxi.

5? Open. Theory is a prose style. "Selected Works of Zhaoming" said: "There are two kinds of theories. One is the theory of history, which is the judgment of good and evil made by loyal ministers at the end of biographies. For example, after Historical Records,' Tai Shigong said ...'. Second, the correct theory, bachelor's and doctor's comments on ancient and modern figures or comments on classics and history are correct, such as The Six Kingdoms and The Qin Dynasty. "

6? Go ahead. It is also a style of ancient argument explanation, similar to theory. The preface of the article holds that "the speaker, that is, the interpreter, explains the meaning and explains it in his own mind." Such as Teacher's Talk and Snake Catcher's Talk. Some of these articles focus on discussion, while others focus on narration and narration. Some are close to the "theory" of literary prose, and generally do not use "theory", such as "Ailian Theory"; Some argumentative papers can use "say" or "discuss".

7? Commemorate. It is the general name of the memorial presented by the ancient courtiers to the emperor. Including play, discussion, reconciliation, expression, countermeasures and so on. "Sparse" is the meaning expressed in different articles, such as Jia Yi's On Accumulation and Storage; "Table" is a statement of some opinions or things, such as Chen Qingbiao by Shi Mi; "Countermeasures" means that in ancient examinations, the topic was written on strategies, and the candidates were asked to answer the strategies. The articles answered by the candidates were called countermeasures, such as Su Shi's "Teaching War and Defending Strategies".

8? Preface and postscript. Foreword, also known as preface or introduction, is the preface of a book, and its nature is just like today's foreword and preface written in front of a book or an article are generally called preface, while those listed at the back of the book are generally called postscript or postscript. This kind of article, which explains the writing purpose, introduces the writing style and content, belongs to explanatory articles; Comments on the author's works or explanations are argumentative. For example, we have studied Preface to Lanting Collection, Preface to Yuxi Poetry, Preface to Wang Tengting and Preface to Lingguan.

9? Preface In ancient times, poetry was used to bid farewell, which was called the preface of giving and answering; Later, any farewell words that were not attached to the poem were also called preface. There are many words of praise, praise or encouragement. For example, Song Lian's preface to seeing Ma Sheng off to Yang.

10? Ming. In ancient times, words carved on objects to warn themselves or describe merits were called "Ming". Inscriptions carved on the tablet and placed on the right side of the case are called "mottos", such as Liu Yuxi's "Humble Room Inscription". Engraved on stone tablets, describing the life of the deceased and praising the memory are called "epitaphs", such as Han Yu's "Liu Zihou Epitaph".

1 1? An article read in memory of the dead or gods such as heaven, earth, mountains and water. There are two kinds of verse and prose. The content is to remember the main experiences of the deceased before his death, to praise his main moral character and achievements, to mourn and to inspire the living. Such as Han Yu's "Sacrifice to Twelve Lang Wen".

12? Notes. A kind of article characterized by notes and short length. Its content is rich, or historical anecdotes, or anecdotes, or literary essays, or character comments, or scientific sketches, or textual research, or reading miscellaneous notes. Such as Shi Shuo Xin Yu.

13? Fable. This is a story with warning or irony. "Accommodation" is sustenance. It usually puts profound truth into simple stories to compare with each other, borrow the small to compare the big, borrow the ancient to compare the present, and is used to using anthropomorphic methods. Such as "Zheng Ren buys shoes".

14? Legend. One of the novel genres. Named for its bizarre and magical plot. Generally, it refers to short stories written in classical Chinese in Tang and Song Dynasties, such as Liu Yichuan. Later, because most of the "legends" were based on rap and opera, Song and Yuan operas, Yuan zaju operas and Ming and Qing operas were also called "legends". Rukong's Peach Blossom Fan.

15? Couplets. Words are equal and parts of speech are relative. The last word of the first couplet is generally a vowel, that is, the three or four tones of modern Chinese, and the last word of the second couplet is a flat vowel, that is, Yin Ping and Yang Ping, which people often say.

Sixth, the style of history books.

1? Chronological style: arranging historical events according to chronological clues, such as Zuo Zhuan.

2? National Style: Narrating historical events by country, such as Mandarin and Warring States Policy.

3? Biography: reflecting historical events by describing the activities of characters, such as Historical Records.

4? Chronicle: Take events as the main line, and connect related theme materials in series, such as Shu Yuan's Chronicle History as a Mirror.

5? General history: describing the historical events of several dynasties continuously, such as Historical Records.

6? Chronicle: Narrating the history of a certain period or dynasty, such as Hanshu. Note: A history book can often be classified into different styles at the same time. For example, Historical Records belongs to biographical style and general history, while The History of the Three Kingdoms belongs to biographical style, national style and dynastic history.

Seven, literary groups and literary movements

1. Four outstanding figures in the early Tang Dynasty

Yang Jiong, Lu,, and other early Tang writers. These four people made great achievements in the early Tang literary world, which reversed the extravagant literary atmosphere at that time.

2. The ancient prose movement in Tang Dynasty and the poetry innovation movement in Song Dynasty.

Its main content is to revive Confucianism, oppose parallel prose and advocate ancient prose. Han Yu and Liu Zongyuan are advocates of the ancient prose movement. Ouyang Xiu was the leader of the poetry innovation movement in Song Dynasty.

3. Eight Masters in Tang and Song Dynasties

Tang writers Han Yu and Liu Zongyuan, Song writers Ouyang Xiu, Su Xun, Su Shi, Su Zhe, Ceng Gong and Wang Anshi. These eight people all have high literary achievements in prose creation.

4. New Yuefu Movement

Bai Juyi, as the representative, advocated that "articles should be written in time, and songs and poems should be written".

5. Susan

Su Xun, a writer in the Northern Song Dynasty, and his sons Su Shi and Su Zhe. Father and son are famous for their writing style and are called "three sows".

6. The Four Masters of Yuanqu Opera

Guan Hanqing, Bai Pu, Ma Zhiyuan and Zheng Guangzu are four writers of zaju. They represent the achievements of different schools in different periods of Yuan Zaju.

7. Fu She

The main leaders of literary societies in the late Ming Dynasty were Zhang Yan and Zhang Cai. Their original intention was to learn from each other's strong points and sharpen their conduct, but they also had a strong political color.

8. Tongcheng School

The prose schools in Qing Dynasty are mainly represented by Fang Bao, Liu Dakui and Yao Nai. Because they are all from Tongcheng, Anhui, they are called Tongcheng School. Tongcheng school advocates simple and clear style of writing and strives for halal elegance.

9. The May 4th New Culture Movement

Marked by the publication of New Youth magazine, the main representatives are Chen Duxiu, Li Dazhao and Hu Shi. This movement is an unprecedented great ideological emancipation movement in the history of China. The literary revolution broke through the shackles of old literature and classical Chinese, and announced the end of China's classical literature and the birth of new literature.

10. Literature Research Association and Creation Society

These are two literary societies that appeared in 192 1. The Literature Research Association advocates "writing for life", mainly taking the novel monthly as the position to reflect, explore and guide life. Representative figures include Shen Yanbing, Bing Xin, Xu Dishan and Ye Shengtao. The Creation Society emphasizes the self-expression of literature, and its representatives are Guo Moruo, Yu Dafu, Cheng, Tian Han and so on.

1 1. "Left-wing Writers Union"-China Left-wing Writers Union

1930 was established in Shanghai. Lu Xun, Feng Xuefeng, Rou Shi, Shen Duanxian (), Jiang Guangci and Tian Han attended the inaugural meeting, and Guo Moruo, Mao Dun and Yu Dafu all attended the "Left-wing League". The "Left League" put participation in the actual revolutionary movement in the first place, did a lot of work in translating and introducing Marxist literary theory, actively promoted the discussion on the popularization of literature and art, and smashed the cultural "encirclement and suppression" of Kuomintang reactionaries.

12. Speech at Yan 'an Forum on Literature and Art

1942, Mao Zedong published "Speech at Yan 'an Forum on Literature and Art", which put forward the direction of workers, peasants and soldiers in literature and art, summed up and stipulated the experience and principles of the development of proletarian revolutionary literature ideologically, and began to become the guidelines and guiding ideology of literary creation and theoretical criticism.

13. Scar Literature, etc.

From 65438 to 0978, "scar literature" caused a sensation, and creative thoughts such as "reform literature", "reflection literature", "root-seeking literature" and "avant-garde literature" appeared in the literary world one after another, making the 1980s an exciting literary era.