Tang poems, Song lyrics, Yuan operas, modern songs! Why this has such a basis?

Ancient poetry, simply can be divided into two categories, one is called ancient style, and the other is called proximity poetry, which is also known as metrical poetry. The so-called ancient style is for the proximate poetry. The origin of poetry is very ancient, in fact, no matter whether it is a poem or a word or a song, it is directly related to music, and the words alone are only a part of it.

The earliest collection of poetry was the Book of Poetry, which can be sung to music, so the Shangshu says "Poetry speaks to the mind, song to the eternal word, sound to the eternal, rhythm and sound." Meaning, take what is in your heart, write it out, put a tune to it, and then sing it. (Note: it is the words first, and then the music, the sequence must be remembered, very important point.) This kind of singing, later called "elegant music", all the poems at that time can be sung, so to the present is still called poetry. Unfortunately, after the pre-Qin and Han Dynasties, the Five Husband Rebellion, it was completely lost. This briefly said on, this and the title has nothing to do with, but is a trace back.

Han Wu Di period, began to set the music, so the music and song, known as song, can not sing, called poetry, so, "poetry", became a single man without music. The breakup of poetry and song began here. (Faction argument slightly) By the way, to the Han Ai Di, music deposed, presumably this student, due to deafness and annoyed it. Later generations will write this period of things, generalized as "Han Wei music". And this "music", the way the music, but also the first text, after the music, the way it sings, known as the "Qing music", and the "Poetry" of the "elegant music", very different.

During the Southern and Northern Dynasties, Shen Yao, Zhou Egyong, and Xie Jie discovered the four tones of the Chinese language, which are the four tones of "going up and entering". Shen Yao therefore wrote the "four sound spectrum", and created the "four sound eight disease" said, this is the origin of the sound law. However, this doctrine at that time, not all know, including the emperor from childhood to receive higher education. For example, that like to be a monk Liang Wu Di Xiao Yan, do not know what the four sounds, oh, I guess he asked him the Buddhist scriptures, he should know, huh. Once he asked Zhou She (Zhou eulogy's son) "you write about a four sounds, in the end what is it?" Zhou patted a horse's ass and said: it is "the son of God, the holy philosophers". This four words, just flat up into four sounds, but old Xiao just want to go to the Tongtai Temple as a monk, asked too lazy to know.

The above said half a day four sound eight disease, these are the source of the Tang Dynasty near-poetry. From the southern dynasty, the sound law said bee, to the early Tang Dynasty, in Du Shenyan, Shen nephew, Song Zhiqian and others continue to improve, a pay attention to the level and the battle, a new style of poetry, officially appeared, and later known as the near style poetry, or metrical poetry. The basic rule is that "within a sentence, the level and the oblique are intertwined; between two sentences, the level and the oblique are relative; between two couplets, the level and the oblique are stained." The basic rule is that "within a sentence, the level and the oblique are interspersed; within two sentences, the level and the oblique are relative; between two couplets, the level and the oblique are connected." Detailed rules are also laid down for the disputed sentence, the solitary level, the disputed rescue, and the counterpoint. In order to distinguish the poems that were not very metrical before the near-typed poems, those were then uniformly called ancient styles. Later, the imperial court included the five-character meter poem in the imperial examination, called "test post poem", so we can imagine that because of the merit, the proximity poem must have been very popular. (Of course, the rise of Tang poetry was not entirely due to merit.) By the way, Du Shenyan may not be well known to everyone, but his grandson, whom we are all familiar with, is the famous Mr. Du Fu. Du Fu educated his son on poetry, saying "Poetry is my family's business", which is the truth, not his bragging. Because of the near-poetry, is his grandfather tossed out.

Tang Poetry, is also the first text, after the music, this is also a feature of poetry, or domestic rhymes. Since there are domestic, there must be "imported products", this "ship to" the thing, is familiar with the Song, but this ship, is the desert boat --- camel, oh, I do not know "words "At that time is not riding a camel to the Central Plains, the following pull down the Song lyrics.

That is to say, from the end of the North and South Dynasties, some by the pipa as the main instrument of the Western region band, from India, Central Asia, and other places through Xinjiang, the Hexi Corridor, began to like the Central Plains, "roaming", after a small amount of fusion with the Chinese music, in the period of the Sui and Tang dynasties, in the Central Plains settled down. This group of bands, is the first sheet music, but only music is too monotonous, so according to the music of the high and low melody, singing, to these music with some text, so it seems to be much richer. This group of people, in order to develop, often in and out of the major banquets, so we put this emerging music, known as "Yan music", Yan, is the word, through the "feast", to put it bluntly is the music of the banquet.

Because of this new thing, the first music, after the words, so called "fill in the words" or "fill in the words according to the sound". The words were actually written according to the level of the melody, not according to the level of the words. In order to match the melody, it is said that in the Sui Dynasty there were already words of different lengths. Later the literati gradually became involved in this new music, with Wen Tingyun and Wei Zhuang of the Late Tang Dynasty among the most famous early lyricists. Through Wen and Wei, to the Southern Tang Dynasty two masters, Feng Yansi, the Song Dynasty Yanshu, Ouyang Xiu, and so on, gradually literate. Among them, Liu Yong, is a dedicated to the long tone of the lyricist, the Western Xia emissary said "where there is a well platform, all sing Liu Yong words. But because many of his words were vulgar, they were not appreciated by Yanshu. From this, we can know that by the time of Yanshu and Liu, the words had basically been completely refined.

(To be continued)Answer Supplement Here is the so-called bold words. Many books mention Su Shi, but in fact, the first to write a bold word is Fan Zhongyan, Su Shi is only the later. The first one was Fan Zhongyan, and Su Shi was just a later one. Moreover, since ancient times, the lyrics have been written in the authentic style of euphony, while the bold and free style is a different school. In the Southern Song Dynasty, Liu Chuan imitated Xin Qiji and wrote the phrase "Fighting swine with wine", which was ridiculed as "clamor" by the later generations. Even Su Shi, the representative of the bold and liberal school, has only a handful of truly bold and liberal words in his works. As for the modern bold words were unlimitedly elevated, much thanks to the Cultural Revolution Hu Yunyi wrote a book "Song Lyrics Selection", this book is vigorously promote the bold words, that is, there is a problem, but also said that "although this, but after all, and those of the metrical school of taste is different." And the euphemistic school of writing, is the ancient masterpiece, the note is also written as "although there is a worry about the country's heart, but after all, the strength is not enough." The tone of the review of the era, huh. This book at the time, language teachers almost hand a book, including to a few years ago, "History of Ancient Chinese Literature" (Jiangben), the Song lyrics are still similar tone, fortunately, it seems that the current version of the "modified".

The intervention of the literati has made the folk tunes more and more elegant, more and more rich in theory, more and more elaborate in sound and rhythm, and more and more elegant in rhetoric. Unfortunately, the people are singing Kabuki actor, so Liu Chenweng lamented "I write such a good, why no one like to sing?" Yes, really sing these elegant rhetoric, the guests to play in the concert hall, all listen to sleep, who gives money ah? So it is inevitable that the poignant scene of "self-scripted new words rhyme the most delicate, little red low singing I play Xiao Xiao". Later, Mongolia's hooves, stepped through the Central Plains, a new kind of music with the entry, so, Yuanqu era began. (To be preamble) answer to add the origin of Yuanqu, there are different opinions, the Yuan dynasty people basically did not say that this topic, the Ming dynasty - Wang Shizhen, "Qu Zao" cloud: "the word is not fast north ear and then there is a north song, the north song does not harmonize with the south ear and then there is a south song". Was touted by many people, in fact, Ren Bantang said, "the tunes used, there are beyond the Song lyrics, straight ancestral Sheng Tang music. This is the closest to the truth. The tunes in Yuanqu are from a wide range of sources, including Tang and Song compositions, Song lyrics, Gongtong, Song operas, Jin Yuanben and Yuanqu's Bunsheng tunes, so it's not Song lyrics transformed into Yuanqu at all, but rather a synthesis of a lot of things and the gradual formation of a new form of singing. Inside many of the songs, from the Tang Dynasty, from the folk has been the dark current, to the Yuan Dynasty, the convergence of other sources of water, "mixed Tang and Song songs, Song lyrics, Song miscellaneous plays, Jin Yuan Ben, the Palace tunes, Northern Hu slang, Northern folk songs," the formation of the Yuanqu.

Yuanqu can be simply dispersed and miscellaneous operas, and later, Yuanqu went south, affecting the south of the "southern opera", and gradually formed the southern opera. Ming Dynasty, the southern opera formed "Haiyan, Yuyao, Yiyang, Kunshan" four major voices, and began to go north, so the northern opera singing style. Now, only in the "kunqu" that is, the kunqu retained in the northern singing style, to find some of the shadow of the past. Later, the Kunqu is too elegant, the middle of the Qing Dynasty, a kind of popular singing known as "chaotic bomb", Pihuang, Hui tone rise, into the Beijing into the Beijing Opera, the Kunqu gradually fewer people sing, and later, the rise of the local theater. After the folk songs, popular songs began to rise, so far, the above kinds of ancient and modern singing, most of them are popular mouth songs, sidelined in the layoffs.

Tang poetry inherited the Han Wei folk songs, music tradition, and greatly developed the style of song; not only inherited the previous generation of five, seven words of ancient poetry, and developed into a long narrative of love; not only expanded the use of five, seven forms, but also created a particularly beautiful and neat near-poetry style. The creation and maturity of the near-poetry was a major event in the history of poetry development in the Tang Dynasty. It pushed the artistic features of syllabic harmony and textual refinement of our ancient poetry to an unprecedented height, and found a most typical form for ancient lyric poetry, which is still especially popular among the people.

The early stage of the word is extremely colorful and flashy, popular in the marketplace between restaurants, is a popular art form, the Five Dynasties period of the "flower collection" is very obvious to show the word of the beautiful and gorgeous literary talent, but the word during this period of the subject is still limited to the description of the love of women and flowers and willow, pheng songs and banquets and other aspects of the word, it can be said that it still seems to be very "petty". Although the artistic achievement has reached a considerable level, but the level of ideological connotation is not enough. At the beginning of the Song Dynasty, words followed the same style, pursuing gorgeous words and depicting delicate emotions. For example, Liu Yong, who offended Emperor Renzong by writing "I can't bear to exchange my fame for a shallow song", was so depressed and frustrated that he spent his whole life hanging out in opera houses and greenhouses, writing lyrics for courtesans. As the saying goes, "Wherever there is well water to drink, one can sing Liu's lyrics". At that time, lyrics were considered a vulgar folk art, so harmless that Yanshu in the Song Dynasty, after becoming the prime minister, did not recognize the lyrics he had made before as his own. The Song Dynasty had a large number of courtesans, and their high level of performance was rare in other dynasties, and they, together with the Song Dynasty's talented writers, ****ed together to promote the widespread circulation of the word, a new art form in the folk world.

But as the word took an increasingly important place in the literature of the Song dynasty, the connotation of the word was also being enriched and improved. "People don't sleep, generals with white hair and conscripts with tears." It established the position of border words in Song lyrics, and made the world, which only heard of songs and banquets, courtiers, city flavors, and fat and powdered lovesickness and so on, refresh their ears. To Su words first opened the style of bold and unrestrained words, Song words have not only limited to the literati scholarly entertainment and expression of love for children's playthings, but also sent the scholarly men of the time on the times, life and even on the socio-political and other aspects of the feelings and thinking. Song lyrics completely jumped out of the nest of song and dance, sublimated into a cultural form representing the spirit of the times.

Yuanqu

Yuanqu has a tightly defined meter, each song has a fixed format requirements for sentence, word count, level and oblique. But although there is a fixed frame, but not rigid, allowed in the fixed frame with the liner notes, part of the song can also increase the sentence, rhyming allows the level of the oblique, compared with the poetic stanzas and Song lyrics, there is a greater degree of flexibility. So the reader can find, the same "song" of two sometimes different word count, is this reason (the same song, the least number of words for a standard frame).

The Yuan dynasty compositions combined traditional poems, folk songs and dialects into one, forming a witty, spontaneous and honest artistic style, which had an extremely important influence on the innovation and development of the lyric style.

Following the Tang poetry and Song lyrics, Yuanqu has its unique charm: on the one hand, Yuanqu inherited the poetry's clear and gentle; on the other hand, Yuan society puts the readers in the position of "eight prostitutes, nine Confucianists and ten beggars", and the political dictatorship and darkness in the society make Yuanqu radiate an extremely eye-catching light of fighting, and it shows a rebellious mood; the sharpness of the song is also very important to the innovation and development of lyrics. Through the mood of resistance; the sharp pointing to the social ills, directly rebuke "do not read the highest, do not know how to read the best, do not know how someone boasts pretty" society, pointing directly to the "people are too embarrassed, who do not see the money pro" of the world style. The works depicting love in Yuanqu are also spicier and bolder than the poems of the past generations. These are enough to make the Yuanqu always keep its artistic charm.